血管内皮生长因子全长抗体在毕赤酵母中的表达与活性鉴定

目的:构建血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)全长抗体表达载体pPICZαA-VH-CH-VL-CL,评价其在毕赤酵母中的表达产物与抗原的结合特性,及其抑制细胞增殖的活性。方法:利用基因合成分别获得VEGF抗体CL和CH序列,分别构建pPICZαA-CH和pPICZαA-CL重组质粒,再利用同尾酶特性构建双启动子表达盒的重组pPICZαA-CH-CL载体,用Westen印迹对其进行表达鉴定后将VH和VL序列插入该载体,获得VEGF的全长抗体表达载体pPICZαA-VH-CH-VL-CL;通过膜筛和ELISA进行菌株筛选,并对VEGF抗体表达阳性菌株进行小量表达和纯化,采用CCK-8法对其抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)增殖的活性进行初步评价。结果:获得表达轻、重链的VEGF抗体表达载体,ELISA实验证明pPICZαA-VH-CH-VL-CL具有一定的VEGF抗原结合特性;体外增殖实验表明,该抗体可以以剂量依赖性抑制HUVEC增殖。结论:在毕赤酵母中表达、纯化了具有一定功能活性的VEGF全长抗体,为后续比较研究酵母糖基化改造对VEGF抗体的药效学和药代学的影响提供了基础。     

靶向人表皮生长因子受体3的人源Fab抗体构建及鉴定

目的:制备靶向人表皮生长因子受体3(HER3)的全人源Fab型抗体,并对其亲和力及生物学活性进行鉴定。方法:用Bsp QⅠ限制性内切酶分别将靶向HER3的全人源抗体的完整轻链、重链的可变区全长和CH1恒定区插入载体p3457,构建重组质粒;通过将轻、重链质粒瞬时共转染293E悬浮细胞进行表达,并利用镍柱纯化得到Fab型抗体蛋白;采用ELISA鉴定其与HER3胞外区是否结合,Forte Bio实验鉴定其亲和力,CCK8检测其对MDA-MB-453细胞增殖能力的影响。结果:分别获得表达轻链全长、重链可变区全长及CH1恒定区的HER3抗体重组质粒,并通过瞬时共转染293E悬浮细胞获得分泌型HER3 Fab抗体;ELISA实验证明其可与HER3胞外区蛋白直接结合;Forte Bio实验证明Fab型抗体与人源HER3胞外区蛋白具有一定的亲和力(KD=1.08×10-8mol/L);体外增殖实验表明,该抗体可显著抑制MDA-MB-453体外增殖。结论:通过293E悬浮细胞表达、镍柱亲和纯化,获得具有较高亲和力和功能活性的HER3 Fab型抗体,为HER3高表达型癌症的诊断、治疗提供物质基础。     

噬菌体抗体库技术筛选抗VEGF165单克隆抗体

目的:获得抗血管内皮生长因子165(VEGF165)单克隆抗体,并对其功能进行初步验证。方法:利用噬菌体抗体库展示技术筛选与VEGF165结合的噬菌体克隆并测序,以测序正确的阳性克隆质粒为模板,PCR扩增抗体的轻重链可变区基因,并克隆至哺乳动物细胞表达载体中,构建全抗体表达载体;将全抗体表达载体转染293E细胞,收取培养细胞上清,利用ProteinA亲和纯化抗体;通过结合ELISA、表面等离子共振检测抗体的亲和力,以人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)为模型验证抗体功能。结果:经过噬菌体抗体库展示技术筛出1个与VEGF165特异性结合的抗体序列VG2;293E细胞表达了VG2全抗体蛋白,SDS-PAGE显示VG2抗体纯度较高;BIAcore检测结果表明该抗体具有较高亲和力(KD=0.56nmol/L),竞争抑制ELISA结果表明VG2抗体能抑制VEGF与VEGF受体(VEGFR)的结合(IC50为1.470μg/mL),进一步实验结果表明VG2能够抑制VEGF引起的HUVEC增殖。结论:制备了靶向VEGF165的全人源单克隆抗体VG2,该抗体具有较高的亲和力,能阻断VEGF165/VEGFR2的结合,并抑制HUVEC的增殖,可以作为潜在药物应用于肿瘤治疗。     

