亚东鲑消化系统的形态学和组织学观察

亚东鲑消化系统包括消化道和消化腺。消化道分为明显的食道、胃和肠等。食道粘膜为复层上皮,其中含有杯状细胞和味蕾,胃、肠粘膜为单层柱状上皮,其中散布较多的杯状细胞。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺,肝小叶分界明显,胰腺外分泌部由腺泡组成,内分泌部即胰岛分散存在于外分泌部之间。     

食蚊鱼消化系统的组织学观察

食蚊鱼的消化道由口咽腔、食道、肠和肛门组成。口咽腔内有味蕾分布。食道粘膜为复层扁平上皮,粘膜内有粘液细胞。肠可分为前后两段,皱襞高度、肌层厚度有差异。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺。肝小叶不明显,雌雄肝脏的显微结构不同。胰腺呈弥散型,一部分分布在肝脏内,另一部分和消化道伴生。讨论了食蚊鱼消化系统的特点与食性的关系。     

龟足消化系统形态和组织学特点

应用光学显微镜观察龟足（Capitulum mitella）消化系统的形态和组织结构。龟足的消化系统包括消化腺和消化道。消化腺一对,呈长囊状,含有分泌细胞（B细胞）、吸收细胞（R细胞）、储存细胞（F细胞）和胚细胞（E细胞）4种类型细胞。消化道呈U型,由口、食道、胃、肠、直肠和肛门组成,各部分的结构由内到外可分为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜4层。口器为咀嚼型,包括一片上唇、一对触须、一对大颚以及两对小颚。食道细短,具几丁质层但无基膜,管壁向腔内突起形成明显的纵褶突;食道前段的环肌特别发达,同时独有放射肌。胃略呈球袋状,肠较长;胃和肠的组织结构相似,没有几丁质层,上皮细胞都有发达的微绒毛。直肠细长,外膜分布有16组纵肌;直肠前段的组织结构与胃、肠相似,而直肠后段有几丁质层覆盖,黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜渐退化,16组纵肌渐发达。肛门16组更加发达的纵肌挤入上皮细胞下方,在外膜外另出现一层明显的环肌。龟足消化道各部分的组织结构差异明显,反映了它们功能的差异。     

中华花龟消化系统的组织学初步研究

采用常规石蜡切片的方法,对4只成体中华花龟（Oeadia sinensis）的消化系统进行组织学观察。结果表明,中华花龟的消化道管壁除口腔外均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜组成;消化道各部分的差别主要在于粘膜层和肌层,舌、咽上皮为复层柱状上皮,食道、胃、肠上皮为单层柱状上皮,大肠上皮为复层扁平上皮;食道粘膜上皮特化成与水呼吸有关的绒毛,胃体部肌层最发达,内斜中环外纵相间排列,厚约652．6±41．2μm,小肠绒毛长而密集呈叶状;肝实质内含大小不等的色素细胞,门管区明显,肝小叶分界不清;胰腺腺泡细胞发达．内分泌细胞零散分布。     

白鲟消化道形态学与组织学的初步观察

白鲟消化道具有肉食性鱼类的典型特征,其口咽腔结构既适合捕食又适合吞食与滤食水生动物。咽后消化道可分为食道、胃后行支、胃前行支、小肠、瓣肠、直肠与肛门。幽门盲囊似一致密器官,小肠与瓣肠连接处有一特殊淋巴器官,肛门两侧有腹孔。白鲟口咽腔被覆层扁平上皮,上皮内有味蕾分布。咽后消化道组织分层为粘膜(无粘膜肌层)、粘膜下层(小肠及瓣肠前部无)、肌层与外膜。粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,由纤毛柱状细胞、一般柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成,其间还散在有颗粒细胞和游走细胞。食道后部与胃的一般柱状细胞为分泌粘液的细胞,肠内的一般柱状细胞为吸收细胞。胃后行支及部分前行支固有膜内有消化腺,其余各部的固有膜为致密层。小肠前中部粘膜形成蜂窝状粘膜窦,无肠腺。除食道前部肌层中有横纹肌外,其余部的肌层均为平滑肌。外膜内结缔组织有的致密有的疏松,外膜表面细胞柱状或立方形或扁平。     

