中国电力行业CO2减排潜力及其贡献因素

电力行业低碳转型是中国低碳经济转型进程中关键行业之一,如何科学分析电力行业的碳减排潜力,确定操作性强的低碳转型路线、提出有效的政策措施是中国政府亟待解决的焦点问题之一。考虑终端电力消费、低碳能源发电占比、火力发电结构、火力发电效率、线损率等因素,构建了自底向上的电力行业CO2排放核算模型,在此基础上,利用情景分析方法探索中国电力行业2015和2020年的CO2减排潜力,进一步利用对数平均权重分解法(LMDI,Logarithmic Mean weight Divisia Index method)对电力行业CO2减排影响因素的贡献度做了归因分析。结果显示,相比基准情景,在当前政策情景和低碳政策情景下,电力行业将分别带来27.0亿t和36.9亿t的CO2减排量。低碳能源发电和火力发电效率是未来对CO2减排最重要的两个贡献因素。终端电力消费量一直是促进电力行业CO2排放增长最重要的贡献因素,因此通过电力需求侧管理等手段控制电力消费量对电力行业的低碳发展至关重要。最后结合减排贡献因素分析的结果为中国电力行业低碳发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

不同水位管理对恢复泥炭地土壤CO2、CH4排放的影响

泥炭地水文条件影响泥炭地生物地球化学循环,控制和维持着泥炭地生态系统的结构和功能,是泥炭地生态恢复的重要前提。然而,目前关于恢复泥炭地土壤碳排放对不同水位的响应尚不明确。以长白山区天然（NP）、退耕（DP）及实施不同水文管理的恢复泥炭地（低水位（LR）、高水位（HR）与高低交替水位（H-LR））为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对研究区泥炭地进行生长季（6-10月）土壤CO₂、CH₄排放监测。结果表明：温度和水位变化是研究区泥炭地土壤CO₂、CH₄排放季节变化的主控因子。H-LR受水位控制的影响,生长季土壤CO₂排放速率波动剧烈,其它水位管理恢复区土壤CO₂排放速率呈单峰型排放模式,且均与近地表温度呈指数相关（P<0.05）。除HR外,土壤CO₂排放速率与水位呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。生长季,研究区HR土壤CH₄排放速率呈双峰型,H-LR与NP的土壤CH₄排放呈单峰型,与近地表温度呈指数相关（P<0.05）,LR水位与CH₄排放速率显著正相关（P<0.05）。研究区不同水位管理恢复泥炭地土壤碳排放差异显著,虽然HR的土壤CO₂-C累积碳排放量显著低于其它水位恢复区,但其土壤CH₄-C累积碳排放量和综合增温潜势显著高于其它水位恢复区（P<0.05）。LR的累积碳排放量显著低于退化泥炭地,且其综合增温潜势最低。因此,建议在泥炭地恢复初期将低水位管理作为短期策略,以更好地恢复泥炭地碳汇功能,减弱其增温潜势。     

杉木人工林不同深度土壤CO2通量

土壤CO₂通量具有明显的时间和空间变异性。土壤温度和含水量是影响土壤CO₂通量的重要因素,同时,不同深度的土壤CO₂通量对温度和含水量变化的响应差异较大,因此,研究土壤CO₂通量和影响因素随土壤深度的变化,对于准确评估土壤碳排放具有重要意义。选择福建三明杉木人工林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)作为研究对象,利用非散射红外CO₂浓度探头和Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,并使用Fick扩散法计算了0-60cm深度土壤CO₂的通量,结果表明:(1)5种扩散模型计算的表层(5cm)CO₂通量与Li-8100测量结果均具有显著相关性(P<0.01),Moldrup气体扩散模型计算结果较好。(2)土壤CO₂浓度随深度的增加而升高,但60cm深度以下土壤CO₂浓度开始降低;不同深度土壤CO₂浓度的日变化均呈现单峰型;0-60cm土壤CO₂通量日通量均值变化范围为0.54-2.17μmol m^-2 s^-1;(3)指数拟合分析显示,5、10cm和60cm深度处土壤CO₂通量与温度具有显著相关性,Q₁₀值分别为1.35、2.01和4.95。不同深度土壤含水量与CO₂通量的相关性不显著。     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CO2排放时空变化特征

