陕南晚震旦世后生动物管状化石Cloudina和Sinotubulites

陕南宁强地区灯影组高家山段产出十分丰富的后生动物管状化石Cloudina和Sinotubulites,管体为磷酸钙质,通过冰醋酸浸泡处理获得了大量精美的Cloudina和Sinotubulites孤立化石标本。Cloudina管体微弯至扭曲,以叠锥套合构造为特征,管壁由多层锥管壁组成,一端开口,一端封闭,在横切面上,相邻两层不同心。依据大量较为完整的独立标本,本文建立了新的管体构造复原模式。确认了Cloudina管状化石具有A、B两种结构类型,A型管体具有共同的外壁;B型管体不具外壁,锥管裸露。推测Cloudina为底栖生活的动物。A型管体表面较光滑并在外壁中央管之间形成一系列较大的空腔,因而可能具有一定的浮力,可通过水流主动调整身体在沉积物表面的方向。而型化石表面则具有明显的环檐,可能营固着底栖生活。通常Cloudian为单体,少数为两个个体生长于同一较大的管中,这种共管特征反映了生物以出芽方式繁殖。化石壁的结构表明,在管壁形成的过程中生物体分泌可能以有机质为主的中央层,随后在中央层的两侧加积无机矿物。Sinotubulites管体近圆筒状,中空,一航较直,两端开口,以多层管套合为特征。管体表面粗糙,具有因管壁褶皱而形成的不规则的横向或纵向比方 饰,依据管体大小和表面纹饰特征可分S.shaanxiensis和S.levis。管壁较厚,表面常具有强 纹饰,反映了该类生物营底栖生活,鉴于S.shaanxiensis的特征,本文将Qinella Zhang,Li et Dong,1992归入Sinotubulites Chen,Chen et Qian,1981,并对属征进行了补充。Cloudina及Sinotubulites代表了动物骨骼化方式的早期演化阶段。通过对管体微细结构观察以及成分测试,表明Cloudina及Sinotubulites管体以生物分泌为主,早期分泌塑性为主的管壁,后期生物分泌或胶结形成矿化的管。管体有机质较多,形态受环境的影响较大。Cloudina管 体具隐－微粒的微细结构,Sinotubulites具有粘结结构特征,属于较为简单、原始的骨骼化类型。     

埃迪卡拉纪管状化石Sinotubulites形态测量学研究

Sinotubulites是新元古代末期一类直或微弯,两端开口的圆柱管状化石,具有多层套合的管壁结构,目前已在世界多个地区发现,是寒武纪大爆发前管状生物大辐射的典型代表之一。本文对采自陕西宁强李家沟剖面埃迪卡拉纪高家山生物群中管状化石Sinotubulites的各项数据进行测量统计,以探讨管体各部分特征在个体发育过程中的关系。此次共选择测量保存较为完整的化石样品378枚,其中扫描电镜下检测口视样品150个,侧视样品134个,显微镜下检测样品94个,后者由于精度问题仅做数据辅助支撑。通过数据处理发现,Sinotubulites管状化石的最大直径和内圆直径线性关系明显(R~2=0.7);五六角最大直径与单边长度间线性关系最高(R~2=0.8903);总体上看,化石管体长度与壁厚、长度与最大直径无明显相关性。分析结果表明Sinotubulites在生长的不同阶段可能通过丢弃旧管,分泌新管,换管生活。同时在不同水动力条件下Sinotubulites不是单纯依靠分泌更厚的壳壁,而更可能是通过纵脊的多少来稳定管体。     

猕猴桃属9种植物的花粉形态研究

本文利用扫描电镜和光学显微镜研究了猕猴桃属6种和3变种植物的花粉形态。本属花粉粒具三孔沟或三拟孔沟,外壁纹饰差异较大。可作为该属属下分组的重要依据之一。根据外壁纹饰,可将它们概括为4种类型:(1)皱块状表面具细条纹;(2)不规则的瘤状纹饰;(3)小沟状或小穿孔状;(4)较规则的瘤状纹饰类型。     

