西瓜核心种质的AFLP指纹图谱和SCAR标记

西瓜(Citnllus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.)种质资源的鉴定与评价是对其有效利用的基础。以往的研究表明,西瓜是一种遗传资源特别狭窄的作物,在用同工酶、RAPD及SSR技术对西瓜种质资源进行鉴定时,发现很难将品种完全区分开来。本研究利用高效可靠的AFLP技术,对30个西瓜核心种质材料进行了遗传分析,最终建立了这30个材料的DNA指纹图谱。在该图谱中,每个材料均有其独特的“指纹”,材料之间可以相互区分开来。为了进一步利用AFLP分子标记,将重要抗病种质材料“P1296341”的AFLP特异带转化成了生产上可以直接利用的SCAR标记。     

西瓜DUS测试标准品种SSR指纹图谱构建及应用

本研究采用代表最大限度西瓜遗传多样性的SSR核心引物组合,分析了西瓜DUS测试指南中的24份标准品种遗传多样性与核酸指纹。以基于重测序获得的SNP标记构建的17份西瓜材料的系统发育树为参照,对24份标准品种进行了遗传多样性分析,在遗传相似系数0.80处将24份标准品种分为3大类群,分析表明：核酸指纹分类比传统形态学分类更为准确。采用二维（QR）编码构建了西瓜24份标准品种的SSR指纹图谱,并利用本技术以保护品种“京欣2号”与对照品种“京欣1号”为例,进行了DUS分子鉴定测试,共扩增32个SSR位点,“京欣1号”和“京欣2号”之间存在4个位点的差异,品种间遗传相似系数为0.89,比形态学鉴定的差异位点更多且更准。本研究建立的西瓜DUS标准品种SSR指纹图谱与分子检测技术,可以应用到西瓜品种DUS分子检测实践,同时也为西瓜品种纯度与真实性鉴定及遗传背景分析提供了技术方案。     

部分两用桃品种(系)指纹图谱的建立

以近亲个体'顺10-16'、'青北10-7'和'贺春'为材料建立了两用桃AFLP研究体系,从64对引物组合中筛选出了E-AAT/M-ACT、E-AAT/M-CTG、E-ACA/M-CTG和E-ACA/M-CTT等4个多态性好、分辨率高的引物组合;应用该体系对'锦春'等23个两用桃品种(系)进行AFLP分析,结果共扩增出127条带,其中多态性带62条,多态性百分率48.8%,以其中特异性较高的23个多态性条带构建了这23个两用桃品系的指纹图谱,为两用桃品种鉴定及保护奠定了基础.     

应用SRAP标记构建山药种质资源DNA指纹图谱

利用30对多态性良好的SRAP引物对90份山药种质资源进行PCR扩增,构建扩增图谱,共扩增到722个位点,多态性位点581个,多态性比例为80.47%,每对引物组合检测多态性位点3~30个,每对引物能鉴别6~51份山药种质资源;采用DNA数据分析软件对扩增出的多态性位点进行分析,构建山药种质资源方框指纹图谱,该图谱清晰地反映出每对引物能扩增的多态位点数、鉴别资源份数及资源具体编号,资源在该引物组合下所能检测得到的多态位点数及所处的具体位置等信息;从10对SRAP引物组合中挑选出的21个多态性位点,根据谱带的有无转化成的1/0字符串编码,形成山药种质资源DNA数字指纹图谱,该图谱可鉴别区分90份山药种质资源中的82份资源。同时这些指纹图谱可为下一步的山药品种鉴定,种质资源评价、利用,分子标记辅助育种及品种权保护提供技术支撑。     

基于EST-SSR标记的甘薯种质资源DNA指纹图谱构建

采用EST-SSR标记构建了国家种质广州甘薯圃中52份甘薯种质资源的DNA指纹图谱。利用52份供试资源,从早期筛选出的342对候选多态性引物中筛选出16对核心引物,16对引物在52份资源中共扩增出159个等位位点,每对引物的等位位点数为5~19个不等,平均为9.94个,多态性信息含量变化范围为0.6235~0.9593,平均为0.7991。选择带型清晰、重复性好、易于统计且能将52份资源完全区分开的2对引物组合构建供试资源的DNA指纹图谱。NTSYS软件聚类分析表明,EST-SSR标记能正确反映出不同资源间的亲缘关系,为构建甘薯大型DNA指纹图谱数据库奠定了基础。     

基于SSR标记的黔南茶树种质资源DNA指纹图谱构建

以黔南60个野生茶树种质资源为材料,使用15对引物,通过SSR技术进行了DNA指纹数据库的构建。结果显示,所采用的15对引物共扩增出147个等位基因,有较好的多态性。位点的期望杂合度和多态性信息含量的变化范围分别为0.128~0.939和0.124~0.927,平均值分别为0.602和0.572。综合各项指标筛选出6对引物QNSSR01、QNSSR02、QNSSR04、QNSSR06、QNSSR18、QNSSR23上的23个等位基因用于黔南茶树种质资源DNA指纹图谱构建,60个茶树种质资源的SSR指纹图谱互不相同,可以作为各材料特定的图谱。研究结果为黔南茶树种质资源保护和品种创新利用奠定了基础。     

吴茱萸的AFLP指纹图谱的初步研究

首次报道中草药植物吴茱萸基因组DNA指纹图谱的研究。吴茱萸是贵州省内经济价值极高的中草药之一,采用扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）技术来分析来自不同地区的石虎、疏毛、大花吴茱萸3个品种的DNA指纹图谱,从18对引物中筛选出3对引物对19份材料的DNA检测,共得到93条带,其中多态性片段57条（平均61.3%）。3对引物组合从DNA指纹图谱上将19份材料完全区分开,结果表明AFLP技术是鉴别吴茱萸相近品种的有效方法,是形态学鉴定方法的有益补充;UPGMA方法聚类分析显示19份种质材料间的相似系数为0.235～0.941,表明吴茱萸种质间的遗传多样性丰富;余庆地区种植基地的石虎和疏毛样本聚为一类,提示人工栽培影响到吴茱萸的遗传特性。     

萝卜品种指纹图谱SRAP与AFLP分析

应用SRAP与AFLP两种分子标记技术进行了萝卜品种鉴定分析。对萝卜基因组DNA的SRAP-PCR反应体系中引物、Mg2 、dNTPs浓度进行优化,确定最优体系为引物0.3μmol.L-1,dNTP 0.2 mmo.lL-1,Mg2 3.0 mmo.lL-1。对SRAP-PCR中的退火温度(50℃)设置了12个梯度处理,以em2-me2为引物时带型无明显差异。7个供试萝卜材料的SRAP和AFLP指纹图谱分析表明,供试材料均可被SRAP和14个AFLP引物准确鉴定,每对引物组合都产生独特的指纹图谱。11个SRAP引物组合共产生155条带,多态性条带84条。聚类分析与相对遗传距离(GD)表明,供试材料聚为4类,CB-03-2与SHCB-02-1亲缘关系最近(GD=0.054 9);齐虹大连和Heiseng的亲缘关系最远(GD=0.203 4)。基于16个AFLP标记引物组合分析结果表明,供试材料聚为3类,CB-03-2和SHCB-02-1的亲缘关系最近。SRAP与AFLP综合分析结果表明,供试材料可聚为3类,其中CB-03-2与SHCB-02-1亲缘关系最近(GD=0.047 6)。     

DNA指纹图谱技术在作物品种(系)鉴定与纯度分析中的应用

阐述了常用DNA指纹图谱技术（RFLP、RAPD、SSR、AFLP等）以及其他的几种DNA指纹图谱技术（SCAR、ISSR、SNP、SRAP、TRAP等）的原理、优点及其应用研究概况,认为利用DNA指纹技术通过鉴定品种DNA水平上的差异来鉴定品种真实性和纯度,具有准确可靠、成本较低、不受环境因素影响、便于实现鉴定自动化,且可鉴定表型上难于鉴别的品种等优点;已初步应用于多种作物的品种真实性和纯度分析,有些已实现商业化。虽然DNA指纹技术还存在许多不足,该文认为利用DNA指纹图谱鉴定品种纯度和真实性是品种鉴定的发展趋势,应加大力度不断完善和发展DNA图谱鉴定技术,实现DNA指纹鉴定的简单化、自动化和商业化。     

天麻种质资源的SSR指纹图谱研究

天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)为中国珍稀濒危传统药用植物,其不同种质之间形态特征差异微小,而药用成分差异较大,种质资源混乱。为了构建天麻种质资源的DNA指纹图谱,该研究应用SSR分子标记技术对天麻的3种变型(乌天麻、红天麻和绿天麻)、12个种群,共计120个样本进行了群体遗传分析。研究结果表明:(1)7对SSR引物均能对天麻样本成功进行PCR扩增且多态性丰富,每对引物的等位基因数(N_a)在5~7之间,平均为6.43;引物多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.626 2~0.823 5,平均为0.759 5。(2)群体遗传分析结果表明,天麻在物种水平上和变型水平上均有较高的遗传多样性(物种水平:A=6.428 6,H=0.789 0,I=1.682 9;变型水平:A=2.666 6,H=0.523 9,I=0.812 3)。(3)分子方差分析结果显示,种群间和变型间均存在强烈的遗传分化(F_(st)=0.558 6,F_(ct)=0.381 8)。(4)种群聚类分析结果显示,相同变型的天麻种群首先聚在一起,3种变型能被完全分开,SSR指纹图谱在变型水平上鉴定效率良好;从120个样本中共检测出有112种基因型,Simpson指数(D)为0.99 8,说明SSR指纹图谱对天麻样本在个体水平上也有着良好的鉴定效率。该研究结果揭示了天麻的遗传背景,并建立了天麻的SSR指纹鉴定图谱,为其种质资源的保护、选育及药材鉴定奠定了科学依据与技术支撑。     

花生黄曲霉侵染抗性的SCAR标记

利用与花生黄曲霉侵染抗性基因紧密连锁的AFLP标记 “E45/M53-440”, 经PAGE凝胶电泳后回收、克隆、测序, 并根据测序结果设计PCR特异引物, 通过对PCR条件的优化, 成功地将AFLP标记“E45/M53-440”转化为实验结果稳定, 操作更简单的SCAR标记“AFs-412”, 标记与花生黄曲霉侵染抗性间的遗传距离为6.5 cM。利用获得的SCAR标记对抗、感黄曲霉的花生种质资源进行了分子鉴定, 结果表明标记与抗性鉴定结果具有较高的一致性, 证实了该标记应用于研究群体之外的育种潜力。SCAR标记的建立为开展花生黄曲霉侵染抗性的标记辅助选择育种提供了简便实用的鉴定技术。     

SCAR标记在黑木耳栽培菌株分类鉴定中的应用

应用序列特异性扩增区域（SCAR）标记技术分析50株黑木耳栽培菌株的遗传多样性。在SRAP标记分析过程中发现1条1 200 bp的特异性条带,经回收克隆测序转为SCAR标记。根据序列设计出1对特异性引物,经PCR可以扩增出1 000 bp大小的片段,说明成功构建出了＂黑931＂的指纹图谱。     

几种分子标记方法相结合建立的新型分子标记方法

介绍了几种分子标记相结合,产生的分子标记新方法的基本原理、优缺点,如AFLP、SCAR、CAPS以及RMAPD分子标记。其中主要介绍了RMAPD,对RMAPD作为一种新型分子标记进行探讨。     

筛选与尼罗罗非鱼性别相关的AFLP标记

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia)隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes)、鲈形亚目(Percoidei)、丽鱼科(Cichildae)的热带性鱼类,是联合国粮农组织向全世界推广的优良养殖鱼类,已成为世界性的主要养殖对象之一。由于繁殖快、成熟早,养殖过程中极易造成繁殖过剩,密度过大,个体过小等不利情况;另外,尼罗罗非鱼的雌雄个体之间具有明显的生长差异,从而影响产量的提高。目前解决这一问题最为理想的措施是单性养殖全雄鱼,这样既可以防止过度繁殖,又可利用雄鱼的生长优势。但是由于缺乏性别或性染色体特异的分子遗传标记,遗传性别的准确鉴定问题也一直是罗非鱼类性别控…     

Development of a species-specific AFLP-based SCAR marker for authentication of black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons)

Black muntjac is a rare and endangered deer endemic to eastern China. Due to the economic and pharmaceutical value of the meat, antlers and skin, the species has chronically suffered from poaching though it is regarded as the state key protected animal. To provide an effective molecular method for authentication of tissue specimen (such as meat, skin etc.) of the species, we developed a Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) derived from a species specific Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker. Initially, a 707-bp species specific DNA fragment of the animal was detected by a pair of AFLP primers (Ep7/Mp8). Subsequently, a species-specific primer pair (P-F/P1-R) was designed based on the specific AFLP fragment sequence, obtaining a 298-bp SCAR for the species. Finally, the reliability of the SCAR primers was verified by two separate PCRs using the designed SCAR primers and a cyt b universal primer pair. As expected, all black muntjac samples presented two bands but the others failed to produce the SCAR by merely showing one band. Our results indicated that the SCAR primers developed in this study may provide a useful tool for forensic authentication of black muntjac samples though further testing with larger sample sizes is warranted.     

Isolation of Y- and X-linked SCAR markers in yellow catfish and application in the production of all-male populations

Sex controls have been performed in some farmed fish species because of significant growth differences between females and males. In yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ), adult males are three times larger than female adults. In this study, six Y- and X-linked amplified fragment length polymorphism fragments were screened by sex-genotype pool bulked segregant analysis and individual screening. Interestingly, sequence analysis identified two pairs of allelic genes, Pf33 and Pf62 . Furthermore, the cloned flanking sequences revealed several Y- and X-specific polymorphisms, and four Y-linked or X-linked sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primer pairs were designed and converted into Y- and X-linked SCAR markers. Consequently, these markers were successfully used to identify genetic sex and YY super-males, and applied to all-male population production. Thus, we developed a novel and simple technique to help commercial production of YY super-males and all-male populations in the yellow catfish.     

Cloning,characterization of two female-specific AFLP markers and development of PCR-based sex identification method for the half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

Two female-specific AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism)markers(named CseF464 and CseF136)were isolated by using one selective primer combination(E-AGC/M-CTG)from the genomic DNA of 20 females and 20 males of the half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis.Both the markers were re-amplified,recovered from the agarose gels,cloned and sequenced.Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the length of the two markers were 468 bp and 134 bp,respectively,and the sequences showed no similarity to each othe...     

Isolation of Female-Specific AFLP Markers and Molecular Identification of Genetic Sex in Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynoglossus semilaevis</Emphasis>)

The sex-specific molecular marker is a useful gene resource for studying sex- determining mechanisms and controlling fish sex. Artificially produced male and female half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were used to screen sex-specific amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLPs) molecular markers. The phenotypic sex of 28 tongue soles was determined by histological sectioning of gonads. The AFLP analysis of 15 females and 13 males via 64 primer combinations produced a total of 4681 scorable bands, of which 42.11% and 43.39% of bands were polymorphic in females and males, respectively. Seven female-specific AFLP markers were identified and designated as CseF382, CseF575, CseF783, CseF464, CseF136, CseF618, and CseF305, respectively. One female-specific AFLP marker (CseF382) was amplified, recovered from the gels, cloned, and sequenced (accession no. DQ487760). This female-specific AFLP marker was converted into a single-locus polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) marker of a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR). A simple PCR method of using the specific primers was developed for identifying genetic sex of half-smooth tongue sole. PCR products demonstrated that the initial 15 females produced the female-specific band of about 350 bp, but the initial 13 male individuals failed to produce the band. We also investigated the applicability of the PCR primers in other tongue sole individuals. The same female-specific fragment of about 350 bp was found in the additional 59 female individuals, but not in the additional 58 male individuals. This AFLP-based molecular sexing technique may have great application potential in elucidation of sex determination mechanisms and sex control in half-smooth tongue sole.