紫柏山亚高山草甸群落的种间关联和相关分析

采用方差比率法、x2检验、Jaccard关联指数以及Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了秦岭紫柏山亚高山草甸群落20个主要物种的种间关联与相关性.结果表明:种对间呈显著和极显著关联(相关)的种对较少,x2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验的正负关联(相关)比分别为0.85、0.61和1.02,群落总体上接近无关联,处于相对稳定状态;Spearman秩相关星座图将20个物种划分为4个生态种组,各生态种组内的物种具有相似的生态要求和资源利用方式,不同生态种组间呈现明显的演替转化趋势;种对间呈正关联或者正相关,主要是由于具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性;种对间呈负关联或者负相关,主要由于彼此间具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致.     

山西绵山植被木本植物优势种群种间关联

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,研究了山西绵山植被21个优势种群、210个种对间的种间关联性。结果表明:1)χ2检验有109个种对呈正相关,101个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为1.08;Pearson相关系数检验87个种对正相关,122个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.71;Spearman秩相关系数检验99个种对呈正相关,111个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.89。2)按照21个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素,它们被划分为两大生态种组。3)与Pearson相关系数检验相比,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。4)种对间的正关联或正相关,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性和相互重叠的生态位所致;而种对间的负关联或负相关,则主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致。     

山西太岳山连翘群落优势种种间关系

基于2×2列联表,采用方差比率法、x2检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关数检验等数量分析方法对山西太岳山连翘群落中25个优势种、300个种对间的种间关联性进行定量研究.方差分析表明,25个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈不显著关联,种的分布相对独立.x2检验有138个种对呈正相关,150对种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.92;Pearson相关系数检验有100个种对呈正相关,199对种对呈负相关,正负关联比例为0.5;Spearman秩相关系数检验121个种对呈正相关,179个种对呈负相关,正负关联比例为0.67.与x2检验相比,Pearson相关分析和Spearman秩相关分析具有较高的灵敏度.根据这25个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素结合PCA排序,将25个优势种分为4个生态种组.     

珍稀濒危植物江南油杉群落乔木层主要树种种间关联性分析

基于2×2列联表,采用方差比率法(R_v)、x²检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验等方法,对福建君子峰国家级自然保护区江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis)群落乔木层主要树种进行种间关联性分析,并通过主成分分析(PCA)划分生态种组。结果表明,21种主要树种总体表现为不显著负关联,且江南油杉与其他物种多呈不显著相关。210个种对中,正相关的有110对,负相关的有81对,不相关的有19对,正负比1.36。绝大多数种对间呈不显著相关,显著率仅为0.48%,物种间相互独立。Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验结果具有一致性,负相关种对数大于正相关种对数,绝大多数种对不显著,显著率分别为6.19%和7.14%。与x²检验相比,Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验方式更加灵敏。运用PCA二维排序可将主要树种划分为4个生态种组,同一生态种组内物种的生态习性和资源需求相似,多呈正相关,种对间相互依赖共存;不同生态种组间物种多呈负...     

中条山中段植物群落优势种群的种间关系研究

选取中条山中段植物群落的24个优势种,采用2×2列联表的χ2检验、Ochiai关联度指数、Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关分析进行种间关系研究.结果表明:1在所有种对中,呈极显著和显著相关的种对数所占比率较低,大部分种对呈负联结趋势;2χ2检验只有与Ochiai关联度指数结合,结论才比较合理;3Spearman秩相关分析灵敏度较高,优于Pearson相关分析;424个优势种可划分为5个生态种组,同一生态种组内,各种间具有较强的正联结,表明其资源利用方式和生态要求相似,而不同组间联结较为松散.槲栎、槲树、榛子、连翘等呈独立分布.     

山西五鹿山自然保护区辽东栎群落木本植物种间数量关系

基于2×2联列表,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法对山西五鹿山自然保护区辽东栎群落的27个优势种,共351个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。方差分析表明,27个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈不显著关联,种的分布相对独立。χ2检验结果有154个种对呈正相关,188个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.82;Pearson相关系数检验有124个种对呈正相关,226个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.55;Spearman秩相关系数检验有151个种对呈正相关,200个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.76;与χ2检验相比,Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。351个种对中,绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平,说明五鹿山自然保护区辽东栎群落具有明显的次生性。根据这27个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为3种生态种组。     

山西翅果油树群落种间关系的数量分析

应用 2× 2列联表的 Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和 Spearm an秩相关系数检验研究了山西翅果油树群落的种间关系 ,分别测定了 42种植物 ,共 86 1个种对的种间关联 (或相关 )。结果表明 :1) 2× 2列联表的精确检验共有 2 8个种对为正关联 ,14个种对为负关联 (p <0 .0 5或 p<0 .0 1,下同 ) ;Peaorson相关系数有 5 6个种对为正相关 ,14个种对为负相关 ;Spearman秩相关系数有 96个种对呈正相关 ,46个种对呈负相关。 2 ) 2× 2列联表的Fisher精确检验不能反映两个种对间的数量变化关系 ,应用 Pearson相关系数和 Spearman秩相关检验来刻划种对间的数量变化关系 ;与 Pearson相关系数检验相比 ,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。 3)种对间的正关联和正相关 ,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性 ,对生境具有相似的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致 ;而种对间的负关联和负相关 ,则主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性 ,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互重叠的生态位所致。     

汾河流域中下游湿地植被优势种种间关联性分析

采用x2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法对汾河流域中下游湿地植被的34个优势种,共561个种对间的关联性进行定量研究.结果表明:x2检验有178个种对呈正相关,256个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.70;Pearson相关系数检验有157个种对呈正相关,402个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.39;Spearman秩相关系数检验有216个种对呈正相关,343个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.63;与x2检验和Pearson相关系数相比,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度.561个种对中负关联居多,达到极显著或显著的种对少,说明汾河流域中下游湿地植被群落处于演替初期.根据这34个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为4种生态种组.     

云丘山地区灌木群落优势种数量关系

以68个灌木样方的重要值矩阵和2×2列联表为基础,结合实地调查,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数法,对云丘山地区灌木群落的20个优势种、190个种对的关联性进行了定量研究。方差比率法结果表明,20个优势种总体间关联为显著正相关,云丘山地区的灌木群落处于较稳定的状态;χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相个关系数结果表明,大部分种对的种间关联未达到显著程度,种间联结较为松散,群落结构及其种类组成将逐渐趋于完善和稳定;根据这20个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为两种生态种组。以上结果揭示了该地区主要优势物种与环境的相互关系。     

卧龙自然保护区三江珙桐群落种间关系的数量分析

应用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了卧龙自然保护区三江珙桐(Davidia involucrata)群落种间关系。测定了83种植物,共3 403个种对的种间关联(或相关)。结果表明,2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验共186个种对为正关联,100个种对为负关联(P<0.05或P<0.01);Pearson相关系数有295个种对为正关联,129个种对为负关联;Spearman秩相关系数有448个种对为正关联,244个种对为负关联。用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验不能反映两个种对的数量关系,应用Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数刻化种对间的数量变化关系;与Pearson相关系数检验相比,Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。种对的正关联和正相关,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致;而种对间的负关联和负相关,则主要是由于它们具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互重叠的生态位所致。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.