武夷山景区主要景观类型斑块大小分布规律及其等级尺度效应分析

以武夷山风景名胜区为研究对象,运用景观分类生态原则和群落生态学原则,将武夷山风景名胜区划分为10类景观类型,并提取各类型斑块的面积、周长、数量等信息。在此基础上,运用正态分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布、г-分布、Bata-分布及负指数分布等6个常见的概率分布,分别在3种等级划分条件下,对各景观类型斑块大小分布规律进行研究．结果表明,多数斑块大小服从对数正态分布。少数服从r．分布和Weibull分布,而所有类型的斑块大小均不服从正态分布;对于同一景观类型而言,不同划分等级对其斑块大小的分布规律产生一定的影响,即斑块大小分布存在着等级效应,其中以b等级划分相对比较理想;对不同的景观类型而言,斑块大小分布规律依类型的不同而存在差异,而且就整个景区所有斑块大小分布来说,尚未有一种概率分布能理想地加以刻画;由具有相同分布规律的不同景观类型的斑块构成的整体,其斑块大小分布规律基本保持不变,而由不同分布规律的不同景观类型的斑块构成的整体,其斑块大小分布规律发生变化。     

北京地区植被景观中斑块大小的分布特征

利用GIS软件ARC/INFO将北京地区的1∶20万植被图数字化，并提取各斑块的面积信息。该图包含72个基本的斑块类型，它们又分属于森林、灌丛、草地、果园、农田和水体6大类型。这些大类又分别包含20、28、4、7、11和2个基本类型。选用斑块个数、总面积、平均斑块面积、标准差、变异系数、中值、最大斑块面积、最小斑块面积、极差和偏态系数等几个描述统计量，以及Γ-分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布、指数分布和正态分布等5个概率分布来刻画斑块大小的分布特征。结果表明除具有很少斑块的少数基本类型以外，其它基本类型以及所有6个大类的斑块大小的分布都不是对称的，而是右偏的。因此，普通的正态分布不能对它们加以刻画；其他4种概率分布也只能刻画部分类型，并且服从对数正态分布的类型最多，服从负指数分布的斑块类型最少。     

北京地区植被景观中斑块大小的分布特征

利用GIS软件ARC／INFO将北京地区的1：20万植被图数字化,并提取各斑块的面积信息。该图包含72个基本的斑块类型,它们又分属于森林、灌丛、草地、果园、农田和水体6大类型。这些大类又分别包含20、28、4、7、11和2个基本类型。选用斑块个数、总面积、平均斑块面积、标准差、变异系数、中值、最大斑块面积、最小斑块面积、极差和偏态系数等几个描述统计量,以及厂一分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布、指数分布和正态分布等5个概率分布来刻画斑块大小的分布特征。结果表明：除具有很少斑块的少数基本类型以外,其它基本类型以及所有6个大类的斑块大小的分布都不是对称的,而是右偏的。因此,普通的正态分布不能对它们加以刻画;其他4种概率分布也只能刻画部分类型,并且服从对数正态分布的类型最多,服从负指数分布的斑块类型最少。     

基于Landsat-TM数据的农牧交错带景观结构研究——以内蒙古自治区兴和县为例

根据1989年2000年的两期Lansat-TM数据,应用景观类型斑块等级结构和景观空间格局指数等景观生态学指标,对地处典型农牧交错带地区的兴和县景观结构进行研究,结果表明,该地区农田和草地是平原和丘陵区的主体景观类型;不同景观类型斑块大小等级结构变化各异,耕地和草地斑块明显增大,乔木林地和水体斑块趋于减小;景观破碎化明显增强。     

不同斑块类型的景观指数粒度效应响应——以无锡市为例

斑块类型与景观格局粒度效应响应关系密切。以无锡市为研究区域,针对地区社会经济活动频繁、人为干扰强烈和生态脆弱等特性,以土地利用类型、热力等级和生态贡献为斑块类型划分依据,构建出对应的3种不同景观格局。在相同粒度变化情况下,选用了19个景观水平指数和Moran's I指数,分析了不同景观格局粒度效应的响应情况。结果表明,随粒度变粗:1)土地利用类型、热力等级和生态贡献斑块的部分景观指数响应曲线变化剧烈程度依次减弱;2)3类斑块的Moran's I指数均存在尺度效应。其中,土地利用类型和生态贡献斑块的Moran's I指数存在负相关,热力等级斑块没有。生态贡献斑块响应曲线在正相关区域内变化相对平缓,土地利用类型与热力等级斑块响应曲线变化趋势相反;3)指数反映的第一临界粒度基本一致,但景观指数响应曲线的临界现象更为明显。总体上,不同类型斑块在同一研究区构成的景观格局、指数响应曲线变化趋势和第一临界粒度都较为相似;斑块类型对景观指数粒度效应响应存在影响,但还有待深入探讨。     