单域重链抗体的分子特征

源于软骨鱼或骆驼科动物的同型重链二聚体无轻链,用基因工程方法获得其单一重链可变区可保留完整的抗原结合活性,称为单域重链抗体。单域重链抗体具有分子小、稳定性高、体内组织渗透性好、可溶性好、易表达、抗原识别表位独特的结构特征,近年来在生物技术研究与诊断治疗应用领域得到广泛关注,取得了快速发展。     

抗人血管内皮生长因子单链抗体基因的构建、表达及活性鉴定

鼠单克隆抗体E11能与人血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)特异结合,已用于临床检测恶性肿瘤细胞VEGF的表达,并初步证明其体内抑瘤活性。为便于大规模生产,特进行基因工程改造,构建小分子的单链抗体(scFv)。首先通过逆转录及多聚酶链式反应(PCR),分离并克隆E11的可变区基因。经测序表明,E11轻链可变区(VL)基因全长333bp,编码111个氨基酸,归属小鼠轻链可变区基因第Ⅲ亚组。重链可变区VH基因全长369bp,编码123个氨基酸,归属小鼠重链可变区基因Ⅱ(A)亚组。然后用一编码亲水性多肽接头的DNA片断将E11单抗轻、重链可变区基因连接,构建表达质粒pET-15YV,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行表达。表达产物(包含体)经变性及复性后,用免疫组化法检测该单链抗体结合抗原(颊癌)能力。对颊癌组织检测的结果表明,基因工程抗体scFv与亲代抗体一样,具有较高的组织特异性。本研究获得的抗人VEGF单链抗体具有潜在的临床价值,为肿瘤放射免疫显像及以血管为靶标的抗血管生成治疗奠定了基础。     

人源中和性抗甲型肝炎病毒抗体Fab段基因的序列分析及可溶性表达

在用噬菌体表面呈现系统获得人源抗甲型肝炎（甲肝）病毒中和发生基因工程Fab抗体的基础上,对所获得的4株中和性Fab抗体轻重链可变区进行了序列分析、可溶性表达及生物学特性鉴定。4株Fab抗体重链可变区拥有99％同源的核苷酸序列和相同的CDR区氨基酸序列,属于VHⅢ基因家族,而轻链可变区核苷酸序列同源性为95％和相似的CDR区氨基酸序列,属于VL5基因家族。这些重组抗体都能与人甲肝恢复期血清及具有中和活性的鼠抗甲肝克隆抗体产生竞争抑制反应,表明其针对甲肝癌病毒结构蛋白上的主要抗的决定簇。     

抗CD3基因工程嵌合抗体IgG在哺乳动物细胞中的表达和活性测定

利用基因工程方法将鼠源性抗CD3抗体HIT3a的可变区和人源抗体(IgG)的完整的恒定区连接起来,构建全抗型抗CD3嵌合抗体,该型抗体具有较低的免疫源性可作为免疫抑制剂应用于器官移植,减少受体产生免疫排斥,提高移植器官的存活率。利用PCR方法从抗CD3 ScFv重组噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB 5E上扩增抗CD₃抗体的轻链和重链可变区,将轻链和重链可变区组装到含有人抗体（IgG）恒定区的表达载体中,构建抗CD3嵌合抗体IgG的轻链和重链表达载体PKN100和PG1D105,并用脂质体法共转染CHO细胞。结果证明,抗CD₃嵌合抗体的V_L和V_H与HIT3a抗体的V_L和V_H完全相符,ELISA和Western blot检测结果证实转染细胞的培养上清中含有抗CD₃嵌合抗体IgG的表达,表达产物能与Jurkat细胞结合,并能竞争性抑制HIT3a抗体和Jurkat细胞结合活性,³H-TdR掺入实验表明, 抗CD3嵌合抗体与亲代抗体HIT3a一样,具有促进外周血单核细胞增殖的作用。我室构建的全抗型抗CD3嵌合抗体分子表达载体可在CHO细胞中稳定表达,表达产物有较好生物活性,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

血管内皮生长因子人单链抗体--基因克隆、高效表达、亲和力成熟及生物活性鉴定

利用抗体噬菌体展示技术, 克隆了血管内皮生长因子人基因工程单链抗体, 抗体表达量达菌体总蛋白的45%. 用层析柱复性技术同步完成抗体的纯化和复性. 生物活性实验表明, 该抗体不仅特异结合人VEGF165, 而且竞争抑制VEGF165与其受体的结合. 为了提高单链抗体的亲和力, 采用错配PCR法, 随机突变抗体重链可变区基因, 建立次级抗体突变库, 并从中筛选出高亲和力突变株. 研究了抗体突变株蛋白质三维结构特点及其与亲和力的关系, 这些结果不仅为肿瘤血管靶向治疗奠定了基础, 而且为抗体的高效表达及其亲和力体外成熟提供了参考模型.     

