三角叶滨藜根吸水特点与其抗盐性的关系

采用压力室和冰点渗透压计测定了三角叶滨藜在不同浓度NaCl的根系环境溶液中根木质部的压力势和伤流液的渗透势,并利用原子吸收分光光度计测定了植株和伤流液以及环境溶液中Na 含量。结果表明:随着根环境溶液NaCl浓度的增加,三角叶滨藜植株和木质部伤流液中Na 含量虽呈上升趋势,但根系的过滤系数和体内Na 相对累积量逐渐降低,说明三角叶滨藜根细胞对盐分有很强的过滤作用;木质部伤流液的渗透势随着环境溶液渗透势的降低而降低,但根木质部溶液的水势则逐渐高出根外环境溶液的渗透势;表明三角叶滨藜能够利用较低的木质部负压来抵抗根外溶液的低渗透势而反渗透吸水,并利用根细胞对盐分的过滤作用来避免从环境摄取过量的盐分。     

根环境供氧状况对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗光合及离子吸收的影响

以溶液培养的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)幼苗为材料,测定了不同盐胁迫程度和不同根环境供氧状况条件下棉花幼苗的叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和植株的Na~+、K~+离子含量等的变化,以探索根环境供氧状况对盐胁迫下棉花光合作用和离子吸收的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和根环境供氧不足均导致净光合速率下降。在处理后的前期,盐胁迫对棉花叶片光合作用的不利影响大于供氧不足(不通气)的影响,而后期根环境供氧不足的不利影响快速增大,并逐渐超过盐胁迫的影响。在低浓度盐胁迫和根环境不通气处理的初期,棉花叶片光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔因素(气孔关闭或部分关闭引起的CO_2供应不足);随着盐胁迫程度的增大和胁迫持续时间的延长,光合速率下降的原因逐渐转变为非气孔因素(光合系统损伤引起的光合能力下降)。相同程度盐胁迫下,根环境通气处理的棉花叶片的净光合速率和PSⅡ最大光化学效率等均显著高于根环境不通气处理的,说明根环境供氧不足加重了盐胁迫对光合作用的不利影响。对棉花植株各器官离子积累量的测定、分析发现,盐胁迫导致了棉花根系拒Na~+、吸K~+的能力和选择性运输K~+的能力降低,使棉花根系和叶片的Na~+含量增多、K~+含量减少、[Na~+]/[K~+]比值升高;而根环境通气则可显著提高盐胁迫下根系的拒Na~+、吸K~+能力和根系向叶片选择性运输K~+的能力,降低根系和叶片的[Na~+]/[K~+]比值。试验还发现,根系K~+、Na~+含量受盐胁迫的影响较大,而叶片K~+、Na~+含量受根环境通气状况的影响更大一些。综合分析可见,盐胁迫和根环境供氧不足均可导致棉花叶片光合速率下降、光合机构损伤以及离子平衡失调,而根环境通气可以缓解盐胁迫对棉花叶片光合作用的不利影响、增加根系和叶片对K~+的选择吸收和积累、降低[Na~+]/[K~+]比值,从而增强棉花植株对盐胁迫的适应性和抵抗力。     

不同抗旱性冬小麦幼苗根系对水分胁迫的反应

抗旱性不同的小麦根系含水量、水势、渗透势均随水分胁迫强度增加而逐渐下降。其中以水势变化最为灵敏。恢复正常供水72h后,三项指标均有不同程度的回升,抗旱品种恢复能力强。根系渗透调节能力随胁迫强度的加剧而提高,抗旱品种渗透调节的效果好于敏感品种。随着胁迫强度的增加,根中ATP相对含量减少,恢复正常供水72h后,含量可部分恢复,恢复能力与品种的抗旱性一致。     

