针叶小爪螨板栗和杉木种群间的遗传分化和杂交试验

为明确针叶小爪螨Oligonychus ununguis（Jacobi）山东板栗种群和浙江杉木种群的遗传分化程度,本研究对其基因序列（线粒体COⅠ和核糖体ITS2）进行了比较,并通过杂交试验测定了两者间的杂交亲和性.采用PCR产物直接测序法获得410 bp的COⅠ片段及469 bp（板栗种群）和513 bp（杉木种群）的完整ITS2序列,COⅠ及ITS2序列在两种群间的差异分别为10.5%~10.8%和15.2%~15.7%.杂交试验表明两种群间存在完全的生殖隔离.根据两者间的序列差异和杂交结果,初步认为山东板栗和浙江杉木上的小爪螨可能是两个不同的种     

氮沉降对杉木和枫香土壤氮磷转化及碳矿化的影响

氮沉降是全球变化的重大环境问题,根际是地下生态过程研究的前沿,但目前氮沉降对亚热带地区不同树种土壤氮、磷供应和碳矿化根际过程的影响及其机制尚不清楚。选取典型红壤区15a针叶树杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和阔叶树枫香(Liquidamba formosana)为对象,野外原位开展10 g N m~(-2)a~(-1)氮沉降试验3a,于2014年8月收集杉木和枫香根际土壤和非根际土壤,测定其p H值、有效氮、速效磷、水溶性有机碳及其34 d有机碳矿化动态,并计算根际效应。结果表明:氮沉降显著降低两个树种土壤p H值和杉木根际土壤速效磷(P0.05);提高枫香非根际土壤NO~-_3-N和杉木非根际土壤水溶性有机碳含量。同时,氮沉降显著提高杉木土壤有机碳矿化速率,根际和非根际的增幅分别为71.2%和41.2%,降低枫香土壤有机碳矿化速率,根际和非根际的降幅分别为10.6%和44.1%。此外,氮沉降显著降低枫香土壤NO~-_3-N和有机碳前期矿化速率的根际效应,增强后期矿化速率的根际效应,而杉木对氮沉降响应不显著。可见,氮沉降可显著改变树木土壤养分供应和有机碳稳定性,且丘陵红壤区针叶树和阔叶树根际过程对氮沉降的响应模式有别。率先报道了亚热带不同树种根际碳、氮、磷耦合过程对氮沉降的响应格局,并较好地揭示了针叶树和阔叶树对氮沉降响应的分异机制。     

杉木采伐迹地营造阔叶树对不同层次土壤磷组分和有效性的影响

磷限制是亚热带人工林经营面临的主要问题之一,研究阔叶树代替针叶树造林对不同土壤层次磷组分和有效性的影响对维持亚热带地区森林生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。以1993 年春天在二代杉木林采伐迹地上同时营造的阔叶树米老排人工林和针叶树杉木人工林为对象,研究0～100 cm不同土层土壤理化性质、磷组分及其有效性的变化。结果表明: 两种林分下土壤有机磷含量均随土层加深而显著下降;与杉木林相比,米老排林0～10 和10～20 cm土层有效磷含量显著增加,分别增加35.7%和86.2%,易分解态磷和中等易分解态磷均随土层加深而显著降低,表层(0～20 cm)土壤易分解态磷和中等易分解态磷含量显著增加,80～100 cm土层难分解态磷含量显著降低,下降13.6%,20～80 cm土层游离态铁含量显著降低。冗余分析表明,可溶性有机碳和游离态铁是土壤磷组分变化的关键影响因子。在杉木采伐迹地上营造阔叶树改变了磷在土壤剖面上的分布格局,有利于提高磷的有效性。     

亚热带典型树种对模拟酸雨胁迫的高光谱响应

对亚热带地区6种典型树种幼苗在不同模拟酸雨梯度下的光谱响应特征进行了研究。结果表明,针叶树种和阔叶树种对酸雨敏感性具有明显差异。针叶树种马尾松、杉木和香榧对酸雨敏感性高于阔叶树种刨花楠、香樟和杨梅。针叶树种内部,马尾松和杉木叶绿素含量随酸雨浓度变化的幅度明显高于香榧;而阔叶树种内部,刨花楠、香樟和杨梅三者之间无显著差别。马尾松、香樟和香榧不能承受长时间高浓度酸雨胁迫,叶绿素含量呈先增加后减少趋势,杉木则先减少后增加,杨梅能承受长时间高浓度酸雨胁迫,pH值2.5处理下叶绿素含量高于pH值5.6处理。刨花楠4期试验中叶绿素含量变化无明显规律。各受试植物光谱反射率红边位置与其叶绿素含量变化规律基本一致。针叶树种马尾松和香榧主要表现为"蓝移",杉木则先"蓝移"后"红移",表现出对高浓度酸雨长时间的抗性;阔叶树种香樟先"红移"后"蓝移",对高浓度模拟酸雨表现出先促进后抑制现象,杨梅光谱反射率一阶导数曲线比较平缓,无明显"红移"和"蓝移"现象,刨花楠则"红移"和"蓝移"交替出现,与其叶绿素含量变化相一致,对酸雨敏感性不明显。     