人源抗狂犬病毒单链二硫键稳定抗体的重组设计与表达

以人源抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白母本单链抗体ScFv为模板,利用PCR点突变分别在重链FR可变区VH(44)和轻链FR可变区VL(100)分别引入一个半胱氨酸,成功构建了重组单链二硫键稳定抗体基因。连接pET22b( )载体,转化入E.coli BL21(DE3)得到工程菌,IPTG诱导表达。体外复性并经Ni-NTA亲和层析对目的蛋白ScdsFv进行纯化;利用荧光抗体实验和ELISA检测抗体活性及稳定性。结果表明重组ScdsFv蛋白实现了原核高效表达,通过体外复性和Ni-NTA柱纯化获得纯度大于90%的ScdsFv蛋白。荧光抗体实验和ELISA结果表明ScdsFv具有特异的抗原结合活性,与母本ScFv比较,稳定性有明显提高。这种具有特异抗原结合活性的稳定ScdsFv蛋白的获得为其进一步的功能研究提供了材料。     

二硫键稳定的抗肝癌人源化Fv-突变体人TNFα融合基因的构建与表达

利用引物PCR和重叠延伸PCR法,将抗肝癌人源化抗体hscFv25重链可变区和轻链可变区各定点突变出一个半胱氨酸,将hTNFα改造成高抗肿瘤活性的突变体,分别原核表达重链可变区突变体、轻链可变区突变体-突变体hTNFα融合基因,然后将两种表达的产物混合进行复性,目的获得具有高稳定性和高抗肿瘤活性的抗肝癌靶向细胞因子.结果重链可变区突变体和轻链可变区突变体-突变体hTNFα融合基因在大肠杆菌中均获得高效表达.表达产物以包涵体形式存在,混合复性结果未获得活性产物.     

单域抗体的研究和应用进展

传统IgG抗体分子一般由轻链和重链组成,轻链包含1个可变区(VL)和1个恒定区(CL),重链包含1个可变区(VH)和3个恒定区(CH1,CH2,CH3)。单域抗体(Single domain antibody,sdAb),是指缺失抗体轻链而只有重链可变区的一类抗体,因其分子量小,也被称为纳米抗体(Nanobody)。20世纪90年代,单域抗体最早在骆驼科动物中被发现,之后在护士鲨、大星鲨和鳐鱼等软骨鱼纲动物中也发现了类似的抗体。单域抗体虽然结构简单,但仍然可以达到与传统抗体相当甚至更高的与特异抗原结合的亲和力。相比于传统抗体,单域抗体具有分子量小、稳定性强、易于重组表达等优点。近年来在生物学基础研究和医学临床应用方面均备受关注并被广泛应用。文中将从单域抗体的结构特征、理化性质、筛选方法及其在生物医学领域的重要应用进展进行综述。     

Phage-displayed antibody libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions

A structure-based approach was used to design libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The CDR libraries were displayed as either monovalent or bivalent single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) with a single heavy chain variable domain scaffold and a fixed light chain variable domain. Using the structure of a parent antibody as a guide, we restricted library diversity to CDR positions with significant exposure to solvent. We introduced diversity with tailored degenerate codons that ideally only encoded for amino acids commonly observed in natural antibody CDRs. With these design principles, we reasoned that we would produce libraries of diverse solvent-exposed surfaces displayed on stable scaffolds with minimal structural perturbations. The libraries were sorted against a panel of proteins and yielded multiple unique binding clones against all six antigens tested. The bivalent library yielded numerous unique sequences, while the monovalent library yielded fewer unique clones. Selected scFvs were converted to the Fab format, and the purified Fab proteins retained high affinity for antigen. The results support the view that synthetic heavy chain diversity alone may be sufficient for the generation of high-affinity antibodies from phage-displayed libraries; thus, it may be possible to dispense with the light chain altogether, as is the case in natural camelid immunoglobulins.     