为了更好理解若尔盖高原不同微生境下沼泽湿地生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化特征,以若尔盖高原湿地自然保护区为研究对象,2013和2014年生长季期间,采用了静态箱和快速温室气体法原位观测了3种湿地5种微生境下沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量时空变化规律。结果表明：长期淹水微地貌草丘区湿地（PHK）和洼地区湿地（PHW） CO₂排放通量变化范围分别为38.99-1731.74 mg m^-2 h^-1和46.69-335.22 mg m^-2 h^-1,季节性淹水区微地貌草丘区湿地（SHK）和洼地区湿地（SHW） CO₂排放通量变化范围分别为193.90-2575.60 mg m^-2 h^-1和49.93-1467.45 mg m^-2 h^-1,而两者过渡区的无淹水区沼泽湿地（Lawn） CO₂排放通量变化范围194.20-898.75 mg m^-2 h^-1。相关性分析表明5种微地貌区沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量季节性变化与不同深度土壤温度均存在显著正相关,与水位存在显著负相关（PHW、SHW、SHK、Lawn）或不相关（PHK）,并且水位和温度（5 cm）共同解释了CO₂排放通量季节性变化的87%。3种湿地5种微生境下沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量存在空间变化规律,主要受水位影响,但植物也影响沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量空间变化规律,并且表明沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与水位平均值存在显著负相关。     

城市小型景观水体CO2与CH4排放特征及影响因素

淡水生态系统被认为是大气温室气体排放的重要来源,尤其在人类活动影响下,其排放强度可能进一步增强。城市小型景观水体是城市生态系统的重要组成,具有面积小、数量大以及人类干扰强的特征,其温室气体排放特征及影响因素尚不清楚。选择重庆市大学城8个景观水体和周边2个自然水体为对象,于2019年1、4、7、10月,利用漂浮箱和顶空法分析了水体CO₂与CH₄的溶存浓度及排放通量,旨在揭示城市小型景观水体CO₂与CH₄排放强度、时空变异特征以及影响因素。结果表明,10个小型水体CO₂、CH₄的溶存浓度范围分别为10.75-116.25 μmol/L和0.09-3.61 μmol/L（均值分别为（47.6±29.3）μmol/L、（1.13±0.56）μmol/L）,均为过饱和状态;漂浮箱法实测的8个景观水体CO₂和CH₄排放通量均值分别为（72.7±65.9）mmol m^-2 d^-1和（2.31±3.48）mmol m^-2 d^-1（顶空法估算值为（69.7±82.0）mmol m^-2 d^-1和（3.69±2.92）mmol m^-2 d^-1）,是2个自然水体的3.5-6.1和2.0-4.5倍,呈较强的CO₂、CH₄排放源;居民区景观水体CO₂和CH₄排放略高于校园区,均显著高于对照的自然水体;CO₂排放夏季最高,秋季次之,冬、春季最低,CH₄呈夏季>秋季≈春季>冬季的季节模式,温度和水体初级生产共同影响CO₂和CH₄排放的季节模式;水生植物分布对景观水体CO₂、CH₄排放有显著影响,有植物分布的水域比无植物水域平均高1.97和2.94倍;漂浮箱法和顶空法测得气体通量线性关系较好,但顶空法测得CO₂通量在春季明显偏低,而CH₄则普遍偏高。相关分析表明,景观水体碳、氮浓度、pH值以及DO等对CO₂排放具有较好的指示性,CH₄排放通量主要与水体中碳、磷浓度有关。城市小型景观水体CO₂、CH₄排放通量远高于大部分已有自然水体的研究结果,呈一种较强的大气温室气体排放源,在区域淡水系统温室气体排放清单中具有重要贡献,未来研究中应给以更多关注。     

生物黑炭对旱地土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放及其环境效益的影响

采用土柱室内模拟的方法,通过添加0%、0.5%、2%、4%、6%、8%生物黑炭于土壤中,测定土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放通量,探讨生物黑炭对旱地土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放及其环境效益的影响。结果表明:室内模拟土柱培养期内,施用生物黑炭能显著增加CO2排放,且生物黑炭添加百分数(x)与CO2累积排放量(y)之间满足线性方程:y=12.591x+235.02(R2=0.834,n=24);当生物黑炭添加量达到2%及以上时,基本抑制了CH4的排放和显著减少土壤N2O排放,并显著减少CH4和N2O的综合温室效应,当其达到4%以上时,CH4和N2O的综合温室效应降幅更大并趋于稳定,但施用少量生物黑炭(0.5%)可显著促进N2O排放,对减少CH4和N2O综合温室效应并无明显效果。生物黑炭表观分解率随其添加量的增加逐渐减少,生物黑炭添加比例越高,积累于土壤中的碳越多,从投入生物黑炭量与固碳量和减排比角度综合考虑,农业生产中推荐生物黑炭施用量为20 t/hm2,其固碳减排效果俱佳。     

