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1.
GENOME SIZE     
采用Feulgen-显微分光光度计方法,以鸡红细胞为标准DNA(3.22pg/2C)测定了长江白鲟、达氏鲟、中华鲟、史氏鲟和北美匙吻鲟的体细胞基因组大小(DNA含量)。结果表明,上述五种鲟鱼DNA含量分别为4.11、8.26、9.07、6.07和3.96pg。长江白鲟和北美匙吻鲟均属于四倍体鱼类,分布在长江水系的中华鲟和达氏鲟两种鲟属鱼类为八倍体类型。史氏鲟初步判断为八倍体,据分析可能存在四倍体的类型。根据所得到的结果并结合已发表的DNA含量和染色体资料,分析了鲟形目鱼类在细胞遗传上的进化特点。鲟形目鱼类全为多倍体起源的鱼类,在鲟形目的两科(白鲟科和鲟科)六个属中,除鲟属外,其他五个属均为四倍体,而鲟属已发现有四倍体、八倍体、十二倍体和十六倍体。说明在细胞水平的染色体加倍与鲟形目鱼类各科、属分化没有直接联系,只在鲟形目形成的早期和鲟形目形成后的鲟属种间分化中扮演着重要角色。鲟属鱼类的染色体剧烈分化可能是造成现今鲟属种类数最多(占整个鲟形目鱼类的65%以上)的重要原因。  相似文献   

2.
利用微卫星遗传标记探讨达氏鳇的多倍体倍性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
鲟形目(Acipenseriformes)鱼类是一类多倍体起源的鱼类,种问易于杂交,且由于存在大量微型染色体,其染色体数目和倍性也难于确定.到目前为止包括达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)在内的一些鲟鱼物种基因组大小和染色体倍性仍旧存在争议.本实验采用微卫星遗传标记技术,通过观察9个微卫星位点的等位基因数目,发现达氏鳇在大部分位点中显示的倍性大于二倍性,同时利用多倍体分析软件POLYSAT推断了26尾达氏鳇的个体倍性.结果表明,26尾达氏鳇中有20尾显示为六倍体,占总数的76.92%;4尾显示为八倍体,占总数的15.38%;2尾显示为四倍体,占总数的7.79%.因此,我们认为达氏鳇应该为八倍体物种,结果中出现的四倍体和六倍体个体,是由于这些个体在我们选取的微卫星位点中存在部分纯合等位基因,导致了多数个体显示为六倍体.这一结论与近年来支持达氏鳇为进化性八倍体物种的研究结果一致.  相似文献   

3.
四种鱼类外周血红细胞细胞周期及DNA含量   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
范兆廷  潘峰 《动物学报》1995,41(4):370-374
通过流式细胞仪测量了兴国红鲤(Cyprinus carpio Var. Singuonensis)、奥利亚罗非鱼(Sarotherodon aurea)、 鳙(Aristichthys nobilis R.)和团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala Yin.)红细胞的DNA含量,四种鱼与鸡红细胞DNA含量的比值分别为1·65、0.96、0.91、1·15,以鸡红细胞DNA含量2.3pg/N计算,四种鱼二倍体体细胞的 DNA含量分别为3.80 pg/N, 2. 22pg/N、2. 08pg/N、 2. 66pg/N。另外,四种鱼外周血红细胞分别有26%、 26%、 23%、 24%的细胞处于 DNA合成期(S),DNA合成后期(G2)和分裂期(M),这表明这四种鱼类的外周血红细胞并非失去分裂能力的特化细胞群,它们表现了较强的细胞周期现象。这有可能是这几种硬骨鱼类外周血仍具有造血功能的缘故。  相似文献   

4.
利用流式细胞光度术鉴定苹果倍性的研究   总被引:25,自引:2,他引:23  
利用流式细胞光度术测定了苹果12个二倍体,5个三倍体细胞DNA含量。结果表明:二倍体细胞核DNA含量平均为2.27pg,三倍体细胞核DNA含量平均为3.13pg。  相似文献   

