贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林凋落物的特征

 研究了贡嘎山峨眉冷杉（Abies fabri）林凋落物量、凋落物特征及其N、P、K、有机碳的归还量,并探讨了它们在演替进程中的变化。结果表明,峨眉冷杉成熟林、中龄林和幼龄林的凋落物量依次为：2 809.925、2 787.086、2 043.585 kg·hm-2·a-1;其中N、P、K的归还量依次为：34.850、33.917、42.571 kg·hm-2· a-1。峨眉冷杉林凋落物量及其N、P、K的归还量较少,与我国其它森林区针叶林存在一定差异,而与美国西北部冷杉林相近。     

凋落物和增温联合作用对峨眉冷杉幼苗抗氧化特征的影响

峨眉冷杉林是青藏高原东缘亚高山暗针叶林的重要组成部分,其自然更新对全球变化非常敏感,是研究气候变化对陆地生态系统影响的代表性森林类型.以峨眉冷杉幼苗为研究对象,以开顶式增温小室(Open top chambers,OTCs)和电热棒联合的方式增加环境温度,人为添加不同类型凋落物(A,75％峨眉冷杉针叶+25％杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物;B,55％峨眉冷杉针叶+45％杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物),共设置4个处理:(1)凋落物A+增温T(A-T);(2)凋落物B+增温T(B-T);(3)凋落物A+环境温度TO(A-T0);(4)凋落物B+环境温度TO(B-TO).研究增温和两种类型凋落物联合作用下峨眉冷杉幼苗的生理生态响应特征.得到以下结果:(1)在环境温度下,A型凋落物情景下的冷杉幼苗的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量、超氧阴离子自由基产生率比B型情景下高;而可溶性糖和淀粉含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物氢酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比B型凋落物情景下低.说明在当前环境温度下,B型凋落物比A型凋落物更加适合冷杉幼苗的生长.(2)在A型凋落物情景下,增温处理显著增加了冷杉幼苗叶片的自由脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢浓度;在B型凋落物情景下,增温处理显著降低了冷杉幼苗丙二醛、自由脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和淀粉含量,增加了超氧阴离子自由基产生速率.可见,与A型凋落物相比,增温使得B型凋落物情景下的冷杉幼苗膜伤害程度减小.(3)不同类型凋落物与增温的联合作用均降低了冷杉幼苗的可溶性糖和淀粉含量.与A-T处理相比,B-T处理下冷杉幼苗叶片的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量更低,而POD、APX、GR、CAT抗氧化酶活性却更高.研究结果表明,针叶成分相对较少的B型凋落物更有利于峨眉冷杉幼苗适应未来气候变暖情景.     

长白山四种森林类型凋落物分解动态

2003年5月—2004年9月在长白山自然保护区北坡4个森林类型阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦林内,利用凋落物原位减少法对4种森林类型的凋落物分解动态进行了研究。结果表明,凋落物现存量最大的为红松云冷杉林,依次为阔叶红松林、岳桦云冷杉林、岳桦林;凋落物分解速率与时间均呈指数关系,凋落物年分解常数为0.25～0.47,分解95%所需时间为18～39年,其中阔叶红松林凋落物年分解常数最大,依次为岳桦林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林。同一类型森林中,不同植物组分的年分解系数不同,一般是阔叶最大,针叶最小。     

长白山北坡主要森林群落凋落物现存量月动态

以长白山北坡4种主要森林群落类型为研究对象,于2006年群落生长季节(5-10月)每月初采用直接收获法对森林凋落物现存量进行连续定位调查研究。结果表明:各群落内凋落物现存量大小依次为阔叶红松林(6.43 t/hm²)>白桦林(6.02 t/hm²)>云冷杉林(5.51 t/hm²)>山杨林(5.50 t/hm²);凋落叶和枝现存量占现存凋落物总量的比例最大,达50%以上,其次为半分解物(>35%),花果皮等所占比例较少,各占总量的10%和5%以下。凋落物现存量月动态阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林呈双峰型变化,峰值出现在5月和7月;云冷杉林则呈单峰型变化,峰值仅出现在7月。位于相近海拔高度的阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林,凋落物各组分现存量月动态变化趋势相似,其中白桦林和山杨林变化趋势基本相同,凋落枝、皮及半分解物现存量5月和7月较高,凋落叶则呈现下降趋势,而阔叶红松林凋落叶和枝现存量5月和7月较高,而位于较高海拔的云冷杉林,则与前者呈现不同变化趋势,8月前波动较大,从5月开始明显上升,7月达到峰值,8月后曲线渐趋平缓或略有下降。进一步对阔叶红松林和云冷杉林内凋落叶现存量月动态进行比较得出,阔叶红松林7月份凋落叶现存量高不完全取决于红松叶现存量,主要由色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳等阔叶树种叶凋落物现存量变化决定,而云冷杉林则取决于红松和云冷落叶的凋落物的量。     

