鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾和行为反应特性及其对捕食习性的适应

用扫描电镜观察和行为学实验研究鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾形态和分布及吞食行为反应特性,结果表明,鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾丰富,几乎都是Ｉ型和Ⅱ型味蕾,着生于表皮乳突上,主要分布于上颌骨齿周围及内侧,下颌齿周围及外侧,舌前中区,下鳃骨细齿内侧等部位,其它区域分布较少,鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾对食物味道和软硬均非常敏感,鳜鱼仅吞食同时具有一定味道和软硬度的食物,本文探讨了鳜鱼口咽腔味蕾的结构功能关系及其对捕食习性的适应意义。     

涡虫口咽腔的观察

涡虫是扁形动物的重要种类．口咽腔是其取食器官．在教学中通常采用将涡虫饥饿处理后再喂食的方法进行观察,但此方法存在诸多不便．例如稍有移动口咽腔便会缩回,不便于在解剖镜下观察。现提供1种简单有效的方法,能方便地观察到涡虫的口咽腔．     

鲤鱼味蕾的分布及上皮解剖学的初步研究

本文用光镜和扫描电镜对鲤鱼味蕾的形态和分布进行了研究,发现味蕾主要集中在头部,其中鳃耙和咽部分密度最大,揭示了味蕾分布与摄食行之间形态与功能的统一性,另外还对上皮层中杯状细胞和警戒物细胞的形态和分布进行了观察和分析。     

昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪口器结构的研究

本文对昆嵛林蛙(Rana kunyuensis)的蝌蚪口部外形和口咽腔形态结构进行了观察,并与长肢林蛙进行了比较。结果表明它们有着基本相似的形态特征,但也存在明显的差别:昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪的上唇齿比长肢林蛙少一行;昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪口腔内突起数量明显少于长肢林蛙;昆嵛林蛙腺区不明显,而长肢林蛙腺区明显。     

野生与人工养殖鲫鳃部寄生指环虫的群落结构

为了阐明养殖环境对鱼类寄生指环虫群落的影响,研究调查了湖北省梁子湖和湖北省石首市养殖池塘中鲫鳃部寄生指环虫的种类和感染情况。在梁子湖中的野生鲫共发现6种指环虫,分别为坏鳃指环虫（Dactylogyrus vastator）、中型指环虫（D. intermedius）、弧形指环虫（D. arcuatus）、弓茎指环虫（D. baueri）、美丽指环虫（D. formosus）、望外指环虫（D. inexpeatatus）;在养殖池塘中,除了望外指环虫外,其他5种指环虫均有发现。分析结果表明,来自于梁子湖野生鲫鳃部的坏鳃指环虫的平均丰度以及其他4种指环虫（不含望外指环虫）的感染率与平均丰度明显高于养殖池塘的。梁子湖中的指环虫群落平均物种丰富度、平均寄生虫数量以及Brillouin多样性指数都明显高于养殖池塘的;梁子湖野生鲫寄生指环虫的优势种是弧形指环虫（0.54）,而池塘中的是坏鳃指环虫（0.76）。在宿主密度、种群大小、光照和溶氧等影响指环虫群落的因子中,溶氧可能是最主要因子。     