裸项栉鰕虎鱼消化系统组织形态学观察

目的 研究裸项栉缎虎鱼消化系统的组织形态学.方法 对裸项栉鰕虎鱼进行解剖,并测量和计算肠道系数、食道长度等数据;制作组织切片,采用光镜技术对消化系统的组织器官进行观察分析.结果 裸项栉鰕虎鱼的消化系统由消化管和消化腺组成,其中消化管包括口咽、食道、胃、小肠和大肠等,消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺.咽部上皮和食道上皮为复层扁平上皮,内有较多的杯状细胞和黏液腺,食道肌层为横纹肌.胃上皮为单层柱状上皮,胃底腺主要位于胃体部的固有层中.肠黏膜向肠腔突起形成许多皱襞,肠上皮为单层柱状上皮,上皮中有数量不等的杯状细胞.肠道系数(IC)约为0.30.胃和肠的肌层都为平滑肌.肝细胞中含有丰富的脂滴,在HE染色标本中因脂滴被溶解而呈大小不等的空泡.胰腺包括外分泌部和内分泌部,外分泌部是浆液腺,内分泌部又称胰岛,主要由内分泌细胞组成.结论 裸项栉鰕虎鱼的消化系统组织形态学与其杂食性相适应,本研究可为裸项栉鰕虎鱼的实验动物化提供支持.     

可口革囊星虫消化道的形态及组织学结构

对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)消化道各部分结构进行了形态学和组织学观察,表明可口革囊星虫消化道由翻吻、咽、食道、肠、直肠和肛门组成。翻吻收缩性很强;肠道极长,沿纺锤肌螺旋缠绕成肠索。消化道管壁由内向外分为粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜。粘膜上皮主要由柱状细胞组成。除肠外,消化道上皮细胞均有发达的纤毛,肠上皮细胞主要具发达的微绒毛;粘膜下层及肌层的发达程度因消化道的部位不同而异。     

环颈雉消化系统组织形态学观察

１９８９年４月至１９９０年４月作者对６只健康成年环颈雉消化系统组织采用常规方法制成显微和超薄切片。研究表明：环颈雉消化管的粘膜层，肌层和管状消化腺发达。食管为角化的覆层扁平上皮，角化层厚０．７２－０．８０μｍ，粘液腺丰富，腺细胞内充满粘原颗粒。腺胃内有发达的复管状腺和单管腺二种腺体；单管腺由颈粘液细胞、长柱状细胞和内充泌细胞组成。肌胃内有肌胃腺，无粘膜肌层。十二指肠绒毛长而密集且分支明显；无中央乳     

凹耳臭蛙消化系统解剖学及组织学观察

对凹耳臭蛙Odorrana tormota消化系统进行了解剖学及组织学观察。消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠,末端开口于泄殖腔。肝脏和胰腺为消化腺。消化道管壁的组织结构均为4层结构,由管腔向外依次为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜。胃黏膜层中含有许多胃腺,可明显分为腺颈部和腺体部。小肠含有十二指肠腺,直肠含有直肠腺。肝脏发达,分为左、中、右3叶,肝小叶界限不明显。胰腺中的腺泡由腺细胞围成。凹耳臭蛙肠全长与头体长之比为0.44～0.91,是迄今为止报道的无尾两栖类中最小的。     

西藏蟾蜍消化系统组织学观察

对西藏蟾蜍的消化系统进行了组织学观察.消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠;肝脏和胰腺为消化腺.胃壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成.黏膜层中含有许多胃腺,但胃腺的颈部和腺体部不明显.肌肉层发达,有内环外纵两层平滑肌.小肠壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成,十二指肠的黏膜下层缺失.在黏膜层的固有膜中有管状肠腺.肝脏分为左、中、右3叶,肝小叶界限不明显.胰腺中的腺泡由腺细胞围成.     

Feeding and gut physiology in Acanthopleura spinigera (Mollusca)

The morphology and histology of the alimentary canal of the rock chiton Acanthopleura spinigera are described and the ability of regions of the gut to digest specific substrates investigated. The oesophagus is produced into a pair of thin-walled lateral pouches, the salivary glands or "sugar glands" which empty into the stomach. Folds of the capacious stomach are almost obscured by the large digestive gland over which is coiled the intestine. Histologically the gut consists of an outer layer of connective tissue, an inner muscular layer and a ciliated epithelium which varies in thickness from one region to the next. Proteases are most active in the stomach, digestive gland and anterior intestine at pH 6·5 and in the posterior intestine at pH 7·5-8·5. The digestion of lipoidal substance was greatest in the stomach and digestive gland and least in anterior intestine. There was little increase in the amount of digestion product obtained after 20 hours incubation. All regions of the alimentary canal and salivary gland were capable of digesting carbohydrates except that many low molecular weight carbohydrates were digested by salivary gland extracts only. The amylases were most active at pH 6–6·5. It is concluded that digestive enzymes are distributed throughout the intestinal tract but the amount of enzyme present varies from region to region, and is greatest just after feeding.     