针叶小爪螨在吉林延边危害的首次报道

针叶小爪螨Oligonychus ununguis（Jacobi）隶属于叶螨科Tetranychidae,小爪螨属Oligonychus.从已有的报道看,其寄主植物有黑松（Pinus thunbergii）、赤松（P.densiflora）、椴松（P.jezoensis）、雪松（Cedrus deodara）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、云杉（Picea asperata）、日本柳杉（Cryptomeria japonica）、侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）、龙柏（Sabina chinensis）、水杉（Metasequoia glyptostroboides）等针叶树和板栗（Castanea mollissima）、日本栗（C.crenata）、麻栎（Quercus acutissima）、栓皮栎（Q.variabilis）、桴栎（Q.serratat）、槲树（Q.dentata）、山楂（Crataegus pinnatifida）等阔叶树,共计60余种.     

竹裂爪螨毛竹种群与慈竹种群对不同寄主植物的适应性及其生殖隔离

对危害毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)和慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)的竹裂爪螨(Schizotetranychus bambusae)两个种群进行相互间的食性选择和生殖隔离试验．结果表明,由于两种竹子叶片在物理结构上差异较大。尤其是慈竹叶片背面具有成排细茸毛,导致竹裂爪螨毛竹种群不能在慈竹叶上完成世代发育;竹裂爪螨慈竹种群能取食,危害毛竹叶片,但由于寄主转换后,对其生长发育不利,导致存活率低,繁殖力弱．两种群取食各自嗜食的寄主植物时,基本生物学特性存在差异,27℃条件下,当毛竹种群以毛竹为食时,种群的内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(Ro)分别为0．1415、1．1520和15．6298;慈竹种群以慈竹为食时,rm、λ、Ro分别为0．0993、1．1044、10．0622;慈竹种群取食毛竹叶片时,rm、λ、Ro分别为0．0391、1．0399和2．5542．生殖隔离试验表明,两种群间能互相正常交配,且互相交配的时间与两种群自交时的交配时间(1次)差异不明显．同一种群交配产生的后代,其性比均在2：1左右,而不同种群杂交产生的后代全部为雄性(竹裂爪螨为孤雌产雄),这表明两种群在长期的寄主植物选择压力下已形成一定的生殖隔现象．     

利用COⅠ基因序列和杂交实验分析鉴定桨角蚜小蜂属的本地种群

桨角蚜小蜂体型小,个体差异小,传统的形态学鉴定方法难以快速准确鉴定。本研究以海氏桨角蚜小蜂,古桥桨角蚜小蜂及两个本地桨角蚜小蜂未知种群为研究对象,利用线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene,mt DNA COⅠ)基因序列分析和相似种种间杂交方法,鉴定了桨角蚜小蜂属的两个本地种群(河北廊坊和新疆吐鲁番种群)。通过对靶标片段剪辑序列的测序及比对分析,以最大简约法(Maximum parsimony,MP)和最大似然法(Maximum likelihood,ML)分别构建系统发育树,并以Kimura双参数模型计算种内和种间遗传距离,进而利用种群间杂交手段分析相似种间生殖隔离情况。结果显示:桨角蚜小蜂廊坊种群与古桥桨角蚜小蜂聚为一支,两者的种群内遗传距离分别为0.0029和0.0173,种群间遗传距离为0.011;桨角蚜小蜂新疆种群和海氏桨角蚜小蜂聚为一支,两者的种内遗传距离分别为0.0023和0.000,种间遗传距离0.024,进一步的种间杂交试验表明,新疆种群与海氏桨角蚜小蜂间无生殖隔离现象,证明两种群属于同一物种。桨角蚜小蜂属新疆吐鲁番种与海氏桨角蚜小蜂可能属于同一物种。结合COⅠ基因序列分析和种间杂交试验来共同鉴定未知桨角蚜小蜂不仅可以提高鉴定准确度,更能一定程度上弥补分子鉴定手段可能存在的缺陷。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落叶木质素和纤维素在不同雨热季节的降解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法研究了亚热带常绿阔叶林区6个典型树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶木质素与纤维素第1年降解特征。结果表明:6种凋落叶质量损失率的大小顺序依次为红椿(72.09%)柳杉(58.61%)杉木(51.07%)麻栎(50.38%)马尾松(31.08%)香樟(27.75%);6种凋落叶木质素浓度动态不一致,纤维素浓度则整体上呈现一直下降的变化动态;第1个分解年,木质素降解率大小顺序依次为红椿(88.36%)麻栎(61.21%)柳杉(56.41%)杉木(55.44%)香樟(37.10%)马尾松(24.10%),纤维素降解率大小顺序依次为红椿(99.22%)杉木(90.58%)柳杉(86.84%)麻栎(84.70%)香樟(76.40%)马尾松(71.30%);季节性降雨极显著地影响凋落叶木质素和纤维素降解率(P0.01),6种凋落叶木质素和纤维素在雨季时期均有较大的降解量;亚热带常绿阔叶林6种凋落叶木质素和纤维素第1年降解主要发生在雨季,凋落叶木质素和纤维素在分解初期旱季的降解速率基本一致,而在季节性降雨期,纤维素降解速率快于木质素的降解速率。     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶多酚类物质在不同降雨期间的降解特征

