横断山区高山姬鼠消化道形态的季节动态

为探讨栖息于横断山地区高山姬鼠的消化道特征与环境之间的适应关系,对野外条件下高山姬鼠消化道各项指标进行了测定.实验分别测定了不同季节高山姬鼠胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度、含内容物重、去内容物重、干组织重.结果表明:高山姬鼠消化道特征存在季节性变化,胃、小肠、大肠的各项指标及盲肠去内容物重、干重均于食物质量较好的6月、9月份较高;盲肠长度和含内容物重于3月、11月份较高.高山姬鼠在低温、食物质量下降、繁殖等胁迫因子影响下,通过增加食物摄入、调节消化道形态来满足能量需求的增加,维持正常的生理机能.高山姬鼠的消化道在不同季节中表现出的变化模式说明其有能力适应低纬度高海拔,年平均温度较低的生存环境.     

光周期和高脂食物对高山姬鼠消化道形态的影响

为探讨光周期和高脂食物对栖息于横断山地区高山姬鼠Apodemus chevrieri消化道形态的影响,将成年雌性高山姬鼠分别驯化于长光照低脂、高脂食物和短光照低脂、高脂食物条件下,7周后测定动物的体重、总消化道、胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度及其含内容物重、去内容物重、干重。结果表明:短光低脂组总消化道长显著大于其他组,短光组的小肠长度显著大于长光组。总消化道含内容物重、去内容物重,胃去内容物重、干重以及大肠和盲肠的各项指标均是低脂食物组显著大于高脂食物组。而小肠干重则是高脂食物组显著大于低脂食物组。以上结果表明,高山姬鼠在光周期和食物质量不同的条件下,可能通过调节消化道形态来维持正常的能量代谢和生理机能。高山姬鼠的消化道在不同光周期和食物质量条件下表现出的变化模式,可能与其光照和食物资源季节性波动的野外生存环境有关,从一方面反映了该物种在不同环境下的生存机制和适应对策。     

七种鼠科啮齿动物消化道长度和重量的比较

测定浙江省金华地区7种鼠科啮齿动物的总消化道及各消化器官的长度和重量,与其食性和生境作比较,旨在检测近缘种之间消化道长度和重量的差异,家栖种类与野栖种类消化道形态的差异,野外捕获动物带回实验室处死,解剖分离消化道为胃,小肠,盲肠和大肠,精密直尺测定各器官的平展长度,纵剖肠道,生理盐水冲净内容物,65℃恒温干燥后称得干重,研究结果表明,消化道长度的种间差异明显大于消化道重量的种间差异;盲肠和大肠长度的种间差异明显大于小肠长度的种间差异,植食性野栖种类的胃,盲肠和大肠大于杂食性家栖种类,而两类动物小肠长度的差异不明显。     

神农架地区4种啮齿类食性及脏器形态差异比较

生活在同一地域的物种,会因强烈的资源竞争而产生生态位重叠与分离,从而实现相互共存。以神农架地区啮齿动物为研究对象,比较分析不同啮齿类食性、脏器重量及消化道形态差异,探索其共存机制及其生理生态学上的适应策略。食性上,安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni)、社鼠(N.confucianus)、高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)、中华姬鼠(A.draco)均为杂食者,但各自喜食偏好不同,安氏白腹鼠的食物组成以植物枝叶和种子为主,社鼠、高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠的食物组成均以种子和动物性食物为主。与各自生态习性及其食性相适应,不同啮齿动物的脏器重量及消化道形态发生相应的变化。脏器重量上,不同啮齿动物心鲜重、肺鲜重、脾鲜重和干重无显著差异,其它指标差异显著。安氏白腹鼠的心干重、肺干重、肝鲜重和干重、肾鲜重和干重显著大于社鼠、高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠。消化道形态上,不同啮齿动物盲肠长、净鲜重和干重无显著差异,其它指标差异显著。其中,胃含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重,盲肠含内容物鲜重,大肠长、含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重均以安氏白腹鼠具较大值,但各自变化趋势不同;小肠长、含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重则以社鼠具较大值。且同属姬鼠属的高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠脏器重量及消化道形态各指标间均无显著差异。由于小泡巨鼠和猪尾鼠数量较少,未进行统计分析。以上结果显示:食物资源利用上的分化有利于安氏白腹鼠与其近缘物种社鼠及其他鼠类的同域共存,且为适应不同的食物资源利用模式,其脏器及消化道形态也发生了适应性的变化;同域分布的近缘物种高山姬鼠、中华姬鼠则有可能采取其它策略而非食物资源分化模式实现共存。     

禁食和重喂食对大绒鼠消化道长度与重量的影响

为探讨禁食和重喂食对栖息于横断山地区大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)消化道形态的影响,对禁食和重喂食条件下大绒鼠消化道各项指标进行了测定.实验分别测定了大绒鼠禁食12h、24 h、36 h和重喂食12 h、48 h、7d后的总消化道、胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度及其含内容物重、去内容物重、干重.结果表明:禁食后,总消化道含内容物重、胃含内容物重和胃去内容物重增加,重喂食7d后均恢复到对照组水平.小肠含内容物重在禁食12h时最大,在重喂食12h时最小,重喂食48 h后恢复到对照组水平.禁食和重喂食条件下,大绒鼠的大肠和盲肠各指标均没有显著变化.以上结果表明,大绒鼠在食物受到限制、饥饿等胁迫因子作用下,可能通过调节消化道形态来满足部分能量需求,维持正常的生理机能.大绒鼠的消化道在禁食和重喂食中表现出的变化模式,可能与其食物资源时常波动的野外生存环境有关,从一方面反映了该物种在食物胁迫下的生存机制和适应对策.     

7种荒漠啮齿动物食物组成与消化道长度的比较

对荒漠地带几种啮齿动物在自然环境中夏季主要食物组成以及消化道长度的适应性变化进行了比较。三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Allactage sibirica)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)和红耳鼠兔(Ochotona erythrotis)胃内的主要食物成分为当年生植物嫩茎、叶和部分灌木韧皮部分，灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius)及黑线仓鼠(C．barabensis)食物组成中种子、花和浆果以及昆虫出现较高的频率，小家鼠(Mus musculus)的食物构成以种子类为主，与食物组成相适应，总消化道和各器官长度存在明显的种间差异，而且各器官间盲肠和大肠长度的种间差异明显大于小肠的种间差异，胃和盲肠及其内容物的重量也存在显著的种间差异，但小肠和大肠及其内容物重量的种间差异则不显著。其结果验证了下述假设：栖息于同一生境的植食性小哺乳类具有不同食物资源利用模式，而同域共存物种消化道形态结构的差异是对食物资源利用种间权衡的功能反应[动物学报49(2)：171—178，2003]。     

根田鼠消化道长度和重量的变化及其适应意义

动物消化道的形态与食性、食物质量以及动物量的需求密切相关。本文对青海高原地区的根田鼠在自然环境中消化道各器官的长度及重量进行了测定,结果显示总消化道及各器官（胃、小肠、大肠和盲肠）的长度,含内容物重（鲜重和干重）在各物侯期间具显著的变化,各项指标均于环境条件较好的植物生长盛期最低,于条件较差（食物纤维素含量高及低温）的植物枯黄期或返青期较高。各器官所反应程度不同,其中小肠的反应最为强烈,表明消化道     

高寒地区高原鼢鼠消化道形态的季节变化

对青海高原地区的高原鼢鼠在自然环境中消化道各器官的长度及重量的季节变化进行了测定,结果显示总消化道保持相对的稳定性,长度、鲜重及于重均相对稳定,而含内容物器官重季节性变化明显。胃的变化相对较稳定,但长度季节性变化显,草枯黄期值最高,草生长盛期最低;小肠的鲜重在草返青期明显低于草生长盛期和草枯黄期;盲肠的变化最大,其长度和含内容物器官重草返青期明显高于其它季节。大肠的干重于枯黄期显增加。各器官的     

食物限制对高山姬鼠能量代谢和内脏器官形态的影响

为探讨栖息于横断山区高山姬鼠对食物匮乏的适应策略,在实验室条件下,以每日能量需求为标准,测定了饲喂食量为130%每日能量需求(DER)和70%DER两组高山姬鼠的体重、体温、基础代谢率(BMR)、非颤抖性产热(NST)等的变化,并在限食28d后,测定了肝脏鲜重和消化道形态的变化。结果显示:限食组高山姬鼠的体温、体重、BMR、NST显著降低,比0d分别下降了4.4%、23.6%、38.6%、20.3%。肝脏鲜重显著下降,小肠长度和小肠含内容物重显著增加。在限食条件下,高山姬鼠主要通过降低体重、体温、减少肝脏重量和能量代谢水平及消化器官适应性变化来减少能量支出,以适应食物资源短缺的外部环境。     

东灵山辽东栎林啮齿动物群落组成及多样性

1999～ 2 0 0 1年采用标记重捕法对东灵山小龙门林场辽东栎林啮齿动物群落进行了 1 2次调查。共布 2 93 6笼日 ,捕得啮齿动物 2 68只 ,平均捕获率为 9%。啮齿动物群落包括三科四属 ,由朝鲜姬鼠(Apodemuspeninsulae)、社鼠 (Niviventerconfucianus)、棕背 (Clethrionomysrufocanus)和花鼠 (Eotamiassibiricus)组成 ,分别占群落的 85 5 %、8 6%、3 0 %和 2 6%;朝鲜姬鼠为优势鼠种。标记重捕调查表明朝鲜姬鼠重捕率无性别差异 (t =0 91 3 ,P >0 0 5 )。啮齿动物物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均呈“低 高 低”年间波动趋势 ,差异不显著 (t=0 1 65 ,P >0 0 5 ) ;生态优势度指数变化趋势反之 ,样地间无显著差异(t=0 0 64,P >0 0 5 )。可以认为该地区辽东栎林中啮齿动物群落结构较稳定。     

The fine structure of the neural lobe of the mouse after transplantation under the kidney capsule

Summary The neurohypophysis of donor mice was implanted under the renal capsule of the recipients. The pituicytes survived while the neurosecretory axons disappeared. The ultrastructure of the glial cells was observed seven and nine weeks after transplantation. There were no signs of phagocytotic activity although remnants of axons were still present at seven weeks. The numerous processes of the pituicytes form a network with intercellular spaces wide in younger and narrower in older implants. The cells are connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. Pituicytes as well as blood vessels preserve their organotypic appearance. The transplant thus represents an experimental model for investigations on pituicytes in vivo in the absence of neurosecretory axons.Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. On leave from Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biostructure, Academy of Medicine, Pozna, Poland     

国产丝裂霉素处理的胎儿成纤维细胞支持具有生殖系转化能力的小鼠胚胎干细胞的分离

应用于胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ES细胞)培养的国产药物可以降低ES细胞的实验成本。研究中以浙江海正药业生产的丝裂霉素(mitomycin,国药准字H33020786)处理小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞,用于胚胎干细胞建系。并制备饲养层,将小鼠囊胚种植在该饲养层上。4-6天后,挑选形态良好的内细胞团(inner cell mass)来源的克隆在胰酶中进行消化,将消化下来的细胞团块传至新鲜的饲养层上。之后,每2-3天传代一次。结果表明,经该丝裂霉素处理的胎儿成纤维细胞支持具有生殖系嵌合能力的胚胎干细胞的分离。     

Effects of blinding on the ultrastructure of mouse pinealocytes with particular emphasis on the dense-cored vesicles

Summary The mammalian pineal is thought to produce an antigonadotropic principle under conditions of reduced photoperiod, constant darkness or blinding by optic enucleation. A number of previous studies on mammalian pineals have suggested that the dense-cored vesicles present in pinealocytes may represent morphological evidence of secretory activity.In the present study the ultrastructure of pinealocytes was studied in adult Charles River CD-1 mice blinded by optical enucleation. By one month following optic enucleation the mean number of dense-cored vesicles in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes adjacent to pericapillary spaces had significantly decreased by 55% when compared with intact controls, and remained at this low level at two months and six months. A relative increase in the proportion of large agranular vesicles and an increased number of large, irregular vacuoles was observed also in the pinealocytic polar processes of blinded mice. When compared to control mice the pinealocytic Golgi regions appeared to be hypertrophied in blinded mice. The apparent stimulation of pinealocytic organelles coupled with the observed decrease in dense-cored vesicles suggest an increased synthesis and release of secretory product.Supported in part by NIH Grant No. HD 08759     

贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群繁殖特征

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)是贵州地区分布广泛的主要农田害鼠之一,掌握其种群繁殖特征可为种群动态的预测预报提供基础资料。1984~2014年间,采用夹夜法逐月调查了贵州省余庆县8个县(市)监测点黑线姬鼠种群动态数据,分析了其种群性比、雌鼠怀孕率和平均胎仔数、雄鼠睾丸下降率等主要繁殖生物学指标及其地理差异和季节性变动规律,明确了贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群的繁殖特征。共捕获黑线姬鼠20 113只,不同地区种群间,除平均胎仔数有显著差异外(χ~2=36.503,df=7,P0.01),其他繁殖特征值均没有差异。从时间序列看,种群中雌鼠怀孕率和雄鼠睾丸下降率的季节性变化均表现为春季(4~5月)及夏末秋初(8~9月)达到高峰的双峰型。雌鼠产仔数一般2~10只,4~7只最为常见(占93.87%)。不同季节平均胎仔数差异不大。贵州地区黑线姬鼠繁殖的总体特点为全年繁殖,春秋两季为繁殖的高峰期,冬季(12月份和翌年1、2月份)繁殖强度明显低于其他季节(F_(11,84)=61.92,P0.01),但种群密度表现为6月达到最高点的单峰型特点。     

Glycoprotein secretion in the mouse submandibular gland as revealed by radioautography after L-3H-fucose injection

Summary Glycoprotein secretion in the mouse submandibular gland was investigated by light microscope radioautography of semi-thin sections after the administration of L-³H-fucose. The incorporation of the precursor in the acini was negligible. ³H-fucose was taken up in the paranuclear region of the cells lining the intercalated, secretory, striated and excretory ducts. This labeling pattern was interpreted as addition of the precursor to glycoproteins within the Golgi apparatus. Incorporation in the intercalated duct was restricted to the cells with fine cytoplasmic granules. The glycoproteins synthesized by the intercalated and secretory ducts were transported to the saliva by the secretion granules. It is assumed that the glycoproteins synthesized in the striated and excretory ducts are plasma membrane glycoproteins which seem to renew continuously. Quantitation of the radioautographs supplied data concerning the incorporation of ³H-fucose into newly synthesized glycoproteins as well as the renewal of the labeled macromolecules in each duct.     

Induction of apoptosis by Shikonin through ROS-mediated intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in primary effusion lymphoma

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an incurable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and novel biology-based treatments are urgently needed in clinical settings. Shikonin (SHK), a napthoquinone derivative, has been used for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we report that SHK is an effective agent for the treatment of PEL. Treatment with SHK results in significant reduction of proliferation in PEL cells and their rapid apoptosis in vitro. SHK-induced apoptosis of PEL cells is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), an activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, as well as caspase-3, -8, and -9. Scavenging of ROS in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) almost blocks the loss of mitochondrial membrane Δψm, activation of JNK, cleavage of caspase-3, -9, and an induction of apoptosis in SHK treated PEL cells. SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, also rescues a proportion of cells from the apoptotic effect of SHK. In addition, inhibition of caspase activation in the presence of pan-caspase inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, blocks the SHK-inducing apoptosis, but doesn't completely inhibit SHK-mediated JNK activation. Therefore, ROS is an upstream trigger of SHK-induced caspase dependent apoptosis of PEL cells through disruption of mitochondrial membrane Δψm in an intrinsic pathway and an activation of JNK in an extrinsic pathway. In a PEL xenografted mouse model, SHK treatment suppresses PEL-mediated ascites formation without showing any significant adverse toxicity. These results suggested that SHK could be a potent anti-tumor agent for the treatment of PEL.     

Mutagenicity of the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl to the bladder of Muta ™Mouse transgenic mice

The human carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4AB) was evaluated in the Muta ™Mouse transgenic mouse mutation assay. A single oral dose of 75 mg/kg induced 6.9-, 1.8- and 2.2-fold increases in the mutation frequency (MF) in the bladder, liver and bone marrow, respectively. Ten daily oral doses of 10 mg/kg 4AB increased the MF in the bladder, liver and bone marrow by 13.7-, 4.8- 2.4-fold the control value, respectively. The repeat dosing protocol was therefore more sensitive than the single dose protocol. Assessment of DNA samples prepared from pooled liver homogenates clearly indicated the increase in MF observed in the individual liver samples obtained from both groups of 4AB-treated mice.     

空气负离子对自发和环磷酰胺诱发的小鼠骨髓嗜多染性成红细胞微核率的影响

我们以前的研究表明负离子对~(60)Co-γ线诱发的急性和慢性损伤有明显的防护作用。本文以小鼠骨髓嗜多染性成红细胞(PCE)微核率为指标,探讨负离子对正常小鼠有无细胞毒性和对环磷酰胺(CP)诱发的遗传损伤有无防护作用。用负离子处理昆明小鼠60天后不注射CP直接取样;用负离子分别处理小鼠15天、30天和60天后注射CP,6小时后取样。镜检骨髓PCE微核并做统计处理。结果表明,负离子促进小鼠的生长发育且不导致潜在损伤;负离子对CP诱发的遗传损伤有明显的防护作用。     

短暂前脑缺血小鼠海马脑红蛋白表达的动态变化

研究了小鼠短暂前脑缺血再灌注后不同时相点脑红蛋白表达的动态变化及其意义。用夹闭双侧颈总动脉的方法建立C57BL/6小鼠缺血再灌注动物模型;采用RT-PCR及Western blotting方法检测各组小鼠海马组织中脑红蛋白在转录和翻译水平表达的动态变化。结果显示,脑红蛋白在mRNA水平表达的动态变化为:与假手术对照组(100±0.00)比较,再灌注后6h(132.59±28.26,P<0.05)开始升高;24h(157.36±13.85,P<0.001)达高峰;48h(146.55±23.17,P<0.01)开始下降;72h(118.42±34.23,P>0.05)基本恢复至正常水平。脑红蛋白在蛋白水平表达的动态变化为:与假手术对照组(100±0.00)比较,再灌注后6h(111.46±23.54,P>0.05)轻微升高,24h(141.25±32.12,P<0.01)达高峰,48h(138.02±19.68,P<0.05)开始下降,72h(119.29±35.18,P>0.05)基本恢复至正常水平。结果提示,脑缺血再灌注各时相点的脑红蛋白mRNA及蛋白表达水平均增加,可能是机体的应激反应,但持续时间较短(48h以内)。     

Effects of GDNF and LIF on mouse spermatogonial stem cells proliferation in vitro

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the only type of cells that transmit genes to the subsequent generations. The proliferation, cultivation and identification of SSCs in vitro are critical to understanding of male infertility, genetic resources and conservation of endangered species. To investigate the effects of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on the proliferation of mouse SSCs in vitro, supplement of GDNF and/or LIF were designed to culture SSCs. The testes of 6–8 d mouse were harvested and digested by two-step enzyme digestion method. The SSCs and Sertoli cells were separated by differential plating. Then the SSCs were identified by alkaline phosphatase staining, RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence cell analysis. The cellular proliferation capacity was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The results showed that addition of 20 and 40 ng/ml of GDNF could strongly promote growth of mouse SSCs (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between LIF treatment groups and the control group in promoting proliferation of the mouse SSCs (p > 0.05). However, the combination of 20 ng/ml GDNF and 1,000 U/ml LIF could significantly enhance the invitro proliferation of mouse SSCs (p < 0.05), and the OD₄₉₀ value was 0.696 at day 5 of culture when the density of SSCs was 5–10 × 10⁴ cells/ml.