背角无齿蚌对水体净化作用的研究

通过设置不同生物量的背角无齿蚌,研究其对再悬浮水体总悬浮质(TSS)、叶绿素a(Chla)及水体营养盐含量的影响。结果表明:(1)背角无齿蚌可以快速降低水体中总悬浮质(TSS)和叶绿素a(Chla)的浓度;(2)增大背角无齿蚌生物量可加快水体总悬浮质(TSS)和叶绿素a(Chla)浓度的下降速度;(3)背角无齿蚌在第2天可降低水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总溶解磷(TDP)的含量,升高总溶解氮(TDN)的含量,但试验结束时,空白组和有蚌组总氮(TN)、总溶解氮(TDN)、总磷(TP)、总溶解磷(TDP)均没有显著差异(P0.05)。因此,背角无齿蚌可在水体生态修复初期用于快速降低水体悬浮物和浮游藻类含量,但从长期看,不能明显改善水体营养盐含量。     

褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌对水体营养盐和浮游植物的影响

2009年5月31日-6月20日在广东省大沙河水库利用微型生态系统比较不同放养密度的褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)和背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对水体氮、磷及浮游植物的影响,探讨两种蚌在控制南亚热带水库富营养化水体藻类水华上的可行性。实验结果表明,在褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌处理组中,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,而铵氮的浓度显著下降;褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌导致了浮游植物群落组成结构的改变和数量的增加,实验过程中绿藻所占的比例迅速上升。两种蚌之间没有显著的差异,只是在不同的作用强度下,时间上的响应不同。综合实验结果,褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌难以有效地运用于我国华南地区水库的水质改善与富营养化控制。     

背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)及其共存对水质的影响

滤食性贝类与沉水植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,对浅水湖泊生态系统的结构、功能和过程具有重要影响,但两者共存产生的生态环境效应尚不明确。本文以背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)及沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)为对象,通过构建中型水生态系统(对照组、蚌处理组、草处理组、蚌草共存组),研究了背角无齿蚌、苦草及其共存对水质的影响。结果表明:背角无齿蚌可显著降低浮游藻类生物量(Chl-a,P0.05);苦草显著降低了总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)及浮游藻类Chl-a(P0.05);蚌草共存显著降低了氮、磷营养盐水平及浮游藻类Chl-a(P0.05);背角无齿蚌对苦草的生长起促进作用,实验结束时蚌草共存组的苦草干重及株高显著高于草处理组(P0.05)。     

常用鱼药漂白粉和氯杀宁对背角无齿蚌的毒性影响

试验以洱海流域的背角无齿蚌为研究对象,确定常用鱼药:漂白粉、氯杀宁对湖泊大型底柄动物背角无齿蚌的毒性影响.试验得出漂白粉作用下,背角无齿蚌24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h、144 h、168 h的半致死率;氯杀宁作用下,背角无齿蚌24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死率;漂白粉有效氯安全浓度95.25～108.86 mg/L;氯杀宁有效氯安全浓度3.32～3.55 mg/L.通过显微镜观察,漂白粉和氯杀宁的主要作用部位为背角无齿蚌的呼吸系统,在其鳃上可见明显病变.     

背角无齿蚌对养殖池塘底泥释放重金属的净化效果

通过建立微型生态系统, 分析养殖池塘底泥释放重金属的特征及背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对底泥释放重金属的净化效果。底泥对Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo和Pb的最大释放量分别为636、1.5、70.9、34951、10.3、36.9、34.0、53.2、72.4、48.8和3.0 μg·kg-1 dw; 蚌能够对Al、Cr、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、As和Mo产生净化作用(P<0.05), 最大去除率分别可达到84.7%、98.0%、33.3%、14.3%、23.5%、69.4%、50.0%和13.0%, 响应面优化分析显示养殖密度和处理时间分别为40 只·m-3和24.49 d、25 只·m-3和23.96 d, Al和As去除率可提升至93.8%和60.5%; Al、Cr、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、As和Mo的净化效果与养殖数量相关, Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo和Pb的净化效果与处理时间相关, Cr、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的净化效果与两者交互作用相关(P<0.05)。提示背角无齿蚌有潜力防控池塘底泥重金属污染。     