神农架主要森林土壤CH4、CO2和N2O排放对降水减少的响应

研究降水格局改变后森林土壤温室气体排放格局,可为森林温室气体排放清单制定提供科学依据。以神农架典型森林类型常绿落叶阔叶混交林和2种人工林马尾松和杉木林为研究对象,研究了降水格局改变后,其土壤CH_4吸收、CO_2和N_2O的排放格局和可能机制。结果表明:常绿落叶阔叶混交林吸收CH_4通量为(-36.79±13.99)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1),显著大于马尾松和杉木两种人工林的CH_4吸收通量,其吸收通量分别为(-14.10±3.38)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)和(-7.75±2.80)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)。马尾松和杉木两种人工林CO_2排放通量分别为(107.03±12.11)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)和(80.82±10.29)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1),显著大于常绿落叶阔叶混交林(71.27±10.59)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)。常绿落叶阔叶混交林N_2O排放通量为(8.88±6.75)μg Nm~(-2)h~(-1),显著大于杉木人工林(5.93±2.79)μg Nm~(-2)h~(-1)和马尾松人工林(1.64±1.02)μg Nm~(-2)h~(-1)。分析3种森林土壤CH_4吸收量与其环境因子之间的关系发现,常绿落叶阔叶混交林的CH_4吸收通量与其土壤温度呈现显著的指数负相关关系(P0.01)。常绿落叶阔叶混交林、马尾松林和杉木林的土壤CO_2排放通量与其空气温度和土壤温度之间均呈现显著的指数正相关关系(P0.01)。常绿落叶阔叶混交林和马尾松林土壤N_2O排放通量与空气温度之间均呈现显著的指数正相关关系(P0.01),而马尾松林与土壤温度之间呈显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤湿度之间均无显著相关。降水减半后,减少降水对常绿落叶阔叶混交林和马尾松林土壤CH_4吸收通量均具有明显的促进作用,但对杉木林土壤CH_4吸收量具有抑制作用,对常绿落叶阔叶混交林和杉木林土壤CO_2平均排放通量均具有明显的促进作用,而对马尾松林土壤CO_2平均排放通量明显抑制作用,对常绿落叶阔叶混交林、马尾松和杉木林土壤N_2O排放量具有明显的抑制作用。     

温带森林不同演替阶段下的土壤CO2排放通量昼间变化

采用时空替代法,在长白山北坡分别选取了红松针阔叶混交林演替序列的5个不同阶段:草地、灌木林(幼龄林)地、白桦林地、阔叶杂木林地和红松阔叶林地,进行土壤CO_2排放通量昼间变化野外同步观测研究,旨在揭示温带森林不同演替阶段下的土壤呼吸CO_2排放过程的差异,探究其与温度、湿度、土壤理化性质等环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)温带森林不同演替阶段下的土壤CO_2排放通量具有统一性,均为大气CO_2的源,这种统一性确保了小的时段(如昼间)观测能通过换算,实现CO_2排放量的估算。(2)CO_2排放通量的昼间排放都呈现出明显的单峰型,峰值在13:00—15:00左右,草地和灌木林地的峰值大概在13:00左右,明显提前于白桦林地、阔叶杂木林地和红松阔叶林地(14:00—15:00左右)。红松阔叶林地的土壤呼吸有明显的滞后性特征,峰值在15:00左右,比其他几个样地明显推迟。(3)土壤CO_2排放通量平均值由低到高排列依次为草地(2.760μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))、灌木林地(2.854μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))、白桦林地(3.048μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))、阔叶杂木林地(3.696μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))、红松阔叶林地(4.61μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))。随着温带森林演替的正向进行,土壤CO_2排放通量依次增大,次序为草地灌木林地白桦林地阔叶杂木林地红松阔叶林地。(4)环境因子中,0—5 cm土壤温度与土壤CO_2排放通量相关系数最高,土壤温度监测对土壤CO_2排放量的估算作用明显。     

超临界CO2技术萃取蛋黄磷脂

采用新型物理分离技术──超临界CO₂萃取法,提取天然蛋黄粉中的磷脂.在40MPa,先去除蛋黄粉中甘油三酯和胆固醇,再萃取磷脂.结果显示,磷脂纯度为95%,N/P比值为1.003,λ_max=214nm,薄层层析显示磷脂着色点清晰,并去除了绝大部分甘油三酯和胆固醇.此法操作简单、产品质量高、安全和不污染环境,还可得到天然纯蛋黄油和蛋白.     

