广西蛇类新纪录——角原矛头蝮

正2015年4月14日于广西金秀大瑶山国家级自然保护区发现1号亚成体活体蛇类标本,经查阅文献和鉴定确认为角原矛头蝮Protobothrops cornutus,为广西蛇类的新纪录。该地点是我国发现角原矛头蝮的第6个分布点(梁启燊,2003;赵尔宓,2006;龚世平等,2010;王聿凡等,2015)。本次采集的角原矛头蝮标本全长431.0 mm,头长18.3     

三种蝮亚科蛇半阴茎形态的比较

对分布于我国的原矛头蝮、菜花原矛头蝮和察隅烙铁头蛇共２属３种的半阴茎进行了比较解剖和详细的描述,并对种间关系和相关分类问题做了讨论。     

菜花原矛头蝮的分布及其在山西繁殖生态的观察

菜花原矛头蝮(Ｐｒｏｔｏｂｏｔｈｒｏｐｓｊｅｒｄｏｎｉｉ[Ｇ櫣ｎｔｈｅｒ,1875])是我国主要毒蛇之一,隶蝰科(Ｖｉｐｅｒｉｄａｅ),蝮亚科(Ｃｒｏｔａｌｉｎａｅ),原矛头蝮属。它是山西省三种毒蛇之一,有一定危害,也具有一定的经济价值。现对其分布和繁殖生态报道如下。ＡｌｂｅｒｔＧ櫣ｎｔｈｅｒ(1875)依据印度东北部Ａｓｓａｍ邦Ｋｈａｓｓｙａ(=ＫｈａｓｉＨｉｌｌｓ)标本描述Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓｊｅｒｄｏｎｉｉ,我国称菜花烙铁头蛇。稍后(1889),同一作者又依据我国湖北宜昌标本描述Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓｘａｎｔｈｏｍｅ…     

浙江省发现角原矛头蝮

<正>2014年7月24日,于浙江省台州市仙居县(28°37′N,120°36′E,海拔339 m)发现1号雄性活体蛇类标本,经查阅文献和鉴定,确认为角原矛头蝮(Protobothrops cornutus),系华东地区及浙江省蛇类属、种的地理新分布,也是我国发现角原矛头蝮仅有的第5个分布点。本次采集的角原矛头蝮标本全长615.0 mm,头长26.0 mm,体长484.0 mm,尾长105.0 mm。头呈三角形,头颈部区分明显,上颌1对管牙,鼻眼间有颊窝,颊窝由3片大鳞围成,其中1枚为第2上唇鳞。上唇鳞10枚,鼻鳞与第1上唇鳞分离。下唇鳞14枚。舌前段2/3为黑色,后     

两例莽山原矛头蝮繁殖报道

正莽山原矛头蝮(Protobothrops mangshanensis)旧称莽山烙铁头蛇,属蝰科(Viperidae)原矛头蝮属。该种蛇为我国特有的珍稀濒危大型毒蛇,全长可达2m,头部呈三角形,形如一块烙铁,尾部呈白色。初蜕皮时为通身黑褐色间杂极小黄绿色或铁锈色点,至下次蜕皮前通身逐渐转变为呈灰白。目前已知仅分布在湖南省郴州市宜章县莽山东部林区至溶家洞(陈远辉等2003)以及毗邻的广东省韶关市乐昌八宝山和沙坪一带(谢和平等2013)海拔700～1 200 m的局部林区,野生数量稀少。     

广西发现茂兰原矛头蝮及分类探讨

2011年10月,相继在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区采得2号雄性茂兰原矛头蝮Protobothrops maolanensis,为广西自治区爬行类新纪录。这2号标本基本符合茂兰原矛头蝮鉴别特征,但有些特征又与越北原矛头蝮P. trungkhanhensis相似,提示两个物种的分类关系还需进行深入研究。     

红尾蚺和原矛头蝮基因组微卫星分布特征比较分析

本研究分析比较了红尾蚺Boa constrictor和原矛头蝮Protobothrops mucrosquamatus基因组微卫星的分布特征,通过MISA分别鉴定出398 860个和422 364个微卫星,其长度分别为8 550 741 bp和12 243 226 bp,分别占基因组序列总长度的0.59%和0.73%,在各自基因组中的丰度分别为275.46个/Mbp和252.33个/Mbp。红尾蚺基因组中单碱基重复类型微卫星最多,其次是四碱基、二碱基、三碱基、五碱基和六碱基,最丰富的5种微卫星类型是A、AC、AAAT、AG、AAT;原矛头蝮基因组中单碱基重复类型微卫星最多,其次是三碱基、四碱基、二碱基、五碱基和六碱基,最丰富的5种微卫星类型是A、AAT、AC、C、AAAT。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮微卫星在基因组不同区域丰度不同,基因间区丰度最高,其次是内含子和外显子,编码区微卫星丰度最低,表明编码区微卫星受到的选择压力最大。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮在基因中微卫星丰度分布的位置特征相似,即微卫星在基因上下游500 bp丰度最高,在内含子次之,在外显子最低。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮基因编码区所有6种重复类型微卫星中,三碱基重复类型占绝对优势。红尾蚺和原矛头蝮基因组中含有微卫星的编码序列分别有1 480条和1 397条,被GO注释的分别有736条和733条。它们的GO功能归类结果类似,但是与其他物种相比存在种系差异。本研究结果为后续开发这2种蛇的高质量微卫星标记提供了方便,也为进一步探索这些微卫星在它们基因组中的生物学功能提供了有意义的基础数据。     