miR-214通过调控Notch1信号对口咽鳞状细胞癌细胞株增殖、侵袭及凋亡的作用机制研究

目的研究miR-214通过调控Notch1信号对口咽鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）细胞株增殖、侵袭及凋亡的作用机制。 方法在ATCC细胞库购买OSCC细胞株,分为3组：抑制组（IN组）、模拟组（SI组）及对照组（CO组）。通过Western blot法、qRT-PCR法、TUNEL法、侵袭实验及CCK-8法分析3组癌细胞中Notch1的蛋白、mRNA表达水平、细胞凋亡、迁移及增殖能力的差异性,三组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果IN、SI、CO组细胞内miR-214mRNA表达量分别为1.15±0.26,3.34±0.89,2.08±0.67,SI组分别与IN组、CO组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 5.281,P = 0.002;t = 2.529,P = 0.045）;SI组、IN组的Notch1-UTR表达分别为0.42±0.11、0.86±0.09,差异具有统计学意义（t = 5.362,P = 0.006）;IN、SI、CO组的OSCC细胞凋亡率分别为（0.78±0.10）﹪、（0.32±0.06）﹪、（0.56±0.12）﹪,IN组分别与CO组、SI组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 3.149,P = 0.020;t = 8.823,P < 0.001）;IN、SI、CO组癌细胞的增殖率分别为（0.65±0.05）﹪、（1.26±0.06）﹪、（1.89±0.04）﹪,IN组与SI组、IN组与CO组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 11.056,P < 0.001;t = 27.394,P < 0.001）,CO组与SI组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 12.365,P < 0.001）;IN、SI、CO组癌细胞侵袭率分别为（0.13±0.02）﹪、（0.89±0.13）﹪、（0.48±0.11）﹪,SI组与CO组、SI组与IN组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 4.176,P = 0.006;t = 10.147,P < 0.001）;IN、SI、CO组的Notch1蛋白含量分别为：2.38±1.34、0.94±0.23、1.76±0.67,SI组与CO组、SI组与IN组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 2.588,P = 0.041;t = 2.368,P = 0.056）;IN、SI、CO组的Notch1 mRNA表达量分别为4.26±1.06、1.45±0.38、2.46±0.87,IN组与CO组、IN组与SI组比较,差异具有统计学意义（t = 2.935,P = 0.026;t = 5.583,P = 0.001）。 结论miR-214可能与OSCC细胞株增殖呈负相关,在细胞中miR-214含量升高,可能抑制Notch1信号通路表达,从而促进癌细胞增长、侵袭,抑制癌细胞凋亡。     

中国樟科植物叶中油细胞和粘液细胞的比较解剖研究

利用组织透明法和石蜡制片法对樟科21属、112种、5变种和2变型植物叶中油细胞的分布密度、油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)的形态结构及其在叶肉中的具体分布进行了比较研究。油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)是樟科植物叶片解剖的显著特征,其在叶肉中的分布可以划分为4种类型：只有油细胞分布;只有粘液细胞(腔)分布;油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)共存;油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)皆无。油细胞的分布密度、油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)是否共存、是否单独存在或无,以及其具体分布部位等方面在种间存在一定的差异,这对于属以下等级的区分具有一定意义。在本科内甚至在某些属内,油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)分布的4种类型的演化趋势为：只有油细胞分布—油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)共存—只有粘液细胞(腔)分布—油细胞与粘液细胞(腔)皆无。油细胞和粘液细胞(腔)4种分布类型的划分支持樟科两个亚科的划分。     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术联合鼻腔扩容手术对OSAHS患者睡眠质量、认知功能及生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）联合鼻腔扩容手术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者认知功能、睡眠质量及生活质量的影响。方法：回顾性分析2015年7月~2019年12月期间我院收治的115例OSAHS患者的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同分为A组（n=56,UPPP）和B组（n=59,UPPP联合鼻腔扩容手术）,比较两组患者疗效、睡眠质量、认知功能、生活质量及并发症发生率。结果：B组治疗2个月后的临床总有效率高于A组（P<0.05）。两组术后2个月匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评分、呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、Epworth嗜睡量表（ESS）评分均较术前降低,且B组低于A组（P<0.05）。两组术后2个月社会功能、健康状况、躯体疼痛、生理职能、精神健康、生理机能、活力、情感职能维度评分均较术前升高,且B组高于A组（P<0.05）。两组术后2个月简易智力状态量表（MMSE）评分均较术前升高,且B组高于A组（P<0.05）。两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：UPPP联合鼻腔扩容手术治疗OSAHS患者,疗效确切,可有效改善患者睡眠质量及生活质量,改善患者认知功能,且不增加并发症发生率。     

中口短咽吸虫Brachylaima mesostoma(Rud.,1803)Baer,1933的生活史研究(Trematoda:Brachylaimidae)

寄生于鸟类和哺乳类的短咽科(Brachylaimidae)中的短咽属(Brachylaima)吸虫经记述有60余种,但有关生活史的报道不上10种。本文报道在福州二种陆地蜗牛,Bradybaena similaris和Cathaica ravida sieboldtiana,体内所见的一种短咽类吸虫的幼虫期包括胞蚴,尾蚴和后期尾蚴的观察。因此成熟的后期尾蚴人工感染八哥(Acridotheres c.cristatellus)雏鸟获得中口短咽吸虫(Brachylaima mesostoma)的成虫。本吸虫的天然终宿主在福州有八哥和黑鸫(Turdus merulamandarinus)。     