NaCl抑制棉花幼苗生长的机理—盐离子效应

75和150 mmol/L NaCl处理.降低棉花幼苗叶面积、叶相对扩展率,蒸腾和木质部汁液K~ 浓度;而增大叶细胞质膜透性、渗透势、叶Na~ 含量和木质部汁液Na~ 和Cl~-的浓度。生长在75mmol/L NaCl加压(根际)和不加压条件下的棉花,叶面积、叶相对扩展率、蒸腾、叶质膜透性和渗透势的变化基本一样。这些结果表明棉花幼苗的拒盐能力不大,盐害的原因是盐的原初效应,而不是盐的次生效应。另外,盐对棉花幼苗叶相对扩展率和质膜透性的效应在生长后期降低,表明棉花幼苗也具有一定的耐盐能力。     

不同抗旱性冬小冬幼苗根系对小分胁迫的反应

抗旱性不同的小麦根系含水量、水势、渗透势均随水分胁迫强度增加而逐渐下降。其中以水势变化最为灵敏。恢复正常供水７２ｈ后,三项指标均有不同程度的回升,抗旱品种恢复能力强。根系渗透调节能力随胁迫强度的加剧而提高,抗旱品种渗透调节的效果好于敏感品种。随着胁迫强度的增加,根中ＡＴＰ相对含量减少,恢复正常供水７２ｈ后,含量可部分恢复,恢复能力与品种的抗旱性一致。     

盐旱复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和水分吸收的影响

为明确盐害、干旱及盐旱复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和水分吸收的影响,从而为盐害和干旱胁迫下栽培调控提供理论依据。以2个抗旱性不同的小麦品种(扬麦16和耐旱型洛旱7号)为材料,采用水培试验,以NaCl和PEG模拟盐旱复合胁迫,研究了盐旱复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、根系形态、光合特性及水分吸收特性的变化。结果表明,盐、旱及复合胁迫下小麦幼苗的生物量、叶面积、总根长与根系表面积、叶绿素荧光和净光合速率均显著下降,但是复合胁迫处理的降幅却显著低于单一胁迫。盐旱复合胁迫下根系水导速率和根系伤流液强度显著大于单一胁迫,从而提高了小麦幼苗叶片水势和相对含水量。盐胁迫下小麦幼苗Na~+/K~+显著大于复合胁迫,但复合胁迫下ABA含量却显著小于单一的盐害和干旱胁迫。因此,盐旱复合胁迫可以通过增强根系水分吸收及降低根叶中ABA含量以维持较高光合能力,这是盐旱复合胁迫提高小麦适应性的重要原因。洛旱7号和扬麦16对盐及盐旱复合胁迫的响应基本一致,但在干旱胁迫下洛旱7号表现出明显的耐性。     

NaCl对渗透胁迫下三角叶滨藜光合作用和水分状况的调节

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)为材料, 测定分析了在PEG诱导的渗透胁迫条件下, 适量的NaCl对其光合作用和水分吸收的影响, 以探讨环境溶液中NaCl对植物适应干旱的影响。结果表明, PEG诱导的渗透胁迫导致三角叶滨藜植株吸水困难、叶绿素含量降低、光合系统受损、生长受抑制、生物量减少; 而在PEG渗透胁迫的处理液中添加10–40 mmol·L^–1NaCl可以明显降低植株水势和叶片渗透势, 维持较高的细胞膨压, 减缓PEG渗透胁迫对光合系统的破坏作用, 保证相对较高的光合速率和生长速度, 从而有效增强了三角叶滨藜对渗透胁迫的适应能力。     