5.
采用 PCR技术和 DNA测序技术 ,发现了我国一级珍稀保护动物中华鲟 ( Acipensersinensis)线粒体 DNA( mt DNA)的控制区 ( D- loop)存在数目不等的串联重复序列 ,该重复序列造成了中华鲟广泛的异质性现象 .从分子水平进行了不同类型重复序列变化规律的研究 ,同时还初探了重复序列在我国其它几种鲟鱼类的存在情况 ,发现在白鲟 ( Psephurus gladius)、达氏鲟 ( A.dabryanus)和史氏鲟 ( A.schrenckii)均存在类似的重复序列结构 .序列比较分析表明 ,不同鲟鱼类重复序列在鲟鱼类进化过程中扮演着一定的角色 ,很有可能碱基差异大小与它们的亲缘关系的远近呈正相关 .  相似文献   

6.
鲟形目鱼类是一类在鱼类乃至脊椎动物进化史上占有很重要地位的古老濒危鱼类 ,长期悬而未决的系统演化关系为世人瞩目 .采用DNA测序技术首次测定了包括中国特有鲟形目鱼类在内的 1 2种鲟形目鱼类的mtDNA ND4L和ND4基因 ( 70 3bp)的序列 ,并进行了分子系统学分析 .从分子系统学的角度得出了如下结论 :( 1 )鳇属可以归并到鲟属 ;( 2 )达氏鲟与中华鲟的亲缘关系最近 ,很有可能为中华鲟的一陆封类型 ;( 3)环太平洋地区的鲟科鱼类可能有共同的起源 ;( 4)ND4L和ND4基因是进行鲟形目鱼类系统演化研究很好的遗传标记 .  相似文献   

7.
尽管古老的鲟形目鱼类的分类及系统演化一直是中外学者感兴趣的研究课题,但迄今仍有诸多谜团未解。其中,关于亚洲远东地区和北美地区的中吻鲟(Acipenser medirostris)的分类地位争论已久。长江水系的达式鲟(A.dabryanus)和中华鲟(A.sinensis)及其它鲟属(Acipenser)鱼类之间的亲缘关系近年来也有异议。为了给上述争议提供更多的科学依据,作者测定了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区 (D-loop) 的核苷酸序列,并进行了分子系统学和遗传差异分析。研究结果表明:⑴UPGMA,NJ和MP分子系统学分析方法以及遗传差异分析都支持了亚洲远东地区中吻鲟和北美中吻鲟为一个有效种的观点;⑵同样研究方法并结合相关群体遗传资料表明,长江达式鲟与中华鲟关系最近,提出了达式鲟为中华鲟的一陆封类群的假说。最后,作者认为本文提出的观点和假说还需要更多的研究来证实。  相似文献   

8.
本文用放射免疫分析和高效液相色谱法对长角血蜱幼虫中的蜕皮甾类进行了测定。 蜕皮甾类存在于吸血和饱血幼虫,并且随生理时期而变化。吸血期和饱血后前3天,激素含量低(小于 14. 35pg EE/只);饱血后5天迅速上升(29.87pg EE/只);饱血后7天达到高峰(56. 04pg EE/只);高峰后又下降到低水平(19.38 pgEE/只)。高峰期的蜕皮甾类主要为两种成分,20E和E(20E∶E=3.07∶1)。20E可能是幼虫发育中起主要作用的激素。  相似文献   

9.
匙吻鲟的细胞遗传学分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)的染色体标本.对其肾细胞染色体数目统计分析表明,匙吻鲟染色体组南120条染色体所组成.以测得的核型参数和按Levan,et al.提出的染色体划分标准得出:具有22对中部着丝粒染色体(m),16对亚中部着丝粒染色体(sm),22对亚端部着丝粒染色体(st)和端部着丝粒染色体(t);染色体臂数(NF)为196,核型公式为44 m + 32am + 44st,t.再采用流式细胞仪分析系统测定匙吻鲟体细胞的DNA含量,与鸡血细胞标准对照相比为2.69±0.19,以鸡红细胞DNA含量2.3 pg/N测算.则匙吻鲟体细胞DNA含量为6.18 pg/N.根据所得到的结果并结合已发表的鲟鱼类DNA含量和染色体资料,判定匙吻鲟为四倍体物种.鲟形目伍类全部为多倍体起源的鱼类,在细胞水平的进化比较特殊,以染色体加倍的方式进行.染色体加倍及分化,可能是造成鲟形目鱼类种类较多及多倍体类型(4n、8n、12n等)丰富的主要原因.  相似文献   