野生和人工养殖辽宁中国林蛙肥满度和重/长指标的初步研究

对野生和养殖中国林蛙肥满度和重/长指标的研究表明,辽宁野生中国林蛙肥满度(K)在雌性中无年龄差异,在雄性则亚成年和成年蛙组间有显着差异;性别差异只在成年蛙组间出现。重/长指标(K_wl)均随年龄的增加而显着提高,且在不同年龄组间均有性别差异。1龄家养中国林蛙K无性别差异,K_wl有性别差异。养殖蛙K_wl显着高于同性同龄野生蛙,K无显着差异。K_wl比K更灵敏,二者结合对两栖类肥满度进行研究较合理。     

Ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish

Sea lice, especially Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus spp., have the greatest economic impact of any parasite in salmonid fish farming and are also a threat to wild salmonids. Here, I review how the biology and ecology of various louse and host species influence their pathogenicity and epidemiology. Recent discoveries of new species and genotypes emphasize the need for more basic research on louse taxonomy and host preferences. Louse development rates are strongly dependent on temperature, and increasing mean sea temperatures are likely to increase infestation pressure on farms and wild fish, as well as affecting the geographical distribution of hosts and parasites. Despite progress in finding L. salmonis larvae in the plankton and in modelling louse production in several countries, more data on larval behaviour and distribution are required to develop dispersal and transmission models for both L. salmonis and Caligus spp. This knowledge could be used to take measures to reduce the risks of lice affecting farmed and wild fish.     

Expression and purification of dynamin II domains and initial studies on structure and function

Dynamin II, a large GTP-binding protein, is involved in endocytosis and in vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network. To further elucidate functions of dynamin II, the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD), the proline-rich domain (PRD), and the C-terminal part of dynamin II (dynamin(500-870)) were expressed in Escherichia coli. The PHD, tagged C-terminally by a (His)(6) peptide, was expressed to 15% of cellular proteins and could be purified on nickel-chelating agarose. On the contrary, the PRD and dynamin(500-870) had to be tagged with a (His)(6) peptide at the N-terminus to bind to nickel-chelating agarose. Additional tagging with the S-peptide, which forms a stable complex with immobilized S-protein, allowed removal of strongly interacting E. coli proteins. Circular dichroic spectra indicate a structured recombinant PHD with a secondary structure content similar to that of the known PHD from dynamin I. The N-terminally tagged, recombinant PRD is unfolded but nevertheless binds specifically to the SH3 domain of amphiphysin II as well as to proteins extracted from rat brain. The described methods are suitable to isolate functionally active domains of dynamin II in sufficient amount and purity for further studies.     

寄生蜂感受器的结构和功能研究进展

寄生蜂是寄生在寄主体内或体外的一类重要天敌昆虫,在农林害虫生物防治中具有重要作用.寄生蜂对寄主的确定主要依靠触角敲打和产卵器刺探共同完成,作为寄生蜂的重要感觉器官,触角和产卵器上着生有不同种类的感受器,在其寄主搜寻和产卵识别等过程中起着感受外界信息的关键作用.本文综述了国内外有关寄生蜂触角和产卵器上感受器的研究进展,包括感受器的类群划分、超微结构和生理功能等方面,并对该领域中尚待解决的问题和研究展望进行了探讨,以期为深入研究寄生蜂的寄生行为,揭示其对外界信息的感受机制以及将来利用寄生蜂进行害虫的生物防治提供理论基础.     

Length–weight relationships of wild and farmed Tor putitora from Pakistan

Length–weight relationships (W = a TL^b) were estimated for wild and farmed Tor putitora obtained from River Korang, Islamabad and Attock District, Pakistan, respectively. The results indicate, W = 0.0171 TL^2.85 for wild and W = 0.1000 TL^2.33 for farmed. Total length ranged from 18.0 to 40.2 cm for male and 31.6 to 37.0 cm for female wild Tor putitora, indicating that the fish are now much smaller. The first reference of length–weight relationships for Tor putitora is provided.     