埃迪卡拉纪末期Conotubus与Cloudina亲缘关系再研究——基于几何形态测量学的新证据

埃迪卡拉纪末期最早骨骼生物Cloudina的出现及其全球性分布,标志着早期生命的演化进入了新阶段。Cloudina已成为埃迪卡拉纪末期全球重要的指示化石。位于扬子地台西北缘陕西宁强地区的高家山生物群保存有大量结构精美的磷酸盐化Cloudina。同时,该生物群中还保存有黄铁矿化的Conotubus,其生物结构以三维立体的方式保存下来,借助工业CT技术,可以观察到岩层内部Conotubus的立体形态特征。前人根据基本相同的锥管状形态、始端封闭、末端开口及漏斗状套合的管体叠合方式等认为Conotubus和Cloudina存在一定的亲缘关系,但二者个体大小悬殊、保存方式迥异,二者关系依然存疑。本文选取Conotubus和Cloudina化石的胎管部分,尝试采用几何形态测量学分析的方法,通过计算统计手段证明二者之间可能存在一定的亲缘关系。高家山生物群地层沉积连续,保存有埃迪卡拉纪末期极为珍贵的连续演化化石,Conotubus和Cloudina之间亲缘关系的确定,为研究埃迪卡拉纪末期生物演化提供了绝佳的材料,也为高家山生物群申请全球界线层型(GSSP)候选剖面提供了更多的支撑。     

中国紫草科破布木属花粉形态和外壁超微结构

为了深入探讨紫草科（Boraginaceae）的分类问题,用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了该科破布木属（CordiaL.) 10种植物的花粉形态和外壁超微结构。发现该属花粉具三孔、三孔沟、三拟孔沟和三合沟4种萌发孔类型。外壁表面具微刺状纹饰、刺状纹饰、网状纹饰和不规则的条纹网状纹状。破布木属的花粉特征表明,该属花粉在紫草科中既是独特的分类群,又是比较原始的属种。     

亚洲茜草科粗叶木属及其相关属植物花粉形态研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了茜草科粗叶木属Lasianthus 16种2亚种、1变种及相关的5属5种的花粉形态。粗叶木属的花粉属于广孢型, 单粒。一般中等大小, 绝大多数为圆球形, 少数为近长球形或长球形。花粉形态特征, 特别是在萌发孔和外壁纹饰上表现出多样化。根据孔沟的数目或是否具有内孔, 可以将萌发孔分为(3-)4-(-5)孔沟和3孔。在所观察的这些种中, 萌发孔以3-4孔沟为主要类型, 比例为62.4%。外壁纹饰可分为细网状、粗网状和穴状。有部分种的花粉极面有穴状纹饰, 其余均为网状纹饰。网眼一般椭圆形、近圆形、三角形或者不规则形。少数外壁纹饰网脊上有颗粒状雕纹或模糊的颗粒, 网脊轮廓线呈波浪形, 一般凸出且平滑。大部分种的花粉具有沟膜, 沟膜上具有瘤状突起或小颗粒状, 沟边缘一般较平滑, 或粗糙, 有的种具有沟桥。     

中国蓼属叉分蓼组植物花粉形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国蓼属叉分蓼组20种3变种的花粉形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明其花粉形态大多数为近球形至近长球形,少数为扁球形或长球形;花粉大小为20.4～44.0µm×17.0～34.0µm：从萌发孔看,有3沟、3 孔沟、多沟、散沟;外壁纹饰为微刺—穴状、刺状、粗网状、皱块状。据此,该组花粉可划分为5种类型,即叉分蓼型(Aconogonon-type)、钟花蓼型(Campanulatum-type)、大连线冰岛蓼型(Forrestii-type)、西伯利亚蓼(Sibiricum-type)及多穗蓼型(Polystachyum-type),编制了这些花粉类型检索表。叉分蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3沟,外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状,此种类型的植物有14种2变种。钟花蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6散沟,外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状,此种类型的植物有钟花蓼和绒毛钟花蓼。西伯利亚蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3孔沟,外壁纹饰为皱块状,此种类型的植物有西伯利亚蓼。多穗蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6(~8)多沟,外壁纹饰为粗网状,此种类型的植物有松林蓼及多穗蓼。大连线冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具散沟,外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状,此种类型的植物有大铜钱叶蓼及铜钱叶蓼,结果表明叉分蓼组的花粉形态具有重要的分类学意义,研究结果支持将叉分蓼组上升为属的等级,也支持Knorringia的属的地位,大铜钱叶蓼和铜钱叶蓼应移入Koenigia属中,而松林蓼和多穗蓼仍保留在蓼属中。     