10.
我国珍稀的中华鲟和白鲟   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
我国的两种珍稀鱼类——中华鲟和白鲟 ,被国家列为二类重点保护的鱼类。1 中华鲟中华鲟 (Acipenser sinensis)属于鱼纲 ,鲟科。为暖温性中国特有的大型溯河性珍稀鱼类。据报道 ,最大的可达 5 6 2 .5 kg。俗称鲟鱼 ,古代称 。  体梭形 ,前粗后细 ,腹部较平 ,截面观为五角形。头大而宽 ,吻长而尖 ,为长三角形 ,侧面为犁形。吻端稍向上翘。口下位、横裂、能自由伸缩。吻腹面有须 2对。眼小、高侧位。鼻孔位于眼的前缘 ,眼间隔宽 ,内陷。鳃孔大 ,鳃耙数为 13~ 34,鳃膜与颊部相连。皮肤裸露 ,较光滑。头部皮肤具有梅花状感觉器。背鳍位于躯…  相似文献   

11.
The evolutionary relationships of the extant species within the order Acipenseriformes are not well understood. Nucleotide sequences of four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, COII, tRNA(Phe), and tRNA(Asp) genes) in North American sturgeon and paddlefish were examined to reconstruct a phylogeny. Analysis of the combined gene sequences suggests a basal placement of the paddlefish with regard to the sturgeons. Nucleotide sequences of all four genes for the three Scaphirhynchus species were identical. The position of Scaphirhynchus based on our data was uncertain. Within the genus Acipenser, the two Acipenser oxyrinchus subspecies were very similar in sequence and found to be basal to the remaining Acipenser species examined. Based on our data, Acipenser transmontanus and Acipenser medirostris were sister taxa, as were Acipenser fulvescens and Acipenser brevirostrum. Comparison of our results with hypotheses of sturgeon relationships proposed by previous authors is presented. The sequence data presented here are phylogenetically useful and provide a solid foundation of genetic information for the North American Acipenseriformes that can be expanded to include Eurasian species to provide a global picture of sturgeon evolution.  相似文献   

12.
Biology, fisheries, and conservation of sturgeons and paddlefish in China   总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26  
This paper reviews five of the eight species of acipenseriforms that occur in China, chiefly those of the Amur and Yangtze rivers. Kaluga Huso dauricus and Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii are endemic to the Amur River. Both species still support fisheries, but stocks are declining due to overfishing. Acipenseriformes of the Yangtze River are primarily threatened by hydroelectric dams that block free passage to spawning and feeding areas. The Chinese paddlefish Psephurus gladius now is rare in the Yangtze River system, and its spawning activities were severely limited by completion of the Gezhouba Dam in 1981. Since 1988, only 3–10 adult paddlefishes per year have been found below the dam. Limited spawning still exists above the dam, but when the new Three Gorges Dam is complete, it will further threaten the paddlefish. Artificial propagation appears to be the only hope for preventing extinction of P. gladius, but it has yet to be successfully bred in captivity. Dabry's sturgeon A. dabryanus is a small, exclusively freshwater sturgeon found only in the Yangtze River system. It is concentrated today in reaches of the main stream above Gezhouba Dam. The fishery has been closed since 1983, but populations continue to decline. Acipenser dabryanus has been cultured since the 1970s, and holds promise for commercial aquaculture; availability of aquacultural methods offers hope for enhancing natural populations. The Chinese sturgeon A. sinensis occurs in the Yangtze and Pearl rivers and seas of east Asia. There is still disagreement about the taxonomy of the Pearl and Yangtze River populations. The Yangtze River population is anadromous. Adults begin spawning at about age 14 years (males) and 21 years (females), and adults spend over 15 months in the river for reproduction. Spawning sites of A. sinensis were found every year since 1982 below the Gezhouba Dam, but it seems that insufficient suitable ground is available for spawning. Since 1983, commercial fishing has been prohibited but more measures need to be taken such as establishing protected areas and characterizing critical spawning, summering and wintering habitats.  相似文献   