Mortalities induced by the copepod Sinergasilus polycolpus in farmed silver and bighead carp in a reservoir

The frequency distributions of the parasitic copepod Sinergasilus polycolpus were examined in silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis during a disease outbreak of the 2 species of fish in a reservoir in China. The mean abundance of the copepod was positively related with host length and age, and the overdispersion of the copepod in both silver and bighead carp was fitted well with negative binomial distribution. Although parasite-induced host mortality was observed, a peaked age-parasite abundance curve was not detected in the present parasite-host system. It is also proposed that this peaked age-abundance curve is unlikely to be observed in its natural host populations.     

Morphofunctional peculiarities of erythrocytes in wild and farmed Coregonid fishes from Lake Baikal

Structure and cytometric indices of red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin content (Hb) and oxygen capacity of the blood (OCB) of omul, whitefish, and hybrids thereof captured in Lake Baikal (wild) and incubated and grown in a freshwater aquarium complex (FAC) (farmed) have been analyzed. Cytometric parameters of red blood cells of wild omul, whitefish, and hybrids thereof exceed those of the cells of fish reared in aquariums under identical conditions. The effect of aquarium rearing on the shape of red blood cells is the least pronounced in Siberian whitefish and F1 progeny of Siberian whitefish females and omul males (f Sw x m Om). The erythrocyte size in hybrids of female Lacustrine whitefish and male omul (f Lw x m Om) is determined by the size of these cells in female parents, since female Lacustrine whitefish have the largest erythrocytes. Cytometric parameters of erythrocytes of all Coregonid fishes investigated are higher in fish reared in warm aquaria than in conspecifics reared in aquaria with cold water. Erythrocyte nuclei are smaller in artificially propagated hybrids than in parent fish captured in the wild or in whitefish and omul reared in aquaria under the same conditions. A distinct pool of erythrocytes from whitefish captured in the wild have a 20–30% higher content of functionally active mitochondria than erythrocytes of whitefish reared in aquaria; a disrupted mitochondrial structure is also observed in erythrocytes from the latter population of fish. The results show that distinctive features of metabolism related to oxygen transport in the Baikal coregonid fish that were investigated are determined by adaptation to the conditions of the ecological niches occupied by the fish.     

Fine structure of the carp torus longitudinalis

Fine structure of the carp torus longitudinalis was studied by electron and light microscopy and compared with the granular layer of the carp cerebellum. There are three types of cells in the torus longitudinalis, that is, small, medium-sized and large cells. From the small cells to the medium-sized cells, there is gradual transition in size and in the amounts of cell organelles. These cell profiles and the closely packed cell pattern in a part of the torus longitudinalis are quite similar to those in the granular layer of the cerebellum. Moreover, peculiar synaptic configurations of so-called “synaptic glomeruli” are found both in the torus longitudinalis and in the granular layer of the cerebellum. In the torus longitudinalis, unmyelinated nerve fibers are seen to have bulbous swellings along their course, most of which contain a mitochondrion, as do they in the carp tectum opticum. It is speculated that the torus longitudinalis may be partly related to the granular layer of the cerebellum and partly to the tectum opticum.     

Unusual structure of the biliary system in the liver of the grass carp and the silver carp

It is known that the bile canaliculus in the liver of almost all vertebrates is made up of membranes of two or more adjacent liver cells. Studying the liver cell ultrastructure of lasting and fed grass carp and silver carp, it was demonstrated that a bile canaliculus is formed by deep invagination of a cell membrane of one hepatocyte. The membrane forms microvilli along the bile canaliculus. The bile canaliculus is seen in the centre of liver cell cytoplasm on the cross section and stretches from the centre of the liver cell cytoplasm to the cell membrane on the longitudinal section. The bile canaliculus is connected with a small duct cell, which is distinct from a liver cell in its small size, little amount of cell organelles and the presence of cytoplasmic filaments. The terminal part of the biliary tract consists of one liver cell and one bile duct cell. The part of the tract adjacent to the terminal one is composed of two or three small bile duct cells devoid of basal membrane. Thus, the liver parenchyma is constituted of a net of numerous bile ducts. In the portal tract, there is a large bile duct, consisting of 12-13 bile duct cells, surrounded by basal membrane and connective tissue cells.