城市化进程中城市热岛景观格局演变的时空特征——以厦门市为例

热岛效应作为城市化过程中产生的特有环境问题,对其形成和演变规律的研究有助于人们提出有效的应对措施。以厦门市为研究对象,利用1987—2007年等时间间隔、同时相的5景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据进行地表温度反演,在此基础上使用景观格局指数分析厦门城市热岛景观格局随城市化进程演变的趋势。结果表明:随着厦门城市化进程加深,整个热岛景观在逐渐变得更加破碎化,高等级热岛景观斑块个数、类型面积和个体面积都增大;新的高等级热岛景观斑块都出现在原有高等级斑块附近,致使高等级类型的邻近度增加而各类型之间相互接触的程度也增加;景观总体的聚合度逐渐下降,而高等级热岛景观类型的聚合度则呈上升趋势;景观水平的蔓延度总体呈下降趋势,优势度高的低等级热岛景观所占的比重下降,优势度逐渐降低;多样性指数、均匀度指数总体呈上升趋势,各热岛景观面积在各类型间的分配逐渐趋于均匀;热岛景观斑块的转化方面,在20 a间低等级斑块类型(1、2、3级)向高等级斑块类型(4、5、6级)转化的面积总体上呈增加趋势,而高等级斑块类型向低等级斑块类型转化的面积总体上呈减小趋势,且等级升高的面积明显大于同期等级降低的面积;就高等级热岛景观斑块而言,他们与3级热岛景观斑块间的相互转化最容易发生,远比高等级斑块内部各类型之间的相互转化来得容易,尤其6类和5类的转化是最为困难的热岛景观变化之一;从空间上看,各高等级热岛景观斑块都经历了数量增加、面积扩大、等级升高三个方面的变化,形成了海沧、新阳、杏林、厦门岛西北港口区和机场5个高温组团。利用景观指数分析城市热环境,可探明热岛景观随城市化演变的趋势,并为有效的热岛效应减缓措施提供直接的理论依据。     

卧龙地区流域土地覆盖变化及其对大熊猫潜在生境的影响

土地覆盖变化作为土地利用驱动的显著结果,是人类活动对环境影响的最显著的表现。为了将土地覆盖变化结果用于探讨大熊猫潜在生境与人为活动导致的环境变化之间的关系,利用1：25万数字高程模型和1：10万土地覆盖分类数据（1990年,2000年两期）,采用流域时空对比和景观格局分析的手段,对卧龙地区两流域土地覆盖变化及大熊猫潜在生境的景观格局变化进行了对比研究,结果表明：①10a间,寿溪流域土地覆盖年变化率（0．33％）低于渔子溪流域（1．02％）,且两流域土地覆盖类型的变化趋势有所不同。主要表现为：在寿溪流域,主要土地覆盖类型的斑块均表现出破碎化的趋势,且森林和灌丛的斑块破碎化趋势更显著;而在渔子溪流域,仅是与人类活动相关的草地、农田斑块破碎化加剧,而森林和灌丛的平均斑块大小反而增加了。②两流域大熊猫潜在生境的景观格局变化趋势有所不同。在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境的景观多样性指数、均匀度指数、破碎度和森林景观形状指数均高于寿溪流域。而与渔子溪全流域相比,该地区大熊猫潜在生境的森林平均斑块大小较小,并且近十年,在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境景观的森林面积比重及斑块大小的减少,森林景观形状指数的增加等变化趋势与全流域的相反,间接反映出渔子溪流域的大熊猫潜在生境所受的人类活动的压力更大。③两流域分级集水区的大熊猫潜在生境比重分布与居民点密度分布存在空间上的分异。利用缓冲区分析表明,在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境与居民点范围的重叠更为严重,约57．7％的人类活动范围处于与大熊猫潜在生境重叠的区域。据此推断,大熊猫潜在生境在流域中的分布与人类活动空间上的交错关系是导致近十年渔子溪流域大熊猫生境受到严重干扰的重要原因。     