13.
Here we present the first isolation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes from two ancient fish, paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) and Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). Seventeen sequences obtained showed high polymorphism and positive natural selection with dN/dS > 1. Evolutionary relationships revealed that sequences from paddlefish and Chinese sturgeon distinguished from other vertebrate class I and had an intermingling of alleles, which indicates that Acipenseriformes have a common ancestral gene of class I and a trans-species polymorphism across Acipenseriformes. We also found clear evidence of recombination among class I genes of paddlefish and Chinese sturgeon.  相似文献   

14.
尽管古老的鲟形目鱼类的分类及系统演化一直是中外学者感兴趣的研究课题 ,但迄今仍有诸多谜团未解。其中 ,关于亚洲远东地区和北美地区的中吻鲟 (Acipensermedirostris)的分类地位争论已久。长江水系的达式鲟 (A .dabryanus)和中华鲟 (A .sinensis)及其它鲟属 (Acipenser)鱼类之间的亲缘关系近年来也有异议。为了给上述争议提供更多的科学依据 ,作者测定了线粒体DNA (mtDNA)控制区(D loop) 的核苷酸序列 ,并进行了分子系统学和遗传差异分析。研究结果表明 :⑴UPGMA ,NJ和MP分子系统学分析方法以及遗传差异分析都支持了亚洲远东地区中吻鲟和北美中吻鲟为一个有效种的观点 ;⑵同样研究方法并结合相关群体遗传资料表明 ,长江达式鲟与中华鲟关系最近 ,提出了达式鲟为中华鲟的一陆封类群的假说。最后 ,作者认为本文提出的观点和假说还需要更多的研究来证实。  相似文献   

15.
Significant intraindividual variation in the sequence of the 18S rRNA gene is unusual in animal genomes. In a previous study, multiple 18S rRNA gene sequences were observed within individuals of eight species of sturgeon from North America but not in the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, in two species of Polypterus (Polypterus delhezi and Polypterus senegalus), in other primitive fishes (Erpetoichthys calabaricus, Lepisosteus osseus, Amia calva) or in a lungfish (Protopterus sp.). These observations led to the hypothesis that this unusual genetic characteristic arose within the Acipenseriformes after the presumed divergence of the sturgeon and paddlefish families. In the present study, a survey of nearly all Eurasian acipenseriform species was conducted to examine 18S rDNA variation. Intraindividual variation was not found in the polyodontid species, the Chinese paddlefish, Psephurus gladius, but variation was detected in all Eurasian acipenserid species. The comparison of sequences from two major segments of the 18S rRNA gene and identification of sites where insertion/deletion events have occurred are placed in the context of evolutionary relationships within the Acipenseriformes and the evolution of rDNA variation in this group.  相似文献   

16.
The immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy chain constant region genes of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), Sterlte sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus), Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii), Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) and Great sturgeon (Huso huso) were cloned and analyzed with molecular biology and bioinformatics methods. We cloned IGH nucleic acid sequences by RT-PCR using the specific primer, then determined the characteristics and functions of the amino acid sequences. The gene contains four constant region domain-encoding exons (CH1-4), of which CH4 sub-regions were the most conserved in IgM heavy chain constant region domain and had the highest identity within all the experimental species. According to the analysis of the phylogenetic tree, the variation expectation value (K(aa)), and species differentiation time (T) in the CH4 sub-region, we found that Chinese sturgeon and the other five sturgeon form one whole bifurcation of the tree, while, among the five left, Amur sturgeon and Huso sturgeon, Russian sturgeon and Siberian sturgeon (data from GenBank), Sterlte itself forms three other bifurcations. This result can clearly explain the relations of taxonomic status, geographical distribution and evolution among the species studied.  相似文献   

17.
Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial ND4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.  相似文献   

18.
Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DMA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial A7D4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.  相似文献   

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