SCGE技术检测镉对背角无齿蚌血细胞DNA的损伤

以背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana woodiana)为研究对象,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测不同浓度及不同染毒时间氯化镉对背角无齿蚌血细胞DNA的损伤作用.结果显示,染毒后的背角无齿蚌血细胞均出现了拖尾现象,各染毒组与对照组相比,拖尾增长明显.剂量效应组中,蚌暴露在不同浓度(0、1、10、50 mg·L-1)的氯化镉中72 h,各组蚌血细胞DNA平均迁移长度及彗尾DNA含量均明显增加,与阴性对照组比较差异显著(p＜0.01),存在显著的剂量一效应关系;在时间效应组中,蚌暴露在10mg·L-1的氯化镉中分别24、48、72、96h,随着氯化镉染毒时间的延长,各染毒组细胞DNA平均迁移长度及彗尾DNA含量与0时间组比较差异显著(p＜0.01),但时间一效应关系不明显.     

背角无齿蚌摄食率及对水中叶绿素a清除能力的研究

椭圆背角无齿蚌是云南滇池的一种主要贝类物种.为探索该物种应用于滇池水体生物操纵的可行性,采用半野外模拟和原位围隔的方法,文章研究了背角无齿蚌的摄食率及对水中Chla的清除能力.结果表明:在23-28℃的温度范围内,背角无齿蚌的摄食率(IR)和湿重(W)呈现显著的相关幂指数关系:IR=aWb,1龄蚌和3龄蚌符合下列关系式:IR=6.2283X0.45,(R2=0.94);IR=0.0002X2.2,(R2=0.93).3龄蚌的摄食率高于1龄蚌,且随生物量的增加摄食率有所减少.实验同时证明,背角无齿蚌有良好的清除水体中Chla的效果,对降低CODMn、TP含量同样具有较好的效果,且3龄蚌优于1龄蚌.通过方差分析综合分析得出,在生物量为4.17只/m3时,清除水体Chla的效果最优.     

背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对浅水系统底栖和浮游藻类竞争关系的影响

底栖藻类和浮游藻类之间的竞争关系对浅水生态系统的结构、功能具有重要的影响,双壳类可通过滤食控制浮游藻类,从而改变底栖藻类与浮游藻类之间的竞争结果。论文通过比较放养背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)(蚌处理组)与不放养背角无齿蚌(对照组)系统中底栖藻类、浮游藻类的生物量和优势种等的变化,研究了滤食性双壳类对底栖藻类和浮游藻类间竞争的影响。结果表明,背角无齿蚌可显著降低浮游藻类生物量,提高水体透明度和沉积物表面光照条件,从而显著提高底栖藻类的生物量;背角无齿蚌也改变了浮游藻类的优势种,使优势种由蓝藻转变成硅藻。因此,滤食性双壳类有利于促进浅水生态系统从混水态向清水态转变,本研究结果对富营养化浅水湖泊修复与管理具有一定的参考意义。     

背角无齿蚌对浮游藻类的滤食选择性与滤水率研究

以滇池及其附近水体中分布的背角无齿蚌为研究对象,分析其滤水速率及相关的影响因素,研究其食物组成和滤食浮游藻类的选择性,并初步估算其自然种群的滤水能力和控制浮游藻类的潜力.结果表明,背角无齿蚌的滤水率有一定的日变化,傍晚时较高;滤水率与水体中的悬浮物质含量密切相关,随着悬浮物质浓度增加而减少;滤水率与蚌的个体大小有关,体重增加,滤水率下降.对比水体中与蚌消化道内浮游藻类所占的百分比,发现其对浮游藻类的滤食没有显著的选择性.自然水体中背角无齿蚌的滤水能力很低.     

栖息地环境对种群营养生态位的影响——以黄颡鱼为例

生态位是生态学研究的基础,目前关于环境指标是否直接影响营养生态位的分析研究很少。以高营养级鱼类黄颡鱼为研究对象,利用稳定同位素分析和相关分析,在太湖贡湖湾研究了氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、溶解性总氮、溶解性正磷酸盐、总磷、溶解性总磷、叶绿素等多个栖息地水环境因子对鱼类种群营养生态位的影响。结果表明,栖息地水环境对黄颡鱼总营养生态位影响不大,但部分栖息地水环境因子对分项营养生态位(包括浮游、底栖与肉食性)有影响。研究得知,栖息地水环境因子中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、溶解性总氮及溶解性总磷与浮游食性营养生态位显著正相关,氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、溶解性总氮及溶解性总磷与肉食性营养生态位显著负相关,而底栖食性则主要受溶解性总磷的影响,与其显著正相关。水环境因子的季节变化影响水体中饵料资源的分布,进而影响鱼类的食物组成。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.