施用生物炭和秸秆还田对华北农田CO2、N2O排放的影响

以华北农田冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系连续6a施用生物炭和秸秆还田的土壤为研究对象,于2013年10月—2014年9月,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,对CO_2、N_2O通量进行了整个轮作周期的连续观测,探究施用生物炭与秸秆还田对其排放通量的影响。试验共设4个处理:CK(对照)、C1(低量生物炭4.5 t hm~(-2)a~(-1))、C2(高量生物炭9.0 t hm~(-2)a~(-1))和SR(秸秆还田straw return)。结果表明:在整个轮作周期内,各处理CO_2、N_2O通量随时间的变化趋势基本一致。随着生物炭施用量的增加,CO_2排放通量分别增加了0.3%—90.3%(C1)、1.0%—334.2%(C2)和0.4%—156.3%(SR)。其中,C2处理对CO_2累积排放量影响最大,增幅为42.9%。对N_2O而言,C2处理显著降低了N_2O累积排放量,但增加了CO_2和N_2O排放的综合增温潜势,C1和SR处理对N_2O累积排放量及综合增温潜势均没有显著影响。相关分析表明,土壤温度和土壤含水量是影响CO_2通量最主要的因素,两者之间呈极显著的正相关关系;N_2O通量与土壤温度、土壤含水量、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N均表现出极显著的正相关关系,而与土壤p H值表现出极显著的负相关关系。由此可见,添加生物炭对于减少氮素的气体损失具有较大的潜力。     

中国铁路机车牵引能耗的生态足迹变化

基于我国机车能耗统计资料、电力年度统计数据,首次计算了1975 2007年我国铁路机车牵引能耗的生态足迹及其强度变化。结果表明:(1)从1975年至2001年,我国铁路蒸汽机车牵引能耗生态足迹年均减少9.59万hm²,年均降低3.6%。从1975年至2007年,内燃机车牵引能耗生态足迹年均增加3.41万hm²;电力机车的火电生态足迹年均增加3.99万hm²,电力机车的水电生态足迹年均增加215.14 hm²可耕地。我国铁路机车牵引能耗生态足迹总量呈波动态势。(2)从1975年到2007年,我国铁路机车牵引能耗的生态足迹强度呈逐年降低态势,其值从1975年的528.79 m²/万换算吨公里降至2007年的85.54 m²/万换算吨公里,年均降低13.85 m²/万换算吨公里。(3)我国铁路机车牵引能耗的生态足迹强度远远低于民航飞机的能耗生态足迹强度,1991 2007年前者的均值只有后者的12.3%。     

Tidal effects on the organic carbon mineralization rate under aerobic conditions in sediments of an intertidal estuary

Laboratory experiments and field measurements were conducted to examine the effect of tide on the organic carbon mineralization rate in sediments under aerobic conditions of an intertidal estuary. Core samples of surface sediments were collected from an intertidal estuary of the Kurose River, Hiroshima, Japan. To mimic low and high tide in the intertidal estuary, organic carbon mineralization rates in the samples were measured in the laboratory under both air-exposed and submerged conditions. Mineralization rates under air-exposed conditions were two to five times higher than those under submerged conditions. Field measurements of the rate of CO₂ emission from the sediment surface revealed a rapid increase in the rate as the sea level fell during ebb tide. The estimated amount of daily organic carbon mineralization assuming a constantly submerged condition was 30% less than that estimated when considering the semi-diurnal fluctuation in sea level. These results indicate that tide has a marked impact on the organic carbon mineralization rate in sediments under aerobic conditions on an intertidal estuary, and tidal effects need to be considered when the amount of mineralized organic carbon is estimated.     