Microanatomy of the digestive tract and accessory organs of the Japanese flathead (Inegocia japonica Cuvier, 1829) (Scorpaeniformes,Platycephalidae)

The Japanese flathead, Inegocia japonica Cuvier, 1829 is a commercially important fish in small-scale coastal fisheries in Thailand; however, an explanation of its digestive biology is missing. This study describes the digestive tract and accessory organs of I. japonica, using morphological and histological methods. The fish (10 individual fish, 24.5 ± 0.98 cm in total length) were obtained from Libong Island, Thailand. Integrated morphological and histological data showed that the digestive tract was composed of oesophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca and intestine, with accessory organs. All digestive tracts consisted of four layers, including mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Two stomach regions were identified (cardiac and pyloric stomachs). Several clusters of gastric glands were identified in the cardiac stomach. Each gland was a unicellular structure. The apical surface of this gland contained the vacuolar cell. The intestine was lined with a simple columnar structure with goblet cells that was similar to pyloric caecum. Goblet cells were rare in the anterior intestine, in contrast to the posterior intestine where goblet cells were abundant. The numerous of hepatocyte was mostly observed in the liver, whereas an exocrine acinar cell of pancreas was also identified. The results of our observations provided the first information of the digestive tract of I. japonica and can be applied to advanced study, such as physiology and histopathology.     

脉红螺消化系统的形态学研究

脉红螺消化系统由十二个器官组成。其消化管壁都由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜四层结构构成。作者对消化腺的细胞进行了较详细的描述,并利用组化方法测定消化腺细胞中含有的酶类。作者还对部分器官的超微结构进行了观察。     

日本沼虾消化道形态和组织学特点

应用石蜡切片和扫描电镜技术对日本沼虾消化道进行了研究。结果表明,食道壁向腔内形成四个纵突,食道上皮由单层柱状细胞构成,上皮下的结缔组织中具有放射肌和皮肤腺,环肌层近于连续。食道和胃连结处的管腔背方具食道瓣,胃内具胃磨、滤器和滤沟等结构,胃的组织学结构中除无皮肤腺分布外与食道相似。中肠较长,约占整个消化道的７１７％,具一对中肠前盲囊。中肠上皮细胞大致有两种类型,基膜着色深,环肌层连续,纵肌成束分散排列。后肠为一短管,管腔呈迷路状,其中部为一球形膨大的直肠。后肠的组织学结构与前肠相似。     

Anatomical and histochemical features of the digestive system of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 with a special focus on secretory cells

This study reports a detailed anatomical and histological study of the digestive system of Octopus vulgaris. Emphasis was placed on characterising the glands and glandular cells and their distribution throughout the digestive tract. The use of classic histological and histochemical techniques revealed two morphological types of glandular cells: granular and mucous. Moreover, the histochemical analysis indicated specialisation of mucous glandular cells in the buccal mass, the submandibular gland and the caecum for secreting acid and neutral glycoconjugates. The cells of the anterior salivary glands are specialised for secreting neutral glycoproteins, and those of the posterior salivary glands are specialised for granular and mucous secretion. The oesophagus, crop and stomach lack glandular cells, but both granular and mucous glandular cells are found in the intestine. An unusual structure resembling the typhlosole of bivalves is described for the first time in the intestine of O. vulgaris. The highly ciliated epithelium and location of the structure in the anterior part of the intestine suggest a possible role in bypassing the caecum, stomach and intestine. We discuss how these cells and organs contribute to the process of digestion in the light of the present histological and histochemical data and of previously published information on the morphology and physiology of digestion in the octopus.     

Function,size and form of the gastrointestinal tract of the collared <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pecari tajacu</Emphasis> (Linnaeus 1758) and white-lipped peccary <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tayassu pecari</Emphasis> (Link 1795)

The peccary digestive tract is characterised by an elaborate forestomach. In order to further characterise the digestive function of peccaries, we report body mass, digestive organ mass, content mass of the gastrointestinal tract compartments and their length and width, as well as liver, parotis and mandibular gland mass. Our data on eleven collared and four white-lipped peccaries suggest that peccaries have a small relative stomach volume compared to other foregut fermenters, which implies a comparatively lower fermentative capacity and thus forage digestibility. The forestomach could enable peccaries to deal, in conjunction with their large parotis glands, with certain plant toxins (e.g. oxalic acid). The finding of sand being trapped in the forestomach blindsacs could indicate a disadvantage of the peccary forestomach design. The relevance of the forestomach to peccaries remains enigmatic.