植物多酚类物质是森林凋落物中的重要组分,其含量的多寡在一定程度上决定了凋落物的分解速率。然而,凋落物分解过程中多酚类物质的降解动态仍不十分清楚。因此,以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林最具代表性的3个针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3个阔叶树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶为对象,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了6种凋落叶多酚类物质在第一年不同降雨期间的降解特征。结果表明:自微量降雨期起至雨季前期止,6种凋落叶多酚类物质具有一致的降解动态,降解率均表现为随着降水量的增加而增加;自雨季后期之后,多酚类物质含量均处于稳定状态。第一个分解年,6种凋落叶多酚类物质降解率大小顺序依次为:红椿(100%)柳杉(97.81%)杉木(94.45%)麻栎(93.67%)马尾松(93.06%)香樟(91.64%)。分解初期旱季两时期(微量降雨期和春季少雨期),6种凋落叶多酚类物质均有较大的降解量,其降解率占全年降解率的42.16%—71.20%。并且,除香樟以外的5种凋落叶多酚类物质大量降解释放发生在雨季前期,占全年降解率的44.46%—55.72%。此外,凋落叶多酚类物质初始含量与其降解率呈显著的二次函数关系。可见,降雨是湿润亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落物多酚类物质降解的关键驱动因子之一,树种组成是影响凋落物多酚类物质降解的内部因素。     

六种阔叶树种叶片水浸提液对云南松种子萌发生长的化感作用

为了筛选营建云南松抗虫混交林的树种,该研究观察了云南切梢小蠹非寄主植物川滇桤木、缅桂、滇朴、樟树、麻栎和山茶六种阔叶树种叶片不同浓度的水浸提液对云南松种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:(1)川滇桤木、滇朴、麻栎和山茶四种阔叶树种叶片的水浸提液对云南松种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出低浓度促进,高浓度抑制效应。(2)在测试浓度范围内,樟树和缅桂叶片水浸提液对云南松种子萌发和幼苗生长存在抑制作用。综上所述,六种阔叶树种对云南松的化感作用敏感性不同,低浓度范围内的川滇桤木、滇朴、麻栎和山茶树叶片水浸提液对云南松生长表现出促进作用,樟树和缅桂叶片水浸提液对云南松生长具有抑制作用。因此,结合营林技术,可选用川滇桤木、滇朴、麻栎等阔叶树种与云南松混交,营建云南松抗虫混交林。     

针叶小爪螨研究进展

针叶小爪螨是我国南方用材树种杉木和北方经济林树种板栗上的主要害螨。本文综述了20世纪70年代以来国内外有关针叶小爪螨的生物学、生态学、防治等方面的研究,以期为植保工作者较为全面地了解该螨、更有效地防控该螨提供参考.     

Isolation of endophytes from leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neolitsea sericea</Emphasis> in broadleaf and conifer stands

Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves of Neolitsea sericea, a major lauraceous tree in the laurel forests of southern Kyushu, collected from the understory layer of broadleaf and conifer stands. Cytosphaera sp. and a species of Ascomycetes in leaf blade segments, plus a xylariaceous species and Phomopsis spp. in petiole segments, were isolated at relatively high frequency. In general, isolation frequencies of endophytes were higher in petiole than blade segments. In blade segments, patterns of endophyte isolation were quite different among stands, while relatively similar in petiole segments. Significant effects of sampling sites or canopy vegetation were rarely detected. the understory layer of laurel forests. Neolitsea sericea is an evergreen broadleaf lauraceous tree, widely distributed in areas of eastern Asia. In southern Kyushu, it is one of the most common trees, growing both as canopy and understory species. In this study, endophytes were isolated from the leaves of N. sericea growing in the understory layer of conifer and broadleaf forest stands to survey the endophytes of N. sericea leaves and to examine the effect of the canopy layer on endophytic mycobiota in understory plants.     