共享社会经济路径下中国2020—2100年碳排放预测研究

碳排放和减碳经济代价研究日益受到学术界和决策者的关注,中国政府做出的关于争取在2060年前实现碳中和的表态引起了国际社会的热议。在此背景下,开展中国未来长时间序列碳排放的情景预测具有切实意义。基于可拓展的随机性环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）评估了人口、经济和受教育程度对碳排放的影响,对比历史数据并验证了碳排放预测模型的准确性,结合共享社会经济路径（SSPs）情景的设定和模型参数,预测了5种情景下中国2020年至2100年的碳排放轨迹及经济代价。结果表明：（1）考虑碳排放达峰目标的实现,SSP3情景是中国未来发展的最佳情景,在此情景下,中国有望提前三年实现碳排放达峰目标;（2） SSP3情景可使中国年度总碳排放量和人均碳排放量处于相对其他四种情景的最低值,但需要付出累积GDP下降5.49%至8.80%的代价;（3）为完成在2060年前实现碳中和的承诺,中国政府在未来的40年需面对409.36-467.42 Gt的碳中和量;（4）2020年中国的碳排放强度将会较2005年水平下降40.52%至41.39%,2030年碳排放强度将会较2005年水平下降59.64%至60.75%。5种情境中,SSP5情景是降低碳排放强度的最佳情景,可最大程度地超额实现碳排放强度目标。未来,受经济发展、人口增长等重要因素影响,中国政府减碳压力将进一步加大。后疫情时代,考虑到能源供应的减少和高科技产业的发展,碳排放社会成本的上升将为中国创造一个使能源系统脱碳的机遇。中国应在\"十四五\"期间继续提升能源利用效率、升级产业结构、提倡低碳消费、实施隐含碳战略,以尽快实现碳减排目标。     

Review of advances in biological CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> mitigation technology

CO₂ fixation by microalgae has emerged as a promising option for CO₂ mitigation. Intensive research work has been carried out to develop a feasible system for removing CO₂ from industrial exhaust gases. However, there are still several challenging points to overcome in order to make the process more practical. In this paper, recent research activities on three key technologies of biological CO₂ fixation, an identification of a suitable algal strain, development of high efficient photobioreactor and utilization of algal cells produced, are described. Finally the barriers, progress, and prospects of commercially developing a biological CO₂ fixation process are summarized.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> bio-mitigation using microalgae

Microalgae are a group of unicellular or simple multicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that can fix CO(2) efficiently from different sources, including the atmosphere, industrial exhaust gases, and soluble carbonate salts. Combination of CO(2) fixation, biofuel production, and wastewater treatment may provide a very promising alternative to current CO(2) mitigation strategies.     

The Melting Phase Transition in Small Carbon Dioxide Clusters

Abstract

Small isolated carbon dioxide clusters have been studied by canonical and microcanonical Molecular Dynamics simulation. The phenomenon of “dynamical coexistence” between solidlike and liquidlike forms of the (CO₂)₁₃ cluster was found, in a finite energy range. An animation of this phenomenon is shown. Coexistence is associated with bimodality in the probability distribution of the short-time averaged internal kinetic energy of the system in the microcanonical ensemble. This phenomenon has also been observed in (CO₂)_12,14. It is interpreted in terms of the energy distribution of the Potential Energy Surface minima. This statistical mechanics tool enables to understand why dynamical coexistence has also been observed in previous works on (Ar)₁₃ and (N₂)₁₃ but not in the case of (Ar)_8,14 and (SF₆)₁₃.     

植物源和土壤有机质源土壤呼吸组分的拆分原理、方法与应用进展

区分土壤呼吸组分并揭示其与环境因素的相关关系,对于准确评估土壤碳过程及其环境影响机制至关重要。根据底物来源和作用机制的差异,土壤呼吸主要包括根系呼吸、根际微生物呼吸、凋落物分解、自然条件下和激发效应下土壤有机质（SOM）分解。现有土壤呼吸组分拆分方法可以分为基于植物源CO₂测定或土壤有机质源CO₂测定的差分拆分方法,以及基于土壤呼吸组分同位素信号差异的拆分方法。土壤呼吸组分拆分研究可以解决不同土壤呼吸组分对环境变化的响应机制、植物光合碳输入与地下土壤呼吸组分的交互作用、土壤呼吸组分变化对土壤碳库周转的影响机制等科学问题,但其理论假设、观测技术方法、潜在的误差来源等仍需要继续关注并系统研究。     

CO2 transported in xylem sap affects CO2 efflux from Liquidambar styraciflua and Platanus occidentalis stems, and contributes to observed wound respiration phenomena