物参属花粉形态及其分类学意义

首次报道了兰科的手参属Ｇｙｍｎａｄｅｎｉａ国产５种植物花粉形态的研究结果,并与邻近的兜被兰属Ｎｅｏｔｔｉａｎｔｈｅ花粉进行了对比研究。前者花上块形状大多不规则,少数为三棱体形;而后者花粉小块大多形状为三棱锥体形,少数形状不规则。手参属花粉外壁表面具很细微的小穿孔、皱波状,小穴和小穿孔与沟渠状纹饰共存,或沟渠状等。而兜被兰属外壁表面纹饰明显,具有５种类型：（１）小穿孔,（２）表面近光滑,（３）沟渠状     

山茶属的花粉形态及其分类学意义

本文对山茶属(Camellia L.)18个组27个代表种的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和大部分进行了透射电镜的观察,并对花粉大小、形状、外壁纹饰和超微结构等作了综合的比较。结果表明,其形状和大小差异不很明显。花粉壁的层次、厚度和不同层次的比例,如复盖层与柱状层以及外壁外层与外壁内层的比例等也没有显著的差异。但花粉壁的纹饰特征在扫描电镜下显示出较大的差异,具有较重要的分类学价值。根据其纹饰特征,可以把山茶属花粉大致区分为六个类型:皱疣状纹饰;粗瘤状纹饰;颗粒状至皱-颗粒状纹饰;穴-网状纹饰;皱沟状纹饰及皱波-念珠状纹饰。孢粉学上区分的类型不完全与各个学者从植物形态上划分的组相一致。其中管蕊茶 Camellia lanceolata的纹饰非常特殊(粗瘤状),其外壁表面很象牛心果(Annona reticulata)的外形特征,为其重新分类提供孢粉学依据。     

广西蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅰ.水龙骨科

该文是广西蕨类植物孢子形态研究的第一部分。首次利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对广西产水龙骨科6属9种植物的孢子形态进行了观察研究。对每个种的孢子形态特征及表面纹饰进行了描述。水龙骨科6属9种植物孢子都为单裂缝类型孢子,孢子外壁表面具有皱状、细孔状、蠕虫状、瘤状、光滑、索状条纹和颗粒状纹饰7种纹饰类型。讨论了各属、种间的差异,为水龙骨科系统分类及孢粉学研究提供资料。     

Tube structure and original composition of Sinotubulites: shelly fossils from the late Neoproterozoic in southern Shaanxi, China

Abundant well-preserved shelly fossils of Sinotubulites occur in the upper part of the late Neoproterozoic Dengying Formation in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. Unlike 'funnel-in-funnel' structures of co-occurring Cloudina shells, the tube of Sinotubulites is nearly cylindrical, composed of several thin layers and characterized by 'tube-in-tube' structure. The tube bears prominent longitudinal sculptures and/or irregular annulations, which were formed by the wrinkles of tube layers, and weaken gradually towards the inner layers. The irregular wrinkle ornament of the outer layer shows plastic feature of the Sinotubulites tubes, which may further imply that the organisms secrete the elastic and flexible organic-dominated walls with mineralization, possibly aragonitic. Detailed thin section and SEM studies indicate that the silicification occurred earlier than phosphatation. Specimens preserved in situ from Hubei and surface ornamentation and polygonal shape of the cross-section suggest that Sinotubulites probably lived as an epibenthos lying on the sea floor.     Aragonitic tube, Ediacaran, Shaanxi. China, Sinotubulites , tube structure.     

晚晨旦世高家山生物群化石新材料

对张录易等（１９９２）所建立的管状骨骼化石Ｑｉｎｅｌｌａ属进行重新修订,根据基本宏观特征、壳面装饰和壳壁套管式结构管将Ｑｉｎｅｌｌａ ｓｈａａｎｘｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｚｈａｎｇ,Ｌｉ ｅｔ Ｄｏｎｇ,１９９２和Ｑｉｎｅｌｌａ ｌｉｊｉａｇｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ Ｚｈａｎｇ,Ｌｉ ｅｔＤｏｎｇ,１９９２归入Ｓｉｎｏｔｕｂｕｌｉｔｅｓ ｃｉｅｎｅｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍｃｍｅｎａｍｉｎ,１９８５而Ｑｉｎｅｌｌａ属征限外表在     