The Role of Adaptation to Host Plants in the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation: Negative Evidence from Tetranychus Urticae Koch

Reproductive isolation between demes of a phytophagous arthropod population that use different host plant species could evolve in two different ways. First, adaptation to different host species might result in reproductive isolation as a pleiotropic by-product. Second, if adaptation to one host species strongly reduces fitness on others, selection could favour mechanisms, such as host fidelity and assortative mating, that restrict gene flow between host-adapted demes. A laboratory selection experiment on the broadly polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae gave information on these possibilities. A population allowed to adapt to tomato plants showed increased survival, development rate and fecundity on tomato relative to the base population from which it was derived. In spite of the large difference between the tomato-adapted and base populations in performance on tomato plants, the two populations showed no evidence of reproductive isolation, as measured by the hatching rate of eggs laid by F1 hybrids between the lines. Furthermore, a genetically variable population formed by hybridizing the tomato-adapted and base populations did not show evidence for a decline in ability to survive on tomato after more than ten generations of mass rearing on lima bean, indicating that tomato-adapted genotypes suffered little or no selective disadvantage on bean. These results give no support for the role of host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation in T. urticae.     

黑石顶森林中次生裸地上的群落演替进程研究

黑石顶人工林演变成的次生针阔混交林于1986年皆伐火烧成裸地,其恢复进程表明：次生裸地上群落恢复迅速,从由马尾松（Plnusm。）一木荷（Schimasuperba）一杉木（Cunninghamialanceolata）为主的针阔混交林开始,至1990年,森林群落已基本重建起来,其中乔木种类达42种,与样地原群落的相似系数为0．6250,物种多样性指数和均匀度指数略高于样地原群落。与1986年定位的其他样地上的群落按林龄由小到大视作一大于50年的演替系列进行比较,发现从裸地到针阀混交林,再到阔叶林的演替过程中,乔木种总数和个体密度趋于增加,物种多样性先迅速增加,然后呈现下降趋势,再缓慢增加。     

Genetic diversity and biogeography of Cunninghamia konishii (Cupressaceae), an island species in Taiwan: a comparison with Cunninghamia lanceolata, a mainland species in China

Luanta-fir (Cunninghamia konishii), an endemic to Taiwan, is an outcrossing, long-lived conifer. Populations of C. konishii are generally fragmented due to a once high intensity of timber exploitation. C. konishii and Cunninghamia lanceolata are two sibling taxa constituting derivative-progenitor species relationship. The amount of genetic variations within and between 11 and 10 populations of C. konishii and C. lanceolata, respectively, were assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in this report. Three AFLP primer pairs generated a total of 357 and 226 markers for C. konishii and C. lanceolata samples, of which 56.1 and 65.3% are polymorphic, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance indicates a 4.78% variation between C. konishii and C. lanceolata. A relatively high value of genetic variation (24.60%) was apportioned between the populations of C. konishii. In contrast, a lower divergence value (12.21%) between populations was found for C. lanceolata. The population with the highest genetic diversity was found in Nantou County, which concurred with the results of many other tree species investigated in Taiwan. The estimates of the number of migrants between populations (Nm), obtained from population pair-wise PhiST, suggest that gene flow in C. konishii is efficient in some adjacent populations but is restricted in the rest. Individual UPGMA tree, generated based on AFLP markers, suggests six evolutionary lineages for C. konishii. All evolutionary lineages of C. konishii were derived from C. lanceolata. In conclusion, the migration patterns of Cunninghamia from mainland China may have been established following multiple sources, migrant-pools, long-distance dispersal events, and via different directions.     