钠盐和氯盐胁迫下胡杨木质部汁液ABA、离子浓度和叶片气体交换的变化

研究了渗透胁迫和盐胁迫下一年生胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)幼苗的木质部汁液脱落酸(ABA)、离子浓度及叶片气体交换的变化.PEG 6000 (溶液渗透势 -0.24 MPa)、50 mmol/L含钠离子的盐溶液 (NaNO3∶NaHCO3∶NaH2PO4=5∶4∶1, pH 6.8, 渗透势 -0.24 MPa)和50 mmol/L含氯离子的盐溶液 (KCl∶NH4Cl=1∶1, 渗透势 -0.24 MPa) 3种处理都显著降低了苗木的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(TRN),但盐处理植株的TRN高于PEG处理的苗木.木质部汁液ABA的浓度在PEG处理后1 h达到峰值,之后开始下降,降到对照水平后又逐渐回升.盐处理苗木的ABA也是在处理开始后就迅速升高,但之后ABA水平明显高于PEG处理的植株.结果显示,渗透胁迫和离子胁迫都能提高胡杨木质部汁液ABA的浓度: 盐处理开始后ABA的迅速升高主要是渗透胁迫的作用,而此后离子胁迫(Na+和Cl-)对ABA水平的提高具有重要作用.钠盐处理对胡杨净光合速率和蒸腾速率的抑制作用高于氯盐处理,其木质部汁液中较高水平的ABA和盐离子(Na+和Cl-)是可能的原因.钠盐处理苗木的盐离子(Na+和Cl-)水平高于氯盐处理,主要是由以下两方面的原因所致: (1)细胞膜上的Ca2+被Na+所取代, 增加了膜的透性; (2)胡杨根细胞液泡对Na+的区隔化能力较弱(与区隔Cl-相比).另外,盐胁迫下胡杨能保持对营养元素K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的吸收,这也是其抗盐性强的重要原因.     

盐胁迫对三角叶滨藜根选择透性和反射系数的影响

以Hoagland溶液培养的三角叶滨藜幼苗为材料,分别采用电导率法、原子吸收分光光度计法和压力室法测定了不同浓度盐胁迫下三角叶滨藜根的质膜透性、离子吸收和根系反射系数,分析其抗盐特点和机制.结果表明:随着盐胁迫强度的增加,三角叶滨藜根细胞质膜透性增大、根系反射系数减小;盐胁迫导致三角叶滨藜根系对K+的总吸收量减少、对Na+的总吸收量增多,但对Na+的相对吸收量减少、对K+的相对吸收量增加.盐胁迫条件下,三角叶滨藜根系对离子吸收有较强的调节能力;而根系反射系数的减小有利于根系用较小的负压力吸收水分,减小木质部空化的危险.说明三角叶滨藜具有较高的抗盐能力.     

NaCl胁迫对圆柏幼苗生长和离子吸收及分配的影响

以当年生圆柏幼苗为实验材料,采用温室调控盆栽土培法研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300mmol·L-1)胁迫21d对其生长情况及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的吸收和分配的影响,以探讨圆柏幼苗对盐环境的生长适应性及耐盐机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,圆柏幼苗生长,包括株高、地径、相对生长量以及生物量的积累均呈下降趋势,而其根冠比却增加。(2)在各浓度NaCl胁迫处理下,圆柏幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量较对照均显著增加,而且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根,叶中Na~+含量是根中的5倍。(3)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,圆柏幼苗各器官中K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量以及K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+及Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值均呈下降趋势。(4)在NaCl胁迫条件下,圆柏幼苗根系离子吸收选择性系数SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na显著提高,茎、叶离子转运选择性系数SCa,Na、SMg,Na则逐渐降低,叶中离子转运选择性系数SK,Na则随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高显著降低,大量Na~+进入地上部,减缓了盐胁迫对根系的伤害。研究认为,圆柏幼苗的盐适应机制主要是通过根系的补偿生长效应及茎、叶对Na~+的聚积作用来实现的,同时也与根对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的选择性运输能力增强和茎、叶稳定的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的选择性运输能力有关。     

Na^＋ and Water Uptake in Relation to the Radial Reflection Coefficient of Root in Arrowleaf Saltbush Under Salt Stress