Constant Domain-regulated Antibody Catalysis

Some antibodies contain variable (V) domain catalytic sites. We report the superior amide and peptide bond-hydrolyzing activity of the same heavy and light chain V domains expressed in the IgM constant domain scaffold compared with the IgG scaffold. The superior catalytic activity of recombinant IgM was evident using two substrates, a small model peptide that is hydrolyzed without involvement of high affinity epitope binding, and HIV gp120, which is recognized specifically by noncovalent means prior to the hydrolytic reaction. The catalytic activity was inhibited by an electrophilic phosphonate diester, consistent with a nucleophilic catalytic mechanism. All 13 monoclonal IgMs tested displayed robust hydrolytic activities varying over a 91-fold range, consistent with expression of the catalytic functions at distinct levels by different V domains. The catalytic activity of polyclonal IgM was superior to polyclonal IgG from the same sera, indicating that on average IgMs express the catalytic function at levels greater than IgGs. The findings indicate a favorable effect of the remote IgM constant domain scaffold on the integrity of the V-domain catalytic site and provide a structural basis for conceiving antibody catalysis as a first line immune function expressed at high levels prior to development of mature IgG class antibodies.     

15N, 13C and 1H resonance assignments and secondary structure determination of a variable heavy domain of a heavy chain antibody

Heavy chain antibodies differ in structure to conventional antibodies lacking both the light chain and the first heavy chain constant domain (CH1). Characteristics of the antigen-binding variable heavy domain of the heavy chain antibody (VHH) including the smaller size, high solubility and stability make them an attractive alternative to more traditional antibody fragments for detailed NMR-based structural analysis. Here we report essentially complete backbone and side chain ¹⁵N, ¹³C and ¹H assignments for a free VHH. Analysis of the backbone chemical shift data obtained indicates that the VHH is comprised predominantly of β-sheets corresponding to nearly 60 % of the protein backbone.     

Studies on the influence of different designs of eukaryotic vectors on the expression of recombinant IgA

Production and application of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are second only to vaccines in the world pharmaceutical market. The most common therapeutic antibodies are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of the IgG isotype that are produced in eukaryotic CHO cells. In recent years, there has been a considerable interest in developing treatment medications based on IgA antibodies, which can have a wide range of effector functions on human mucous membranes. To study the expression level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in mammal cells, we designed a set of bipromoter (CMV and EF1α) vectors. The vectors contain gene fragments that encode the heavy chain variable domain (VH) and the light chain variable domain (VL) of the human monoclonal antibody FI6v3 against the hemagglutinin of influenza virus A. They also contain gene fragments that encode the light chain (kappa type) constant domain and the heavy chain constant domain of the human antibody IgA1. The expression vectors differed in the orientation of the promoters and the presence or absence of introns. Two variants of the full-length light and heavy chains were cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector in head-to-head and head-to-tail orientations. The resulting plasmids were transfected into CHO-DG44 and HEK-293T cells. The antibody expression level for the stable transfection of CHO-DG44 and HEK-293T cell cultures was determined by ELISA. The results of the experiments showed that the expression of FI6v3-IgA1 antibodies significantly increased when eukaryotic cells were transfected with the plasmid pBiPr-ABIgA1FI6-Iht in which the heavy chain of IgA1 contains introns and the promoters are arranged head-to-tail.     

Production of engineered IgM-binding single-chain antibodies inEscherichia coli

Summary Two single-chain antibodies were engineered and tested as novel binding proteins with specificity for immunoglobulin M. Genes for the two single-chain Fv proteins were assembled from the variable light chain cDNA and variable heavy chain cDNA of monoclonal antibodies DA4.4 and Bet 2, which specifically bind human IgM and mouse IgM, respectively. Both single-chain Fv proteins were designed with a 14-amino acid linker which bridged the variable light chain and variable heavy chain domains. The two proteins were expressed inEscherichia coli, purified and assayed for IgM-binding activity. Both proteins demonstrate a binding specificity for their corresponding IgM which is similar to the monoclonal antibodies from which they were derived. These small IgM-binding proteins may have applications in the investigation of the immune response and in the detection and purification of monoclonal antibodies, cell-associated antibodies, and IgM from serum.     