桂西北喀斯特区域景观结构特征与石漠化的关系

采用典范对应分析方法（CCA）,从景观类型和景观两个层次选取了16个景观格局指数来表征景观结构特征,分析了广西省环江县喀斯特区域的景观结构与石漠化强度的关系.结果表明,平均斑块面积、平均旱地斑块面积、景观形状指数和聚集度指数与CCA排序的前两个排序轴相关性强,对区域石漠化过程具有重要影响.研究区潜在石漠化主要与平均旱地斑块面积、平均旱地斑块分维数和平均灌木林地斑块分维数呈较强的正相关,与旱地斑块数呈负相关;轻度石漠化与分维数、平均未利用地斑块分维数和灌木林地斑块数的正相关性较强;中度石漠化和重度石漠化主要与平均未利用地斑块面积呈正相关、与平均灌木林地斑块分维数呈负相关,说明景观结构特征对土地石漠化程度具有一定的指示意义.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了研究区石漠化程度沿景观结构特征梯度的变化规律.     

丹顶鹤多尺度生境选择机制——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例

生境在鸟类生活史中发挥着重要的作用,关系到鸟类的生存和繁衍。由于鸟类对环境变化的响应发生在等级序列空间尺度上,基于多尺度的研究更能深入刻画鸟类-环境之间关系。以丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)为研究对象,以其迁徙和越冬的重要地区-黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究区域,应用等级方差分解法和等级划分法,分析丹顶鹤与微生境、斑块、景观尺度因子之间的关系,探求丹顶鹤生境选择的主要影响因素和尺度。等级方差分解结果表明,在第1等级水平,景观尺度因子与微生境、斑块尺度因子之间的联合效应大于独立效应,景观尺度因子的独立效应大于微生境和斑块尺度因子;在第2等级水平,景观尺度上的景观组成因子重要性大于景观结构因子,微生境尺度上的植被和水分因子为重要影响因素。等级划分结果表明,景观尺度上,翅碱蓬滩涂、水体面积大小是主要影响因素;微生境尺度上,植被盖度和水深为主要限制因子;在斑块尺度上,斑块类型对丹顶鹤生境选择最为重要。研究认为,在黄河三角洲自然保护区,景观尺度是影响丹顶鹤生境选择的主要尺度,景观尺度因子通过与微生境和斑块尺度因子的独立和联合作用制约着丹顶鹤在保护区的生境选择和空间分布格局。建议加强对翅碱蓬滩涂、芦苇沼泽、水体等湿地生境的保护和管理,规范和控制保护区内人类活动强度。     

尺度分析对景观格局指标的影响

采用优势规则和随机规则为基础的两种尺度分析方法,对分类的TM数据进行了尺度变换分析。结果表明,随着尺度(粒度)增加,优势规则处理法使景观中优势类型的面积增加,非优势类型的面积减少,随机规则处理法使各景观类型的面积基本上保持不变,随尺度变大,整个景观和多数类型的最大斑块面积指标增加;最小斑块面积等于尺度大小的平方;平均斑块面积都增加;斑块数迅速减少,在优势规则系列中,多样性指标减小,而在随机规则处理中,基本没有变化,聚集度随尺度的增大而减小,但测量尺度固定的情况下,随图分辨率的提高而增大,随尺度的增加,Moran’s Ⅰ指标减小,景观类型在空间上趋于随机分布,但是测量尺度固定的情况下,随图分辨率的提高而增大,景观类型在空间上趋于聚集分布。     

Diagnostic analysis of conservation zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques in wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats – An ecological hotspot, Tamil Nadu, India

This study highlights spatial characterization of evergreen forests of the Western Ghats – an ecological hotspot in Tamil Nadu, India – using remote sensing and GIS-based analysis in conjunction with ground-based phytosociological data. The evergreen forests of Tamil Nadu are distributed in four distinct hill ranges, Nilgiri, Anamalai, Palni and Tirunelveli, having different topographic, bioclimatic and disturbance levels. The evergreen forests in these four hill ranges are characterized for their uniqueness in terms of patch characteristics and phytosociology. A vegetation type map was prepared using IRS LISS III satellite data and was used to study the patch characteristics in terms of patch size, number, shape, porosity and landcover diversity (LD). The phytosociological characteristics, namely species richness, diversity, similarity and community assemblages, were studied using ground data collected from 95 sample points of 0.1 ha size. Patch size and number revealed distinct intactness and disturbance levels in these four hill ranges. Evergreen forests in the Tirunelveli hills comprising 216.09 km² are distributed in 306 patches, and in the Palni hills, with 285 km², forests are distributed in 1029 patches, indicating a high level of fragmentation. LD, indicating the spatial heterogeneity of landcover, was very high in the Nilgiri hills and low in the Tirunelveli hills. The spatial analysis helped to delineate homogenous large patches of evergreen forest, which can be adopted for appropriate conservation strategies. A total of 342 tree species belonging to 4490 stems were evaluated for phytosociology. Only 15–28% of similarity in terms of species distribution was found across the hill ranges. Conjunctive analysis of patch characteristics and species distribution showed high species richness in less fragmented evergreen forests and vice versa. The study identified the areas of prioritization in terms of ecorestoration and conservation based on patch and phytosociological characteristics.     

Spatial distribution of nectar production in a natural Echium vulgare population: Implications for pollinator behaviour

The distribution of trait values in many populations is not homogenous but creates a mosaic of patches. This may lead to differences in selection on the patch level compared to selection on the population level. As an example we investigated the spatial distribution of nectar production and its effects on pollinator behaviour in a natural population of Echium vulgare. Nectar production per flower, number of flowers and total nectar production showed a hierarchy and spatial aggregation as expressed by Gini coefficients and significant Moran's I values. Plants in patches of high nectar production received significantly more pollinator visits and had a significant emanating effect on pollinator visits of neighbouring plants. The same was true for plants in patches with high number of flowers. To disentangle these effects a path analysis was applied, which suggested that the direct effect of nectar production per flower although present, seems to be small compared to the effect of the number of flowers. Nectar production per flower affected pollinator visits mainly indirectly by way of total nectar production, which includes the effect of number of flowers. Assuming a minor pollinator-mediated selection for number of flowers, pollinator-mediated selection for total nectar production equals that for nectar production per flower. If so, the observed spatial structure of nectar production and its emanating effect on pollinator behaviour is of importance for natural selection. Plants of low nectar production occurring close to patches of plants with high nectar production benefited from the enhanced pollinator service of their neighbours while saving costs of increased nectar production. Consequently, plants with low nectar production may have a selective advantage at patch level while plants with high nectar production may have a selective advantage at population level. Results presented stress the importance of small-scale patterns for ecological relationships and evolutionary change.     

Impact of Host Plant Connectivity,Crop Border and Patch Size on Adult Colorado Potato Beetle Retention

Tagged Colorado potato beetles (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were released on potato plants, Solanum tuberosum L., and tracked using a portable harmonic radar system to determine the impact of host plant spatial distribution on the tendency of the pest to remain on the colonized host plant or patch. Results confirmed the long residency time on the host plant and showed that close connection of the plant to neighboring plants hastened dispersal between plants. Tracking walking CPB for over 6 h in small potato plots revealed that all types of mixed borders tested (potato/bare ground, potato/timothy and potato/woodland) acted as a strong barrier and retained beetles within the patch. In another experiment in potato patches surrounded by bare ground borders, tracked walking CPB displayed similar behaviour for up to four days. The distribution of turning angles in the CPB walking paths was not uniform and corresponded to beetles following the edge rows of potato patches in response to the crop border barrier or reversing their direction as they reached the end of a row and therefore a border. Patch size had no or little effect on beetle retention in the patch. The relative distribution of counts of tagged beetles detected among small (16 m²), medium (64 m²) and large size (256 m²) patches of potato four days after initial release remained similar to that of numbers released. Even though mixed crop borders were a strong barrier to walking CPB emigrating from potato patches, the departure rate of beetles over time was high. Results suggest that the effect of mixed borders is largely limited to dispersal by walking and does not apply to beetles leaving host patches by flight. The manipulation of crop borders and patch size seem to have limited potential for the management of CPB emigrating from potato fields.     