The [CO₂] in the xylem of tree stems is typically two to three orders of magnitude greater than atmospheric [CO₂]. In this study, xylem [CO₂] was experimentally manipulated in saplings of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) by allowing shoots severed from their root systems to absorb water containing [CO₂] ranging from 0.04% to 14%. The effect of xylem [CO₂] on CO₂ efflux to the atmosphere from uninjured and mechanically injured, i.e., wounded, stems was examined. In both wounded and unwounded stems, and in both species, CO₂ efflux was directly proportional to xylem [CO₂], and increased 5-fold across the range of xylem [CO₂] produced by the [CO₂] treatment. Xylem [CO₂] explained 76–77% of the variation in pre-wound efflux. After wounding, CO₂ efflux increased substantially but remained directly proportional to internal stem [CO₂]. These experiments substantiated our previous finding that stem CO₂ efflux was directly related to internal xylem [CO₂] and expanded our observations to two new species. We conclude that CO₂ transported in the xylem may confound measurements of respiration based on CO₂ efflux to the atmosphere. This study also provided evidence that the rapid increase in CO₂ efflux observed after tissues are excised or injured is likely the result of the rapid diffusion of CO₂ from the xylem, rather than an actual increase in the rate of respiration of wounded tissues.     

Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil and root respiration in winter wheat by using a respiration partitioning chamber

Soil respiration in a cropland is the sum of heterotrophic (mainly microorganisms) and autotrophic (root) respiration. The contribution of both these types to soil respiration needs to be understood to evaluate the effects of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. In this paper, the effects of free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) on hetero- and autotrophic respiration in a wheat field were differentiated and evaluated by a novel split-root growth and gas collection system. Elevated atmospheric pCO₂ of approximately 200 μmol mol⁻¹ above the ambient pCO₂ significantly increased soil respiration by 15.1 and 14.8% at high nitrogen (HN) and low nitrogen (LN) application rates, respectively. The effect of elevated atmospheric pCO₂ on root respiration was not consistent across the wheat growth stages. Elevated pCO₂ significantly increased and decreased root respiration at the booting-heading stage (middle stage) and the late-filling stage (late stage), respectively, in HN and LN treatments; however, no significant effect was found at the jointing stage (early stage). Thus, the effect of increased pCO₂ on cumulative root respiration for the entire wheat growing season was not significant. Cumulative root respiration accounted for approximately 25–30% of cumulative soil respiration in the entire wheat growing season. Consequently, cumulative microbial respiration (soil respiration minus root respiration) increased by 22.5 and 21.1% due to elevated pCO₂ in HN and LN, respectively. High nitrogen application significantly increased root respiration at the late stage under both elevated pCO₂ and ambient pCO₂; however, no significant effects were found on cumulative soil respiration, root respiration, and microbial respiration. These findings suggest that heterotrophic respiration, which is influenced by increased substrate supplies from the plant to the soil, is the key process to determine C emission from agro-ecosystems with regard to future scenarios of enriched pCO₂.     

Quantitative aspects of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange through the lungs in Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda) during rest and exercise in water and air

Ghost crabs Ocypode ceratophthalmus were exercised in air and water to measure CO₂ and O₂ exchange rates using the method of instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption rate (MO₂) where applicable. Average heart rate increased from 100 to nearly 400 pulses per minute after five minutes of exercise on a treadmill at a run rate of 0.133 m s^?1. It took less than a minute for oxygen taken up through the lung epithelium from the air inside the branchial cavity to reach the maximal oxygen consumption rate of 26.1 mmol O₂ kg^?1 h^?1. Resting MO₂ was 4.06 mmol O₂ kg^?1 h^?1 in air, but decreased to 3.37 mmol O₂ kg^?1 h^?1 in seawater. Radioactive CO₂ from injected l-lactate is released linearly by the lung. The percent accumulated 14-CO₂ in exhaled air, plotted against time, intersects zero time on the x -axis, indicating rapid gas exchange at the lung surface. The P ₅₀ values for native haemocyanin of 4.89 mm Hg before exercise, and 8.99 mm Hg after exercise, are typical of a high-affinity haemocyanin usually associated with terrestrial crabs. The current notion that Ocypode ceratophthalmus drown when submerged in seawater was not substantiated by our experiments. MO₂ in seawater increased from 3.37 mmol O₂ kg^?1 h^?1 for resting crabs to 5.72 mmol O₂ kg^?1 h^?1 during exercise. When submerged by wave-seawater in the natural environment and during exercise in respirometer-seawater O. ceratophthalmus do not swim but, having a specific density of 1.044, float nearly weightless with a minimum of body movements.