The response of halophyte arrowleaf saltbush (Atriplex triangularis Willd) plants to a gradient of salt stress were investigated with hydroponically cultured seedlings. Under salt stress, both the Na+ uptake into root xylem and negative pressures in xylem vessels increased with the elevation of salinity (up to 500 mol/m3) in the root environment. However, the increment in negative pressures in root xylem far from matches the decrease in the osmotic potential of the root bathing solutions, even when the osmotic potential of xylem sap is taken into consideration. The total water potential of xylem sap in arrowleaf saltbush roots was close to the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions when the salt stress was low, but a progressively increased gap between the water potential of xylem sap and the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions was observed when the salinity in the root environment was enhanced. The maximum gap was 1.4 MPa at a salinity level of 500 mol/m3 without apparent dehydration of the tested plants. This discrepancy could not be explained with the current theories in plant physiology. The radial reflection coefficient of root in arrowleaf saltbush decreased with the enhanced salt stress was and accompanied by an increase in the Na+ uptake into xylem sap. However, the relative Na+ in xylem exudates based on the corresponding NaCl concentration in the root bathing solutions showed a tendency of decrease. The results showed that the reduction in the radial reflection coefficient of roots in the arrowleaf saltbush did not lead to a mass influx of NaCl into xylem when the radial reflection coefficient of the root was considerably small; and that arrowleaf saltbush could use small xylem pressures to counterbalance the salt stresses, either with the uptake of large amounts of salt, or with the development of xylem pressures dangerously negative. This strategy could be one of the mechanisms behind the high resistance of arrowleaf saltbush plants to salt stress.     

Na~ and Water Uptake in Relation to the Radial Reflection Coefficient of Root in Arrowleaf Saltbush Under Salt Stress

The response of halophyte arrowleaf saltbush(Atriplex triangularis Willd)plants to a gradient of salt stress were investigatedwith hydroponically cultured seedlings.Under salt stress,both the Na~ uptake into root xylem and negative pressures inxylem vessels increased with the elevation of salinity(up to 500 mol/m~3)in the root environment.However,the increment innegative pressures in root xylem far from matches the decrease in the osmotic potential of the root bathing solutions,evenwhen the osmotic potential of xylem sap is taken into consideration.The total water potential of xylem sap in arrowleafsaltbush roots was close to the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions when the salt stress was low,but a progressivelyincreased gap between the water potential of xylem sap and the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions was observedwhen the salinity in the root environment was enhanced.The maximum gap was 1.4 MPa at a salinity level of 500 mol/m~3without apparent dehydration of the tested plants.This discrepancy could not be explained with the current theories inplant physiology.The radial reflection coefficient of root in arrowleaf saltbush decreased with the enhanced salt stress wasand accompanied by an increase in the Na~ uptake into xylem sap.However,the relative Na~ in xylem exudates based onthe corresponding NaCl concentration in the root bathing solutions showed a tendency of decrease.The results showedthat the reduction in the radial reflection coefficient of roots in the arrowleaf saltbush did not lead to a mass influx of NaClinto xylem when the radial reflection coefficient of the root was considerably small;and that arrowleaf saltbush could usesmall xylem pressures to counterbalance the salt stresses,either with the uptake of large amounts of salt,or with thedevelopment of xylem pressures dangerously negative.This strategy could be one of the mechanisms behind the highresistance of arrowleaf saltbush plants to salt stress.     

Evaluation of water stress control with polyethylene glycols by analysis of guttation

The water relations of pepper plants (Capsicum frutescens L.) under conditions conducive to guttation were studied to evaluate the control of plant water stress with polyethylene glycols. The addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 to the nutrient solution resulted in water relations similar to those expected in soil at the same water potentials. Specifically, xylem pressure potential in the root and leaf became more negative during a 24-hour treatment period, while osmotic potential of the root xylem sap remained constant. The decrease in pressure potential was closely correlated with the decrease in osmotic potential of the nutrient solution. In contrast, the addition of polyethylene glycol 400 to the nutrient medium resulted in a reduction of osmotic potential in the root xylem sap; this osmotic adjustment in the xylem was large enough to establish an osmotic gradient for entry of water and cause guttation at a nutrient solution osmotic potential of −4.8 bars. Pressure potential in the root and leaf xylem became negative only at nutrient solution osmotic potentials lower than −4.8 bars. About half of the xylem osmotic adjustment in the presence of polyethylene glycol 400 was caused by increased accumulation of K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the root xylem. These studies indicate that larger polyethylene glycol molecules such as polyethylene glycol 6000 are more useful for simulating soil water stress than smaller molecules such as polyethylene glycol 400.     

Water relations in silver birch during springtime: How is sap pressurised?