Comparative study of additive basal area of conifers in forest ecosystems along elevational gradients

We examined the basal area of two life forms (conifers vs. broadleaf trees) along elevational gradients on Yakushima Island, Japan and on two series of geological substrate on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. On Yakushima, total stand basal area abruptly increased from 700 to 1,050 m in accordance with the high dominance of conifers, indicating the presence of additive basal area of conifers in conifer–broadleaf mixed forests at higher elevations (1,050–1,300 m). Along two substrate series on Kinabalu, some forests at higher elevations (1,860–3,080 m) showed relatively high dominance of conifers, but conifer basal area did not appear to be additive. Conifers were emergents above the canopy of broadleaf trees in mixed forests on Yakushima, but two life forms usually coexisted in the single-story canopy in mixed forests on Kinabalu. Litterfall rate as a surrogate of productivity decreased with decreasing temperature along elevation on both the sites, but the rate of decrease was slower on Yakushima, where mixed forests at higher elevations showed relatively high rates. Thus, we suggest that additive basal area of conifers was linked to their emergent status, and that it enhanced productivity by complementary use of light by two life forms that occupy different stories. On Yakushima, typhoons are a major disturbance, but do not severely limit the height growth of conifers, allowing the development of two-story mixed forests. On Kinabalu, a major disturbance is El Niño-driven drought, and hydraulic limitation to tree height may explain the non-additive and non-emergent nature of conifers.     

Wildfire provides refuge from local extinction but is an unlikely driver of outbreaks by mountain pine beetle

Bark beetle outbreaks and wildfire are important disturbances in conifer ecosystems, yet their interactions are not well understood. We evaluated whether fire injury increased susceptibility of lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), how it influenced beetle reproductive success, and whether beetle population phase altered this interaction. Eight sites that experienced wildfire and eight unburned sites were examined in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (USA). Half were in areas where D. ponderosae was undergoing outbreaks, and half were in areas with low populations. We examined 2056 trees one year after fire for burn injury and beetle attack. We quantified beetle reproductive success in a random sample of 106 trees, and measured gallery areas of D. ponderosae and competing subcortical herbivores in 79 additional trees. Baited flight traps sampled stand-level populations of subcortical herbivores and predators. Wildfire predisposed trees to D. ponderosae attack, but nonlinearly, with moderately injured trees being most preferred. This tree-level interaction was influenced by stand-level beetle population size, in that both healthy and fire-injured trees of all classes were attacked where populations were high, but no healthy trees, and only low and moderately injured trees were killed where populations were low. The number of adult brood produced per female was likewise curvilinear, being highest in moderately injured trees. This reflected an apparent trade-off, with high intraspecific competition arising from the large number of beetles needed to overcome defenses in healthy trees, vs. high interspecific competition and low substrate quality in more injured trees. These results suggest that fire-injured trees can provide a reservoir for D. ponderosae during periods when populations are too low to overcome defenses of healthy trees, and might otherwise face localized extinction. However, the likelihood of populations increasing from endemic to outbreak levels in response to increased susceptibility is offset by the opposing constraints of lower substrate quality and higher competitor load in severely injured hosts, and the relative scarcity of moderately injured trees. Wildfire may confer some reproductive increases to populations already outbreaking. We present a conceptual model of how these disturbances and inherent feedbacks interact to affect beetle population dynamics.     

Forest fragmentation and plant reproductive success: a case study in four perennial herbs

We assessed the effects of habitat fragmentation on reproductive success in natural populations of four forest herbs with differing life-history traits and whose distribution patterns appeared to be negatively affected by decreased habitat size and/or increased isolation: Carex sylvatica, Galium odoratum, Sanicula europaea and Veronica montana. Our aims were to test (1) whether habitat size and isolation are positively correlated with population size and isolation, respectively, (2) whether plant reproductive success, a major component of plant fitness, is reduced in small and/or isolated populations when also accounting for differences in habitat quality (edaphic conditions, light intensity) and the effects of plant size, and (3) whether species with different life histories are affected differently. There were significant positive relationships between habitat and population size and between habitat and population isolation in some, but not all of the species. We mostly found no negative effects of small population size or isolation on reproduction. However, reproductive success was reduced in small populations of Sanicula, and this effect was independent of differences in plant size and environmental conditions. The reduced fecundity in small populations may be a consequence of the Allee-effect, a possible mechanism being pollen limitation. Furthermore, the proportion of flowering ramets was reduced in small and isolated populations of Galium, which may have been caused by changes in population structure. Lastly, we found some evidence for largely outcrossing, non-clonal species to be more sensitive to reductions in population size, at least in terms of their reproductive success.     

鳄蜥生活习性的观察

2004～2005年,通过野外调查和半自然条件下饲养的方法研究了鳄蜥的生活习性.鳄蜥主要栖息于阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林荫、竹林4种植被类型的山冲溪沟之中.活动季节是4月中旬至10月上旬.主要以各种昆虫为食,对食物的种类有一定的选择性.卵胎生,4～5月产仔,双亲无育幼行为.鳄蜥在生长过程中有蜕皮现象.