A gradient analysis based on the buffer zones of urban landscape pattern of the constructed area in Guigang City, Guangxi, China

Over the last century urbanization on the landscape has increased and intensified. Urban development has a great impact on the environment at the local, regional and even global levels. As a driving force in global change, the need to understand the dynamics of urban pattern and its change in an accurate and efficient manner is ever more pressing. Based on aerial color infrared photography in 1985 and QuickBird satellite imagery in 2004 and according to the standard for plan and construction of city land use, the landscape of Guigang City was divided into 11 types. In the landscape classification maps, 31 buffer zones, each being 200 m wide, were divided. With the aid of GIS software ArcView 3.2 and landscape pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS 3.3, the landscape spatial patterns of each buffer zone were analyzed at the landscape level and class level. The landscape indices, such as patch size, patch fractal dimension, diversity index and evenness index, were calculated. The results indicated the following: The total area of the residential land and the communal land in 2004 covered 46.3% of the entire constructed area of Guigang City and the sum of the patch number of the two patch types occupied about 39.7% of the total patch number, while the percentages were respectively 48.2% and 45.4% in 1985. This showed that the mosaic landscape with the residential land and communal facilities land became increasingly unclear following urban development and landscape diversity. Based on the gradient analysis with the landscape-level index and the class-level index, there were two business and finance centers in the constructed area. One was located in the urban center with a range of 0.8 km; the other was from the 10^th to the 16^th zone. In each buffer zone, the mean patch size was larger and the landscape shape was more regular in 2004 than in 1985. Furthermore, the Shannon diversity index of each buffer zone rose in 2004 with patch richness and evenness increasing. The landscape index computed for the main landscape types (communal facilities land, industrial estate land, residential land and farmland) in the middle of the buffer zones clearly indicated the changes taking place in urbanization. The patch size and the patch number of industrial estate land and farmland also pointed to these changes, while communal facilities land and residential land assumed another similar tendency towards changes. In each gradient zone, industrial estate land had the most complex shape, the lowest area percentage of each zone and the biggest mean patch size, whereas communal facilities land and residential land were opposite to industrial estate land. Farmland had a steady percentage along the buffer zone and its continuous distribution had an important impact on the urban eco-environment. The question of how to relate the pattern of changing characteristics along the buffer zone to the urban ecological process and urban ecological planning remains to be studied further in the future.     

基于缓冲带的贵港市城市景观格局梯度分析

运用景观格局指数与城市建成区缓冲带划分相结合的方法,分析了广西贵港市近20a来城市建成区整体景观与主要城市景观类型（公共设施用地、工业用地、居住用地及农田）的圈层梯度变化特征.分析结果表明：贵港市城市建成区可以看作是居住用地与公共设施用地的镶嵌景观,但这种镶嵌景观随着城市化的发展,存在日趋不明显的特征;整个景观层面的指数20a来在31个梯度带内,表现出相似的变化趋势,斑块面积指数显示出贵港市城市建成区存在两个较为明显的商业金融中心;各梯度带内景观的平均面积增大,景观的形状日臻规则,景观多样性随景观类型及均匀度的增加显著上升.2004年主要城市景观类型在缓冲区中间各带能够很好的反映出格局的变化特征,其中工业用地和农田用地的斑块数和斑块密度随缓冲区梯度表现出较为一致的变化特征,而公共设施用地和居住用地的梯度变化趋势相似.各个梯度带中工业用地形状最为复杂,所占比重最低,平均斑块面积最大;公共设施和居住用地形状较为简单,在各带中所占比重较高,平均斑块面积较小;农田景观在各带中所占比例变化不大,近似连续分布,对城市生态环境的调节起到一定作用.     

北京城市潜在林木树冠覆盖的区域分布、动态变化与评价研究

城市林木树冠覆盖(urban tree canopy,UTC)既是衡量一个城市生态状况的标志性指标,也是衡量森林城市建设成就的关键指标,其中的潜在林木树冠覆盖(possible urban tree canopy,简称PUTC)又与城市森林建设目标的科学制定息息相关。在国外文献与实践案例研究的基础上,以北京市六环外1km以内范围为研究对象,利用2002和2013年的0.5m分辨率航、卫片影像,通过其解译的地表覆盖数据,对其两个年度的潜在林木树冠覆盖的区域分布和动态变化进行分析,并利用人口密度、道路密度和现实林木树冠覆盖率等指标,以村(社区)为单元对其潜在林木树冠覆盖的优先度进行了分析评价。结果显示,11年间,研究区域的PUTC从40882.18hm^2减少到了18845.82hm^2,空间分布也呈现出沿环路越是靠近城市中心区域,其分布也越少的格局,从其类型上看,随着时间的推移,其类型的丰富度也越来越低,到2013年,则呈现出荒草地类型绝对占优的格局。PUTC的斑块数量从109892个减少为7793个,但斑块平均面积从2002年的0.37hm^2增加到了2013年的2.36hm^2,斑块大小格局也从2002年的小斑块占绝对优势演变为各种类型"平分秋色"的状况。以PUTC为核心的村(社区)区域潜力评价结果显示,整个研究区域在2002年时低潜力和中潜力区域范围最大,分别占到了研究区域的32.39%和28.83%,2013年时潜力格局改变为极低潜力和低潜力区域面积最大,分别占研究区域总面积的25.83%和50.94%。极高优先度和高优先度区域应该是北京城市未来重点发展城市森林的区域,目前的潜在优先度评价结果表明,其面积占比分别达到了研究区域面积的13.11%和41.79%,其中极高优先度区域主要分布在构成城市核心区的东城区和西城区,因此北京城区未来的林木树冠发展策略应该走植被潜在斑块与不透水地表潜在斑块共同开发之路。     

Species Diversity and Floristic Characteristics of Vascular Plants in Nanji Island,Zhejiang Provience

A total of 393 species (sub type included) in 267 genera, 97 families were reported in Nanji Island, the main island of Nanji Islands National Nature Reserve. After eliminating all the cultivated and invasive species, there were still 304 species in 210 genera and 81 families belonging to wild vascular plants; To better understand the floristic characteristics of Nanji, we applied analysis in 3 levels: At family level, the largest families in pteridophyte were ranked as Pteridaceae、Thelypteridaceae、Lygodiaceae、Dryopteridaceae; In seed plants, almost the largest ones were Cosmopolitan, while the small ones dominented the most, quantitatively and proportionately; The characteristic families of seed flora were consisted of Liliaceae、Amaryllidaceae、Urticaceae、Verbenaceae, cause they got high ratio of VFICS/WFIW; At genus level, the Pantropical Distribution (3810%)、the North Temperate Distribution (1630%) and the East Asia distribution (1131%) formed the main part of seed flora; The proportion of the category of temperate distribution and tropical distribution was 6072% and 3928% respectively; Took 6 other sites as reference, through cluster analysis and R/T ratio comparisons, It was proved that Nanji Island were most similar to that of Wuyanling of Zhejiang Provience but showed more tropical affinities; At species level, wild seed plants can also be divided into 9 areal subtypes, The Yangtze River & Southern Proviences sub type dominented at 5390%, following by South China sub type at 2078%. The results showed that Nanji Island had a distinctive transitional characteristics of flora from north to south China with more tropical biological properties, thus the floristic division of Nanji should on the southern margin area of east China.     

斑块尺度湿地植物群落多样性的维持能力

基于GIS技术和主成分分析方法,对1950、1967、1983和2000年挠力河流域湿地景观斑块特征与斑块内植物群落多样性之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明： 1950—2000年间,研究区湿地斑块平均面积逐渐减小,能够维持2种及2种以上植物群落的斑块数量逐渐减少,最小斑块面积为10.1 km²;湿地斑块面积与植物群落多样性指数和群落类型数均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,湿地斑块面积越大,维持植物群落多样性的能力越强;随着湿地斑块面积的逐渐减小,斑块破碎化指数和分维数逐渐增大,形状指数和斑块内植物群落多样性指数逐渐减小;随着湿地斑块空间分离度的增大,斑块内植物群落多样性指数呈减小趋势;主成分分析结果显示,研究区湿地斑块面积大小是影响斑块内群落多样性的最重要因素,其次为斑块的破碎化程度和分离度.