• Positive sap pressures are produced in the xylem of birch trees in boreal conditions during the time between the thawing of the soil and bud break. During this period, xylem embolisms accumulated during wintertime are refilled with water. The mechanism for xylem sap pressurization and its environmental drivers are not well known.
• We measured xylem sap flow, xylem sap pressure, xylem sap osmotic concentration, xylem and whole stem diameter changes, and stem and root non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations, along with meteorological conditions at two sites in Finland during and after the sap pressurisation period.
• The diurnal dynamics of xylem sap pressure and sap flow during the sap pressurisation period varied, but were more often opposite to the diurnal pattern after bud burst, i.e. sap pressure increased and sap flow rate mostly decreased when temperature increased. Net conversion of soluble sugars to starch in the stem and roots occurred during the sap pressurisation period. Xylem sap osmotic pressure was small in comparison to total sap pressure, and it did not follow changes in environmental conditions or tree water relations.
• Based on these findings, we suggest that xylem sap pressurisation and embolism refilling occur gradually over a few weeks through water transfer from parenchyma cells to xylem vessels during daytime, and then the parenchyma are refilled mostly during nighttime by water uptake from soil. Possible drivers for water transfer from parenchyma cells to vessels are discussed. Also the functioning of thermal dissipation probes in conditions of changing stem water content is discussed.

     

High Molecular Weight Organic Compounds in the Xylem Sap of Mangroves: Implications for Long-Distance Water Transport

The rise of sap in mangroves has puzzled plant physiologists for many decades. The current consensus is that negative pressures in the xylem exist which are sufficiently high to exceed the osmotic pressure of seawater (2.5 MPa). This implies that the radial reflection coefficients of the mangrove roots are equal to unity. However, direct pressure probe measurements in xylem vessels of the roots and stems of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) grown in the laboratory or in the field yielded below-atmospheric, positive (absolute) pressure values. Slightly negative pressure values were recorded only occasionally. Xylem pressure did not change significantly when the plants were transferred from tap water to solutions containing up to 1700 mOsmol kg^?1 NaCl. This indicates that the radial reflection coefficient of the roots for salt, and therefore the effective osmotic pressure of the external solution, was essentially zero as already reported for other halophytes. The low values of xylem tension measured with the xylem pressure probe were consistent with previously published data obtained using the vacuum/leafy twig technique. Values of xylem tension determined with these two methods were nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than those estimated for mangrove using the pressure chamber technique (?3 to ?6MPa). Xylem pressure probe measurements and staining experiments with alcian blue and other dyes gave strong evidence that the xylem vessels contained viscous, mucilage- and/or protein-related compounds. Production of these compounds resulting from wound or other artifactual reactions was excluded. The very low sap flow rates of about 20–50 cm h^?1 measured in these mangrove plants were consistent with the presence of high molecular weight polymeric substances in the xylem sap. The presence of viscous substances in the xylem sap of mangroves has the following implications for traditional xylem pressure measurement techniques, development of xylem tension, and longdistance water transport: (1) high external balancing pressures in the pressure chamber are needed to force xylem sap to the cut surface of the twig; (2) stable tensions much larger than 0.1 MPa can be developed only occasionally because viscous solutions provide nucleation sites for gas bubble formation; (3) the frequent presence of small gas bubbles in viscous solutions allows water transport by interfacial, gravity-independent streaming at gas/water interfaces and (4) the increased density of viscous solutions creates (gravity-dependent) convectional flows. Density-driven convectional flows and interfacial streaming, but also the very low radial reflection coefficient of the roots to NaCl are apparently the means by which R. mangle maintains water transport to its leaves despite the high salinity of the environment.     