陕南晚震旦世骨骼化石中的微生物磷酸盐化作用

陕南晚震旦世高家山生物群中骨骼化石的电镜扫描显示,Sinotubulites levis壳壁中具有丰富的磷酸盐化球状和丝状体,可分为3种不同类型的微生物组构：1)由相互缠绕的丝状体所组成的藻席状组构;2)由外表面成莓球状,内部中空的球状体紧密堆叠所形成的组构类型;3)由表面极为光滑的球状体堆叠所形成的组构。它们可能分别代表不同类型的矿化蓝藻,依此推断微生物在S.levis壳壁磷酸盐化过程中起着重要作用。在共生的Sinotubulites baimatuoensis和Cloudina壳壁上,极少或完全不存在这些磷酸盐化组构表明微生物的磷酸盐化作用具有专属性,可能由壳壁微结构所决定,具多层状壁的S.levis可能与具许多有机质纹层的多毛类壳壁关系密切。     

贵州松桃寒武系清虚洞组Mongolitubulus squamifer 壳体显微结构初步研究

本文主要对贵州松桃寒武系清虚洞组灰岩中酸泡获得的管状化石Mongolitubulus squamifer壳体显微及亚显微结构进行研究。研究结果显示, M. squamifer不仅内层广泛发育纵向纤维结构,具鳞片的外层外壁也发育有微弱的纵向纤维结构,可能解释了管体外壁广泛发育的纵向开裂现象。在一枚保存有圆卵形鳞片以下部位的标本中发现,鳞片排列形式是由基部密集的小瘤点状颗粒然后过渡为不规则的圆卵形鳞片,到管体中上部逐渐形成规则排列的三角形鳞片。通过测量部分已报道的M.squamifer管体宽度与鳞片宽度发现正常发育的棘刺,鳞片大小与管体宽度有一定相关性。贵州松桃的M.squamifer壳层原始结构为2层,包括致密的具鳞片的外层和具明显纵向纤维结构的内层,管体内外层之间发育空隙导致管体容易破损。一些标本近基部断口处的层间空隙容易被次生矿物充填,导致内层增厚致密纤维结构消失或产生中间填充层。该研究揭示了M.squamifer的鳞片排列特征和壳体微观结构,为解释其亲缘关系提供新的形态学证据。     

Control of Airway Tube Diameter and Integrity by Secreted Chitin-Binding Proteins in Drosophila

The transporting function of many branched tubular networks like our lungs and circulatory system depend on the sizes and shapes of their branches. Understanding the mechanisms of tube size control during organ development may offer new insights into a variety of human pathologies associated with stenoses or cystic dilations in tubular organs. Here, we present the first secreted luminal proteins involved in tube diametric expansion in the Drosophila airways. obst-A and gasp are conserved among insect species and encode secreted proteins with chitin binding domains. We show that the widely used tracheal marker 2A12, recognizes the Gasp protein. Analysis of obst-A and gasp single mutants and obst-A; gasp double mutant shows that both genes are primarily required for airway tube dilation. Similarly, Obst-A and Gasp control epidermal cuticle integrity and larval growth. The assembly of the apical chitinous matrix of the airway tubes is defective in gasp and obst-A mutants. The defects become exaggerated in double mutants indicating that the genes have partially redundant functions in chitin structure modification. The phenotypes in luminal chitin assembly in the airway tubes are accompanied by a corresponding reduction in tube diameter in the mutants. Conversely, overexpression of Obst-A and Gasp causes irregular tube expansion and interferes with tube maturation. Our results suggest that the luminal levels of matrix binding proteins determine the extent of diametric growth. We propose that Obst-A and Gasp organize luminal matrix assembly, which in turn controls the apical shapes of adjacent cells during tube diameter expansion.     

Feedback-mediated dynamics in a model of coupled nephrons with compliant thick ascending limbs

The tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system in the kidney, a key regulator of glomerular filtration rate, has been shown in physiologic experiments in rats to mediate oscillations in thick ascending limb (TAL) tubular fluid pressure, flow, and NaCl concentration. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, TGF-mediated flow oscillations may be highly irregular. We conducted a bifurcation analysis of a mathematical model of nephrons that are coupled through their TGF systems; the TALs of these nephrons are assumed to have compliant tubular walls. A characteristic equation was derived for a model of two coupled nephrons. Analysis of that characteristic equation has revealed a number of parameter regions having the potential for differing stable dynamic states. Numerical solutions of the full equations for two model nephrons exhibit a variety of behaviors in these regions. Also, model results suggest that the stability of the TGF system is reduced by the compliance of TAL walls and by internephron coupling; as a result, the likelihood of the emergence of sustained oscillations in tubular fluid pressure and flow is increased. Based on information provided by the characteristic equation, we identified parameters with which the model predicts irregular tubular flow oscillations that exhibit a degree of complexity that may help explain the emergence of irregular oscillations in spontaneously hypertensive rats.     