贡嘎山不同林龄峨眉冷杉种子雨及土壤种子库

本文采用种子雨收集器、土壤种子库筛选、室内萌发实验及野外实地调查等手段,研究了贡嘎山海螺沟内不同林龄和海拔分布上下界限的6个峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)林的土壤种子库、种子雨的组成和时空分布特征.结果表明:土壤种子库分布随土壤深度增加而减少,主要集中在凋落物层;在同一海拔,随着林龄增加,土壤种子库和种子雨大小先增加再降低,成熟林达到最大值,且其完整种子比例最高,整体质量最好;不同海拔,林龄相近的成熟林调查结果显示,海拔分布上下界限的峨眉冷杉林土壤种子库和种子雨显著小于海拔分布中段的成熟林,这可能与海拔引起的水热条件差异有关;峨眉冷杉林的最佳结实阶段在成熟林,其种子质量好,且散布后在林下保存得最好;树种生物学特性和林下微生境可能是主要原因.     

长江上游峨眉冷杉林结构特征的研究

通过对长江上游贡嘎山不同演替阶段峨眉冷杉（Abies fabri）林的野外调查和对比分析,探讨了峨眉冷杉林的结构特征。结果表明,成熟峨眉冷杉林下有丰富的峨眉冷杉种源,小于20年的峨眉冷杉更新幼树幼苗数量少,但却为唯一的优势更新树种,在冬瓜杨、峨眉冷杉混交林中,冬瓜杨、桦木等树种在最初30年高生长非常迅速并能很快占据优势地位。峨眉冷杉是一耐荫性很强的树种,幼龄期生长缓慢,但将更替其它树种形成稳定群落。贡嘎山海拔2900－3400m地区大规模泥石流为100多年发生一次,在泥石流发生地,川滇柳、冬瓜杨、桦树等树种首先出现在迹地并占据优势,在自然条件下恢复峨眉冷杉林将需要较长时间,可通过人为干预措施加以促进和调控。     

亚高山森林林窗大小对凋落叶木质素降解的影响

木质素降解是认识高寒森林凋落物分解过程的关键环节,可能受到林窗大小及其在不同季节水热环境的影响。采用分解袋法,研究了川西亚高山森林不同面积大小林窗下红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落叶在初冻期、深冻期、融化期、生长季节初期、生长季节中期和生长季节后期的木质素分解动态特征。研究结果表明,采样时间和林窗面积大小对两种凋落叶的木质素降解均有显著影响。经历1a分解,红桦凋落叶的木质素降解了21.53%—27.65%,而岷江冷杉凋落叶的木质素富集了7.95%—19.40%。较大林窗促进了冬季岷江冷杉凋落叶和生长季节红桦凋落叶木质素的降解,抑制了冬季红桦凋落叶木质素的降解;而生长季节岷江冷杉凋落叶木质素富集速率则为林下大林窗中林窗小林窗。逐步回归分析表明,凋落叶木质素的降解过程在冬季主要受到负积温和土壤冻融循环次数的影响(木质素结构的物理破碎),而在生长季节则主要受到平均温度和正积温的影响(木质素的生物降解)。可见,川西亚高山森林木质素降解受林窗格局变化的显著影响,且林窗大小对凋落叶木质素降解的影响与物种和分解时期有关。     

山地森林表层土壤酶活性对短期增温及凋落物分解的响应

为了探究贡嘎山地区暗针叶林表层土壤酶活性对增温及凋落物分解的响应,采用开顶式生长箱(open top chamber)和加热电缆(OTC-cable)联合增温的方式模拟增温,同时定位监测实验小区地表空气、表层土壤温湿度的变化;不同类型(A:75%峨眉冷杉针叶+25%杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物,B:55%峨眉冷杉针叶+45%杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物)凋落物在模拟增温和自然对照条件下分解4年,研究土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性的变化。结果表明:增温使得地表空气和表层土壤温度分别增加了2.84℃和1.83℃;使得空气相对湿度和土壤含水量分别降低了5.27%和1.55%。针叶比例高会抑制凋落物分解,约13%;增温促进凋落物分解且对针叶比例高的促进作用更加明显,增幅均超过10%。增温总体上降低了土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,而对多酚氧化酶活性的影响表现为增大。针叶比例降低的凋落物分解对3种土壤酶活性的影响大致趋势是增大,幅度在15%以上。增温和凋落物类型之间的交互作用显著。随着土壤深度增加,土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性增大,而脲酶活性降低。增温和不同类型凋落物分解对表层土壤酸碱性无显著作用。在土壤含水量较低的情况下,土壤水分对酶活性影响较大。贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林表层土壤酶对温度的敏感性不仅因酶类型、土壤深度而存在差异,也随增温时间、土壤水分条件而有所不同。     

贡嘎山海螺沟林线附近峨眉冷杉种群的结构与动态

通过对贡嘎山海螺沟海拔 35 80m处 1.0hm2 峨眉冷杉 (AbiesfabriCraib)林的定位调查 ,分析了峨眉冷杉的个体生长、种群结构与动态、干扰及更新特征。结果表明 :1)林线附近的环境胁迫影响了个体的形态发育和高、径生长 ,但对其更新繁殖无明显影响 ;2 )静态生命表和种群生存曲线反映了 2 0a以前和 6 0～ 140a分别经历的强烈环境筛选和竞争自疏 ,以及后期与环境变化相关的死亡率波动 ,峨眉冷杉寿命极限为 40 0a左右。 3)林线种群遭受高频率、小规模的林隙干扰。尽管 86 .4%的林隙由多木形成 ,但死亡的峨眉冷杉以枯立为主导致林隙较小 ;病害、冰雪和死树的打压是林隙形成的重要因素 ,而风不是这里林线环境的主要自然干扰。 4)峨眉冷杉的幼苗表现了相当的耐荫性 ,尽管其更新依赖林隙的存在 ,但更新格局存在多尺度的成因     

贡嘎山雅家埂峨眉冷杉林线种群的时空动态

通过对贡嘎山雅家埂峨眉冷杉种群林线附近6个3000 m2样地(阴阳坡各3个)中峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri Craib)种群的定位调查,分析了过去100a间该区峨眉冷杉种群的时间-空间动态。结果表明:1)雅家埂林线附近峨眉冷杉种群密度在过去100 a(主要是近50 a)有显著的升高,但树线的海拔位置并无明显的爬升;2)阴阳坡林线格局存在显著的坡向分异:阴坡林线和树线的海拔高度显著高于阳坡(分别比阳坡高152.5 m和135.8 m),阳坡林线附近峨眉冷杉早期的生长速率在大于阴坡,但后期的生长速率却低于阴坡;3)热量(温度)控制假说不能完全解释雅家埂目前的树线格局,除气候因素之外,其它因素也限制了雅家梗地区树线位置的变化。     

森林景观生态研究现状与展望

综述了国内外森林景观及其动态研究的4个领域：森林景观管理与景观质量控制、森林景观格局与功能相互关系、森林景观生态过程模拟模型和决策模型、河岸景观生态的研究。并进一步指出了我国在森林景观生态研究领域中存在的问题：森林景观的研究基础不足,研究手段、方法相对落后,研究案例和成果有限。同时,还提出了森林景观生态研究的发展方向。     

中亚热带典型森林生态系统对降水中铅镉的截留特征

实验于2012年9月到2013年8月期间,在重庆市江津四面山对常绿阔叶林生态系统大气降水、林内降水、枯透水及土壤渗滤液中的铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)进行了持续一年的动态变化特征的研究。结果表明:研究期间,大气降水中Pb和Cd的质量浓度分别为(22.92±13.57)μg/L、(2.82±1.46)μg/L,月均沉降量分别为(3.06±2.74)mg/m2、(0.32±0.27)mg/m2,该林区降水受到轻度的Pb污染,但并未受到Cd污染;该林区重金属Pb和Cd的主要污染源为大气沉降,林区中常绿阔叶林对重金属Pb和Cd有很好的截留净化作用,总截留系数高达98.52%和99.09%,经过该系统各层次的净化后,重金属Pb和Cd含量均符合国家地面水环境质量标准(GB3838-88)的Ⅰ类水质标准;其中,林冠层的截留能力最强,对Pb和Cd的截留系数分别为91.67%和86.84%,枯落物层次之,分别为67.86%和79.74%;土壤层对Pb和Cd的截留特征截然相反,土壤层对Pb的解吸量大于吸附量,导致渗滤液中Pb的平均质量浓度相对枯透水升高。     

Forest Structure and Biomass of a Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

Xishuangbanna is a region located at the northern edge of tropical Asia. Biomass estimates of its tropical rain forest have not been published in English literature. We estimated forest biomass and its allocation patterns in five 0.185–1.0 ha plots in tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna. Forest biomass ranged from 362.1 to 692.6 Mg/ha. Biomass of trees with diameter at 1.3 m breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm accounted for 98.2 percent of the rain forest biomass, followed by shrubs (0.9%), woody lianas (0.8%), and herbs (0.2%). Biomass allocation to different tree components was 68.4–70.0 percent to stems, 19.8–21.8 percent to roots, 7.4–10.6 percent to branches, and 0.7–1.3 percent to leaves. Biomass allocation to the tree sublayers was 55.3–62.2 percent to the A layer (upper layer), 30.6–37.1 percent to the B layer (middle), and 2.7–7.6 percent to the C layer (lower). Biomass of Pometia tomentosa, a dominant species, accounted for 19.7–21.1 percent of the total tree biomass. The average density of large trees (DBH ≥100 cm) was 9.4 stems/ha on two small plots and 3.5 stems/ha on two large plots, illustrating the potential to overestimate biomass on a landscape scale if only small plots are sampled. Biomass estimations are similar to typical tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia and the Neotropics.     

Impact of secondary forest management on ant assemblage composition in the temperate region in Japan

In Japan, the impacts of human disturbance on ant assemblages have been intensively studied mainly in suburban areas. In contrast, the impact on ant assemblages of long-term human management and abandonment of forests is not well studied even though forestry is viewed as a process that seriously impacts ant assemblages. Besides, the studies focused on the relationship between secondary forest management for producing the firewood and charcoal which is considered to be characteristic of Japan and ant assemblage is not well studied. Do the long-term impacts on the secondary forest alter the ant composition? The effects of forest management on ant assemblages were studied through comparisons of managed, unmanaged and clear cut forest plots in secondary tree stands that had been used previously for producing firewood and charcoal. Ant species richness did not differ among forest categories, but ant species composition varied among forest categories. The absence or presence of openland and woodland ant specialist species is considered a good indicator for secondary forest management.     

广西落叶栎林的分类研究

广西的落叶栎林属亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群系组, 常见有栓皮栎林、麻栎林和白栎林３ 个群系。主要论述其类型划分和生境特点, 为其经营管理和合理利用提供基本材料和依据。     

日本的防护林

随着世界人口不断增长、自然资源的不断减少 ,人类所面临的环境挑战正日趋严峻。防护林以其防护性、资源性和可再生性等强大的森林功能作为迎接这一挑战的工具 ,在环境保护与资源管理中正在发挥着愈来愈大的作用 ,世界各国对此都给予了极为广泛的重视。中国的防护林建设经营历史悠久 ,尤其是自1978年启动了三北防护林体系工程以来 ,以防护林为主体的林业生态工程已在中华大地蓬勃发展起来 ,其数量之多、规模之大已为全球所瞩目 ;防护林的生态、经济和社会效益与日俱增 ,为保障西部开发 ,控制三北地区的风沙干旱、水土流失等自然灾害 ,提高农…     

Measuring the local community's participation in the management of community forests in Cameroon

Cameroon revised its forestry policy and included the legal concept of community forests, a concept difficult to develop. This study aims to resolve this difficulty by understanding the concept as it is designed by the Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF). To this end, two formulae, the second simpler than the first, were developed to measure the percentage of involvement of the local community in the process of implementing a community forest. A questionnaire constructed to assess the importance of the activities in this process provided the coefficients for the first formula. The questionnaire was administered to five groups representing the possible participants in the implementation process. There are statistically significant differences among the mean ratings of importance by the five groups and for the various activities. Despite the latter differences, the numerical difference between the two formulae is negligible. Correlations of the ranking of the importance of the activities predict successful collaboration among MINEF, conservation project officials, and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In contrast, the local communities are less likely to collaborate with the first three groups. There is a gulf between the communities and outside organizations (Ministry, conservation project officials and NGOs). Strategies for facilitating the process of implementing the community forest are suggested.     

Effect of Host Tree Traits on Epiphyte Diversity in Natural and Anthropogenic Habitats in Ecuador

Vascular epiphytes represent a highly diverse element of tropical rain forests, but they depend strongly on the structure and taxonomic composition of their tree communities. For conservation planning, it is therefore critical to understand the effect of host tree characteristics on epiphyte species richness in natural and anthropogenically transformed vegetation. Our study compares the effect of human land‐use on epiphyte diversity based on 220 study plots in a lowland rain forest and an Andean cloud forest in western Ecuador. We evaluate the relevance of host tree size and taxonomic identity for epiphyte species richness in contiguous primary forests, forest fragments, isolated remnant trees (IRTs), and secondary forests. At both study sites, epiphyte diversity was highest in primary forests, and it was lowest on IRTs and in secondary forests. Epiphyte species numbers of forest fragments were significantly reduced compared with the contiguous primary forest at the lowland study site, but not in the cloud forest area. Host tree size was a core predictor among secondary forests, but it had less significance within other habitat types. Taxonomic identity of the host trees also explained up to 61 percent of the variation in epiphyte diversity, especially for IRTs. The structural and taxonomic composition of the tree community in anthropogenically transformed habitat types proved to be fundamental to epiphyte diversity. This highlights the importance of deliberate selection of tree species for reforestation in conservation programs and the possible negative effects of selective logging in primary forests. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

Fire in the tropical gallery forests of Belize

ABSTRACT. Historical records of burning, field observations, and a manipulation experiment were used to evaluate the extent and impact of fire in a system of gallery forests in the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna, Belize. The outer boundaries of gallery forests are fire-prone zones, but fires rarely intrude into these forests. This is attributed to the existence of fire-tolerant trees in the outer zone, which preserve a forest interior of low flammability. Occasional fire incursions are patchily distributed and partially inhibited by slope convexities. Intrusions consume litter and root mats and destroy seedlings and saplings, but create a wide variety of subsequent light regimes depending upon the degree of canopy destruction. At most sites, partial canopy cover persists and seedlings of a subset of forest tree species establish preferentially. Early survivorship of these seedlings is comparable to those established in undamaged forest. Where canopy opening is severe, a secondary succession is initiated, with large numbers of herbaceous plants deriving from the seed bank. Gallery forests contain core zones into which fire very rarely intrudes, and peripheral zones that experience fire incursions that are patchily distributed in space and time. In the latter zones fire incursions play a role comparable to that of canopy gaps in continuous forests, but also create a unique class of micro-habitats to which a subset of tree species is specialized. The fire regime over the recent past in this gallery forest system appears to have had an enriching, rather than a depauperizing, effect on the forest communities, and such systems represent plausible refugia for forest species in fire-prone landscapes.     

Tropical seasonal forests in monsson Asia: With emphasis on continental southeast Asia

This paper is intended to provide a brief review of the tropical seasonal forest, one type of the tropical moist forests in monsoon Asia. It will also focus on and summarise issues of current concern in relation to their depletion and global environmental issues. Tropical moist forests occur in the rainy tropical and monsoon tropical climate types. The tropical moist evergreen forest or the tropical rain forest, which account for two-thirds of the tropical moist forests are rich in biodiversity and contain valuable tropical hardwood. The tropical moist deciduous forest or the tropical seasonal forest which lie along the fringes of tropical rain forest, are less complex than the tropical rain forest and have more distinct wet and dry periods. Broadleaved deciduous trees of the genera Tectona, Shorea, and Dipterocarpus are predominantly in this forest type. Currently estimates have found that more than 17 million hectares of forest mainly tropical moist forests are being lost each year. There is a widespread recognition that agriculture and the burning of tropical moist forests contribute to global warming but to a much lesser extent than the combustion of fossil fuels and industrial activities in the developed world.