A technique to measure root tip hydraulic conductivity and root water potential simultaneously

A procedure for the simultaneous measurement of hydraulic conductivityand xylem water potential of roots is presented. Roots remainintact and attached to the transpiring plant during measurement.The rate of water uptake by roots is measured at different waterpotential gradients along the root radial axis, obtained byplacing them in solutions with different osmotic potentials.Hydraulic conductivity and xylem water potential are calculatedby regression analysis of the relationship between water uptakerate and osmotic potential of the bathing solution, assumingthat xylem water potential and reflection coefficient remainconstant during measurement. Results for tomato plants experiencingdrought are presented and discussed. Key words: Root, hydraulic conductivity, water potential     

Sap salinity effects on xylem conductivity in two mangrove species

Xylem sap salinity and conductivity were examined in two mangrove ecosystem tree species . For Avicennia germinans , extracted xylem sap osmotic potentials ranged from −0.24 to −1.36 MPa versus −0.14 to −0.56 MPa for Conocarpus erectus. Xylem sap of Conocarpus did not vary in osmotic potential between sites nor between predawn and midday. In Avicennia , values were more negative at midday than predawn, and also more negative at hypersaline than hyposaline sites. After removing embolisms, specific conductivity ( K _s) was measured as a function of salinity of the artificial xylem sap perfusion. For both species the lowest K _s values, about 70% of the maximum K _s, were obtained when stems were perfused with deionized water (0 m m ; 0.0 MPa) or with a 557-m m saline solution (−2.4 MPa). Higher K _s values were obtained in the range from −0.3 to −1.2 MPa, with a peak at −0.82 ± 0.08 MPa for Avicennia and −0.75 ± 0.08 MPa for Conocarpus . The variations in K _s values with minima both at very low and very high salt concentrations were consistent with published results for swelling and shrinking of synthetic hydrogels, suggesting native hydrogels in pit membranes of vessels could help regulate conductivity.     

Direct and indirect measurements of Phloem turgor pressure in white ash

Direct determinations and indirect calculations of phloem turgor pressure were compared in white ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Direct measurements of trunk phloem turgor were made using a modified Hammel-type phloem needle connected to a pressure transducer. Turgor at the site of the direct measurements was calculated from the osmotic potential of the phloem sap and from the water potential of the xylem. It was assumed that the water potentials of the phloem and xylem were close to equilibrium at any one trunk location, at least under certain conditions. The water potential of the xylem was determined from the osmotic potential of xylem sap and from the xylem tension of previously bagged leaves, measured with a pressure chamber. The xylem tension of bagged leaves on a branch adjacent to the site of the direct measurements was considered equivalent to the xylem tension of the trunk at that point. While both the direct and indirect measurements of phloem turgor showed clear diurnal changes, the directly measured pressures were consistently lower than the calculated values. It is not clear at present whether the discrepancy between the two values lies primarily in the calculated or in the measured pressures, and thus, the results from both methods as described here must be regarded as estimates of true phloem turgor.     

Enhanced salt tolerance mediated by AtHKT1 transporter-induced Na unloading from xylem vessels to xylem parenchyma cells

AtHKT1 is a sodium (Na+) transporter that functions in mediating tolerance to salt stress. To investigate the membrane targeting of AtHKT1 and its expression at the translational level, antibodies were generated against peptides corresponding to the first pore of AtHKT1. Immunoelectron microscopy studies using anti-AtHKT1 antibodies demonstrate that AtHKT1 is targeted to the plasma membrane in xylem parenchyma cells in leaves. AtHKT1 expression in xylem parenchyma cells was also confirmed by AtHKT1 promoter-GUS reporter gene analyses. Interestingly, AtHKT1 disruption alleles caused large increases in the Na+ content of the xylem sap and conversely reduced the Na+ content of the phloem sap. The athkt1 mutant alleles had a smaller and inverse influence on the potassium (K+) content compared with the Na+ content of the xylem, suggesting that K+ transport may be indirectly affected. The expression of AtHKT1 was modulated not only by the concentrations of Na+ and K+ but also by the osmolality of non-ionic compounds. These findings show that AtHKT1 selectively unloads sodium directly from xylem vessels to xylem parenchyma cells. AtHKT1 mediates osmolality balance between xylem vessels and xylem parenchyma cells under saline conditions. Thus AtHKT1 reduces the sodium content in xylem vessels and leaves, thereby playing a central role in protecting plant leaves from salinity stress.