Velocity field of pulsatile flow in a porous tube

This paper describes velocity fields for fully developed periodic laminar flow in a rigid tube with a porous wall. We obtained an analytical solution of the flow by the linear approximation of the Navier-Stokes equation. Unlike the previous works with a constant seepage rate along the axis, we used a wall velocity which contained hydraulic permeation constant Lp. The axial velocity profile shows a local maximum velocity near the wall at a large Womersley number alpha. This suggests that concentration polarization in porous tubular membrane may be reduced at high frequencies if a membrane device is operated under pulsatile flow conditions. The magnitude of wall permeation velocity decreases linearly along the tube axis because the damping of the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the tube is very small.     

Apical F‐actin‐regulated exocytic targeting of NtPPME1 is essential for construction and rigidity of the pollen tube cell wall

In tip‐confined growing pollen tubes, delivery of newly synthesized cell wall materials to the rapidly expanding apical surface requires spatial organization and temporal regulation of the apical F‐actin filament and exocytosis. In this study, we demonstrate that apical F‐actin is essential for the rigidity and construction of the pollen tube cell wall by regulating exocytosis of Nicotiana tabacum pectin methylesterase (NtPPME1). Wortmannin disrupts the spatial organization of apical F‐actin in the pollen tube tip and inhibits polar targeting of NtPPME1, which subsequently alters the rigidity and pectic composition of the pollen tube cell wall, finally causing growth arrest of the pollen tube. In addition to mechanistically linking cell wall construction and apical F‐actin, wortmannin can be used as a useful tool for studying endomembrane trafficking and cytoskeletal organization in pollen tubes.     

A transient luminal chitinous matrix is required to model epithelial tube diameter in the Drosophila trachea

Epithelial tubes are found in many vital organs and require uniform and correct tube diameters for optimal function. Tube size depends on apical membrane growth and subapical cytoskeletal reorganization, but the cues that coordinate these events to ensure functional tube shape remain elusive. We find that epithelial tubes in the Drosophila trachea require luminal chitin polysaccharides to attain the correct diameter. Tracheal chitin forms a broad transient filament within the tubes during the restricted period of expansion. Loss of chitin causes tubular constrictions and cysts associated with irregular subapical cytoskeletal organization, without affecting epithelial integrity and polarity. Analysis of previously identified tube expansion mutants in genes encoding septate junction proteins further suggests that septate junction components may function in tubulogenesis through their role in luminal matrix assembly. We propose that the transient luminal protein/polysaccharide matrix is sensed by the epithelial cells and coordinates cytoskeletal organization to ensure uniform lumen diameter.     

The fine structure of Culicinomyces clavisporus invading mosquito larvae

Electron microscope observations were made of the Australian and U.S. strains of Culicinomyces clavisporus infecting mosquito larvae. The wall of the conidium is composed of an inner (primary) layer, an outer (secondary) layer, and an exterior coating of a mucopolysaccharide substance believed responsible for conidial adhesion to the host cuticle prior to germination and penetration. In some instances the wall of the conidium is ruptured during germination and new wall layers and mucoid coating form around the germ tube whereas in other specimens the conidial wall layers extend around the germ tube without fracturing. The most common invasion site is through the larval foregut following ingestion of conidia. The apex of the germ tube presses tightly against the surface of the foregut cuticle and the mucilaginous coating is stripped away. There is evidence to suggest that the host epicuticle, which disappears across the zone of contact with the germ tube, is utilized for nutrition of the invading fungus. A collar of cuticle forms around the germ tube apex and a narrow penetrant hyphae extends into the procuticle. It is believed that cuticular penetration is primarily enzymatic assisted by mechanical pressure. The penetrant hypha swells into an oval cell in the hypodermal region and vegetative hypha then invade the hemocoel. The cells of the hypodermis develop signs of degeneration presumably due to the secretion of toxic substances from the invading hyphae. Host reactions, involving melanization of the host tissues, are sometimes evident among the invading penetrant hyphae in the cuticle or in the hypodermal cells in contact with the fungus. Melanized capsules form around some of the hyphae within the hemocoel. These latter reactions do not directly involve host blood cells and are examples of “humoral encapsulation” similar to that described by other authors during invasion of pathogenic organisms into mosquito larvae and chironomid larvae.