原矛头蝮蛇毒毒性及恢复规律

目的:对原矛头蝮(P.mucrosquamatus)的毒性及其恢复规律进行考察,增进对该蛇毒性的认识。方法:用该蛇连续攻击小鼠,用梯度剂量蛇毒对小鼠进行腹腔注射,统计死亡率,以折算绝对毒性和半数致死量。对毒性耗竭个体,在梯度时间间隔采集蛇毒,以考察毒性恢复规律。结果:原矛头蝮在2 h内可导致6只小鼠死亡。蛇毒对小鼠的半数致死量为12.204μL/Kg。毒性耗竭后,在间隔21天所获得蛇毒的容积达到最大值即190μL,湿重为149.7 mg。结论:毒蛇在攻击猎物时,并不一次性排完毒腺中的所有毒液,随着攻击次数的增多,毒腺中毒液量逐步减少直至耗竭。其毒液量的恢复需要约3周时间,期间,单次排毒量逐渐增加,干物质的含量也基本呈递增趋势。就单次最大排毒量而言,原矛头蝮高于竹叶青、蝮蛇和银环蛇。其单位剂量毒性高于五步蛇和竹叶青。     

原矛头蝮蛇毒对小鼠器官形态的影响

目的:观察原矛头蝮(P.mucrosquamatus)蛇毒对小鼠脏器形态结构的影响,从组织学角度探讨该蛇毒的致病机理。方法:用原矛头蝮攻击小鼠,待小鼠死亡后,立即进行解剖,观察心脏和大血管内部血栓形成情况。取心脏、血管、周围神经、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏和肺,观察外形,并进行石蜡切片,H.E染色观察。用健康小鼠相同器官为对照,比较二者的差异。结果:被原矛头蝮攻击致死小鼠的心脏、肝脏和肺发生了显著收缩;心腔和血管腔被血栓堵塞;在心脏、肝脏和肾脏组织血管中观察到了血栓;脾脏中白细胞显著增多;肺泡收缩,细支气管严重收缩致管腔堵塞;股动脉血管内膜发生了脱落;在股神经中发生了脱髓鞘现象。结论:急性凝血和窒息是导致小鼠死亡的重要原因;原矛头蝮蛇毒兼具血循毒和神经毒的特征;原矛头蝮蛇毒可导致多种脏器内部结构发生改变。     

福建绿蝮生殖过程观察及体侧红线非雄性特有性别特征再证实

目的了解福建绿蝮产子全过程,补充福建绿蝮基础生物学资料。方法将野外捕获的福建绿蝮待产雌蛇置透明蛇箱内单独饲养,并观察生殖过程。结果记录到生殖全过程和初生幼蛇取食情况。结论两条产子雌蛇体侧皆有明显红线,证实体侧红线并非雄性福建绿蝮特有性别特征。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

Puccinia carici-adenocauli, a new rust fungus onCarex, and its anamorph,Aecidium adenocauli

Field observations and inoculation experiments showed thatAecidium adenocauli onAdenocaulon himalaicum was an anamorph of aPuccinia onCarex hakonensis andC. uda. From comparative morphology with caricicolous puccinias, the rust on theseCarex species was considered as a new species and was named asPuccinia carici-adenocauli. Contribution No. 142, Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

A New Family,Alteromonadaceae fam. nov., Including Marine Proteobacteria of the Genera Alteromonas,Pseudoalteromonas, Idiomarina,and Colwellia

The taxonomic positions of the marine genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Idiomarina, and Colwellia within the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria were specified on the basis of their phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics. Gram-negative aerobic bacteria of the genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, and Idiomarina and facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the genus Colwellia were found to form a phylogenetic cluster with a 16S rRNA sequence homology of 90% or higher. The characteristics of these genera presented in this paper allow their reliable taxonomic identification. Based on the analysis of our experimental data and analyses available in the literature, we propose to combine the genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Idiomarina, and Colwellia into a new family, Alteromonadaceae fam. nov., with the type genus Alteromonas.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and device-related nosocomial infections: implications, trends, and potential approaches for control

For many years, device-associated infections and particularly device-associated nosocomial infections have been of considerable concern. Recently, this concern was heightened as a result of increased antibiotic resistance among the common causal agents of nosocomial infections, the appearance of new strains which are intrinsically resistant to the antibiotics of choice, and the emerging understanding of the role biofilms may play in device-associated infections and the development of increased antibiotic resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are consistently identified as some of the more important agents of nosocomial infections. In light of the recent information regarding device-associated nosocomial infections, understanding the nature of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans infections is increasingly important. These two microorganisms demonstrate: (1) an ability to form biofilms on the majority of devices employed currently, (2) increased resistance/tolerance to antibiotics when associated with biofilms, (3) documented infections noted for virtually all indwelling devices, (4) opportunistic pathogenicity, and (5) persistence in the hospital environment. To these five demonstrated characteristics, two additional areas of interest are emerging: (a) the as yet unclear relationship of these two microorganisms to those species of highly resistant Pseudomonas spp and Candida spp that are of increasing concern with device-related infections, and (b) the recent research showing the dynamic interaction of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in patients with cystic fibrosis. An understanding of these two opportunistic pathogens in the context of their ecosystems/biofilms also has significant potential for the development of novel and effective approaches for the control and treatment of device-associated infections.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.