双峰驼重链抗体组库的基本特征研究

目的:利用二代高通量测序技术,了解双峰骆驼循环B细胞重链抗体(HCAbs)组库的组成和基本特征。方法:通过分离骆驼外周血单核细胞(PBMC),提取m RNA,利用多重PCR和Illumina Mi-seq高通量测序技术对三头双峰骆驼的重链抗体可变区进行深度测序,分析了重链抗体组库V、J基因组成、重排时末端基因删除数和V-J基因配对率,以及CDR3的长度、香农多样性指数(Shannon index)、氨基酸组成分布等基本特征。结果:鉴定出平均每头骆驼130000条有效数据和67561条独特CDR3序列,HCAbs含量较高的V基因为IGHV1S45、IGHV1S50和IGHV1S52,J基因为IGHJ4和IGHJ6,所对应的V-J基因配对含量大于40%;CDR3的长度主要分布在10-30个氨基酸之间,含量较高的氨基酸为丙氨酸、甘氨酸和半胱氨酸;CDR3区域70%以上的平均长度为20个氨基酸长度,其中V基因长度为3 bp,J基因长度分布在1-18 bp。结论:双峰骆驼B细胞重链抗体组库由巨大的、不均匀分布(以少数VJ基因克隆占大多数)的和具有高度多样性的多克隆抗体构成,较长CDR3和富含丙氨酸、甘氨酸和半胱氨酸是HCAbs的重要特征。     

Improvement of antigen binding ability of human antibodies by light chain shifting

Human HB4C5 hybridoma cells produce a lung cancer-specific IgM human monoclonal antibody (mAb). HB4C5 human mAb cross-reacts with Candida cytochrome c (Cyt c) and carboxypeptidase (Cpase). Concanavalin A (ConA)-resistant variants of HB4C5 cells loss the original light chain followed by expression of various new light chains at a high incidence (light chain shifting) (Tachibana et al., 1996). HTD8 cells, one of the ConA-resistant variant subclones of HB4C5 cells, undergo the active light chain shifting and produce various sublines, each of which stably secretes new mAb consisting of a new light chain and a HB4C5 heavy chain. The new mAb exhibits altered antigen binding ability from that of the original antibody. We could expect that HTD8 cells can be used as ‘a light chain stem cell line’ to improve antigen binding ability and specificity of established human mAbs. A BD9D12 IgG human mAb recognizes lung cancer cells and cross-reacts with cytokeratin 8. Introduction of the heavy chain gene of BD9D12 mAb into HTD8 cells resulted in establishment of various sublines which secreted various kinds of hybrid antibodies consisting of different light chains derived from HTD8 subclones which underwent light chain shifting and a common IgG heavy chain derived from BD9D12. These hybrid antibodies exhibited different or improved reactivities to Cyt, Cpase, cytokeratin 8 and various cancer cells from those of parental mAb, demonstrating that light chain shifting can be applied to improve the affinity and specificity of human mAb. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

抗人小细胞肺癌单克隆抗体的重链变区基因的体外扩增、克隆和序列分析

本文从抗人小细胞肺癌单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞中抽提总RNA,合成第一链cDNA,直接用PCR技术(polymerase chain reaction)扩增出351bp的重链变区基因(V_H),克隆至pUCV_(NP)-PCR载体上,经筛选得一批插入片段为351bp的阳性克隆,经核苷酸序列分析研究,证实已获得了该单克隆抗体的重链可变区基因。     

A general strategy for generating intact,full-length IgG antibodies that penetrate into the cytosol of living cells

Full-length IgG antibodies cannot cross cell membranes of living cells; this limits their use for direct targeting of cytosolic proteins. Here, we describe a general strategy for the generation of intact, full-length IgG antibodies, herein called cytotransmabs, which internalize into living cells and localize in the cytosol. We first generated a humanized light chain variable domain (VL) that could penetrate into the cytosol of living cells and was engineered for association with various subtypes of human heavy chain variable domains (VHs). When light chains with humanized VL were co-expressed with 3 heavy chains (HCs), including 2 HCs of the clinically approved adalimumab (Humira®) and bevacizumab (Avastin®), all 3 purified IgG antibodies were internalized into the cytoplasm of living cells. Cytotransmabs primarily internalized into living cells by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway through interactions with heparin sulfate proteoglycan that was expressed on the cell surface. The cytotransmabs escaped into the cytosol from early endosomes without being further transported into other cellular compartments, like the lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. Furthermore, we generated a cytotransmab that co-localized with the targeted cytosolic protein when it was incubated with living cells, demonstrating that the cytotransmab can directly target cytosolic proteins. Internalized cytotransmabs did not show any noticeable cytotoxicity and remained in the cytosol for more than 6 h before being degraded by proteosomes. These results suggest that cytotransmabs, which efficiently enter living cells and reach the cytosolic space, will find widespread uses as research, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents.