关于切除狗的甲状腺的实验

高一人体解剖生理学内分泌腺一章,提出了甲状腺、生殖腺和垂体三种内分泌腺对动物和人体的影响。我们为了更进一步使学生了解内分泌腺的重要作用,曾作了切除狗的甲状腺的实验。兹将实验过程和实验     

甲状腺素是一种前激素吗?

50年代前,四碘甲腺原氨酸(T_4)一直被认为是甲状腺所分泌的、唯一直接在细胞水平发挥生理作用的激素。1952年Gross和Pitt-Rivers首次发现:人类血清中存在三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3)。此后的研究证明:T_3也是甲状腺分泌的一种激素,其浓度虽仅为T_4的1/40;但无论在动物或人类,T_3的生理作用均比T_4大3～5倍。给予无甲状腺病人T_4后,可转变为     

大熊猫甲状腺解剖一例

大熊猫是我国特产的珍贵稀有动物,为了保护和利用这类动物,在对其生态生物学方面的观察研究已有较为详细的报道(胡锦矗)等,而对其生长发育方面的研究则甚少,似乎也不够广泛,刊斯特(Lyster)对大熊猫的乳腺作过解剖生理学方面的研究报道。甲状腺解剖至今未见报道。 甲状腺是动物体内一种重要的内分泌腺,其组织结构决定着它的功能,甲状腺的功能活动则直接影响动物的生长发育。对甲状腺的形态结构进行研究,为进一步研究其生理功能提     

甲状腺机能状态对甲状腺及血浆游离酪氨酸含量的影响

本工作研究了不同机能状态的甲状腺和游离酪氦酸合量变化之间的关系。主要结果如下:(一)在硫尿嘧啶和小剂量碘作用下,甲状腺呈机能亢进的组织学图相,在大剂量碘的作用下形成机能低下的图相。(二)在硫尿嘧啶和小剂量碘的作用下,甲状腺内的游离酪氨酸含量(以每单位组织算)显著减少,而血浆的游离酪氨酸浓度增高。(三)用大剂量碘饲养的动物的甲状腺的酪氨酸合量(以每单位组织算)升高,血浆的酪氨酸浓度降低。     

大鲵和山溪鲵甲状腺和肾上腺的观察

大鲵和山溪鲵都有一对甲状腺,腺体结构相似而分布位置不同。大鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的前端背面、山溪鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的后部外侧。二种动物的肾上腺由许多分布手肾脏腹面的一肾上腺小体组成,小体呈斑状,由类固醇分泌细胞群和嗜铬细胞群构成。另外,在大鲵的生殖系膜等处可见到肾上腺小体。     

大白鼠实验甲状腺瘤肿的研究Ⅰ.瘤肿的组织发生及其演发过程中核酸变化的组织化学分析

Ⅰ.引言甲状腺是重要的内分泌器官之一,其主要功能是分泌甲状腺激素(以后简称 TH), 藉以控制机体之代谢,甲状腺与细胞生长、成熟、分化有着密切的关系。人类的甲状腺疾病颇为常见,甲状腺瘤肿之发生亦屡见不鲜。在实验动物体内,可藉人工方法引起甲状腺瘤肿。在大白鼠中,当食料中长期的缺碘,以抗甲状腺物质(如硫脲及其衍生物、     

甲状腺功能的季节性变化及其意义

甲状腺功能的季节性变化及其意义施振旦（华南农业大学动物科学系广州５１０６４２）关键词甲状腺功能，生殖，生长，季节性变化，生命延续大多数生活在温带和寒带的动物，为了适应季节性的环境变化，最大限度地提高物种的生存能力，都表现出一年一度的季节性生理活动。动...     

神经内分泌讲座（二）：———促甲状腺激素分泌的神经内分泌调节

甲状腺是人及动物体内十分重要的内分泌器官。它分泌的甲状腺激素调节机体的代谢、生长发育等过程。甲状腺的功能又受到下丘脑－腺垂体－甲状腺轴的调节,而下丘脑又受脑的其它部位的功能控制。因此,通过下丘脑的神经内分泌作用,将神经系统的活动与甲状腺的内分泌功能有...     

不同手术方式对分化型甲状腺癌患者预后的影响

目的：探讨不同手术方式对分化型甲状腺癌患者临床治疗的效果及其预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析了2005.02-2012.07入住我院的60例分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料,采用如下三种不同的治疗方式：甲状腺切除术联合双侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫手术;保留对侧喉返神经入喉处甲状腺组织的甲状腺次全切除术联合单侧改良颈淋巴结清扫手术;保留对侧喉返神经入喉之处甲状腺组织的甲状腺次全切除手术联合双侧改良颈淋巴结清扫手术。结果：（1）上述三组患者术后,患者的甲状旁腺的功能低下之间均存在显著的统计学差异（P〈0.01）,三组喉返神经损伤的发生率之间也存在显著的统计学差异（P〈0.01）;本组60例患者均获10-172个月（平均为93.5±10.2）的随访,上述三种手术方式下患者的癌症复发率分别为77.8%、4.5%及45.0%,三组具有显著的统计学差异（P〈0.01）;生化治愈率分别为27.8%、95.5%及50.0%;平均生存时间分别为（92.3±12.5）个月、（105.8±14.5）个月及（112.3±20.9）个月。（2）三组患者术后生存质量总得分分别为（122±9）、（118±8）及（125±9）分。结论：与甲状腺切除术联合双侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫手术进行对比,保留对侧喉返神经入喉处甲状腺组织的甲状腺次全切除术联合单侧改良颈淋巴结清扫手术与保留对侧喉返神经入喉之处甲状腺组织的甲状腺次全切除手术联合双侧改良颈淋巴结清扫手术在生存时期、术后生存质量两个方面不具显著性差异。     

金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)甲状腺的C细胞

本文以HE和镀银显示法研究了三种金丝猴甲状腺C细胞的形态与分布。结果表明,金丝猴的C细胞为圆形或椭圆形,主要分布在甲状腺外侧叶上1/3偏内侧的深部,在下1/3外侧缘浅表面也有少量细胞分布。细胞数量少,分布范围窄,主要位于滤泡内和滤泡之间,以单个细胞分布为主,但在滤泡之间偶尔见到有2—3个细胞在一起的。其他部位未见C细胞。三种金丝猴C细胞的形态、数量和分布无明显差异。     

Comparative thyroid function in adult Japanese quail and ring doves: influence of dietary iodine availability

Thyroid function was studied in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, and Ring doves, Streptopelia risoria, when both were fed the same dietary iodine (I; 930 micrograms I/kg). We also compared thyroid function in groups of doves receiving low I (less than 100 micrograms I/kg) or moderate I (930 micrograms I/kg). We measured thyroid gland (TG) weight, TG stable I content, TG 125I uptake, and 125I labeling of thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in TGs and serum were also determined. Our results indicate that doves and quail receiving the same dietary I show similar serum T3 (the presumed metabolically active hormone) and TG functional state but that there are some differences between the species in the way in which this functional state is achieved. We also assessed the effects of differences in I availability on thyroid function in doves. With low dietary I doves show decreases in some measures of thyroid function (reduced serum T4 and TG-hormone stores) compared to doves with moderate I but maintain a comparable level of serum T3. This regulation of T3 appears to be independent of serum T4 or TG-hormone stores.     

眼镜蛇甲状腺结构的年周期变化律

本文报道眼镜蛇甲状腺结构的年周期变化规律;发现：（１）眼镜蛇甲状腺的滤泡、滤泡柱状上皮和吞饮泡的总数均值皆近似单峰曲线的年周期变化。滤泡、滤泡柱状上皮和吞饮泡的总数均值的高峰时间分别为６月１７日、５月２７日和５月３０日。眼镜蛇甲状腺结构３项指标总数均值的高峰期处于血浆ＴＳＨ浓度高峰期后,血浆Ｔ３,Ｔ４浓度高峰期前。     

Hyperresponsiveness of residual thyroid lobe of hemithyroidectomised rat to thyrotropin

The effects of hemithyroidectomy and thyrotropin administration on rat thyroid gland function were studied in adult male rats. Immediately after surgery or sham operation rats were treated daily with 0.12 IU of bovine thyrotropin (TSH) for 3 or 5 days. In control rats TSH dose applied resulted in an increase in serum T4 level at day 5 of experiment. Serum thyroxine concentration markedly decreased in sham operated and hemithyroidectomised rats, an effect observed at days 3 and 5 of experiment. TSH administration had no effect on serum T4 concentration in sham operated rats while in hemithyroidectomised animals such a treatment resulted in a marked increase in serum T4 level, a phenomenon observed in both time intervals studied. The reasons for hemithyroidectomy-induced hyperresponsiveness of rat thyroid residual lobe to thyrotropin are unknown.     

扬子鳄卵巢性类固醇激素受体的免疫细胞化学研究

为探讨扬子鳄卵巢内不同性类固醇激素受体在卵泡发育中的调控作用,研究采用组织学和免疫细胞化学方法,运用激光共聚焦显微镜,对扬子鳄不同发育时期卵泡中的雌激素受体、雄激素受体和孕激素受体进行了检测。结果发现,3种类固醇激素受体在卵巢各期滤泡细胞中均有表达,在4月Ⅱ-Ⅳ期卵泡的滤泡细胞中阳性反应最强;9月卵巢的滤泡细胞中阳性反应最弱;ER和AR不仅在各期滤泡细胞中存在阳性位点,在6月卵泡的卵母细胞胞质中也有表达。结果说明,在扬子鳄卵母细胞生长发育和成熟过程中,3种激素受体通过与其对应的激素结合对滤泡细胞的发育、卵黄的合成与积累以及排卵起着重要的调控作用。       

The effect of long-term external ionizing radiation on the functional activity of rat thyroid under enhanced potassium iodide consumption

The study was devoted to the effect of long-term (20 days) external ionizing radiation at a dose of 0.5 Gy on the iodide metabolism in the rat thyroid under supplementation of high iodine doses (10 daily KI doses). It was found that the potassium iodide administration partially prevented the effects of a post radiation decrease of serum thyroid hormone levels (the level of T4 was normal and that of T3 was 77.4% of the controls). After the supplementation of 10 daily iodide doses, the rat thyroid tissue showed the most pronounced increase in the levels of total, free and protein-bound iodide compared to the groups of animals consuming normal and elevated KI doses. Pronounced inhibition of thyroid peroxidase activity (3.1-fold) was noted in the same group. The data obtained indicate a radiation-induced activation of iodide uptake during its enhanced supplementation and disturbed iodide enzymatic oxidation and organification.     

Characterization of plasma triiodophenol binding proteins in vertebrates and tissue distribution of triiodophenol in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles

We investigated the interaction of 2,4,6-triiodophenol (TIP), a potent thyroid hormone disrupting chemical, with serum proteins from rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), chicken (Gallus gallus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), and rat (Rattus norvegicus) using a [(125)I]TIP binding assay, gel filtration chromatography, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [(125)I]TIP bound non-specifically to proteins in trout serum, specifically but weakly to proteins in bullfrog serum, and specifically and strongly to proteins in chicken, pig, and rat serum samples. Candidate TIP-binding proteins included lipoproteins (220-320kDa) in trout, albumin in bullfrog, albumin and transthyretin (TTR) in chicken and pig, and TTR in rat. TTR in the chicken, pig, and rat serum samples was responsible for the high-affinity, low-capacity binding sites for TIP (dissociation constant 2.2-3.5×10(-10)M). In contrast, a weak interaction of [(125)I]TIP with tadpole serum proteins accelerated [(125)I]TIP cellular uptake in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of [(125)I]TIP in tadpoles revealed that the radioactivity was predominantly accumulated in the gallbladder and the kidney. The differences in the molecular and binding properties of TIP binding proteins among vertebrates would affect in part the cellular availability, tissue distribution and clearance of TIP.     

Effect of long-term exposure to low dose gamma-irradiation on the rat thyroid status

The effect of long-term exposure to low-dose external radiation on the rat thyroid status was studied. The experiments were carried out on Wistar female rats. The single doses absorbed were 0.1; 0.25; 0.5 Gy. The rats were irradiated 20 times (5 days x 4 weeks). The animals were decapitated after 1, 30 and 180 days following the last irradiation. Blood serum was assayed for content of thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) radioimmunologically. The liver was spectrophotometrically assayed for thyroid-induced NADP-malatedehydrogenase (NADP-MDH). It was shown that the long-term 0.5-Gy irradiation of the animals induced a decrease in blood T4 and T3 concentrations 1.34-1.71-fold and 1.24-1.43-fold after 1, 30 and 180 days, respectively. The T3 level was diminished most pronouncedly after 1 day, whereas that of T4--after 30 days following the exposure. With the doses of 0.1 and 0.25 Gy absorbed, the T4 and T3 concentration remained unchanged throughout all the periods studied. The activity of NADP-MDH was decreased 1.55-2.46-fold in all the experimental animals, and it was held decreased after 180 days (1.43-1.50-fold) in 0.25- and 0.5-Gy-irradiated groups, which indicates a disturbance in thyroid hormone metabolism in rats exposed chronically to low-dose radiation. After 180 days, the experimental animals experienced an elevation of thyroid gland weight on 15-20%. The thyroid status disturbance seemed to be due to both inhibited T4 and T3 biosynthesis in thyroid and disturbed hormone peripheral metabolism under radiation exposure.     

Reversal of Cadmium-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction by Selenium, Zinc, or Their Combination in Rat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of combined treatment with zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in reversing cadmium (Cd)-induced thyroid dysfunction compared to Se or Zn treatment alone in rats exposed to Cd. For this purpose, 30 adult male Wistar albino rats were equally divided into control and four treated groups receiving either 200 ppm Cd (as CdCl2), 200 ppm Cd + 500 ppm Zn (as ZnCl2), 200 ppm Cd + 0.1 ppm Se (as Na2SeO3), or 200 ppm Cd + 500 ppm Zn + 0.1 ppm Se in their drinking water for 35 days. The results showed that Cd exposure increased significantly the relative thyroid weight (RTW), the thyroid Cd concentration, and the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, whereas the serum thyroxine (T4) level was decreased compared to control rats. The treatment of Cd-exposed rats with Se alone only partially protected from the Cd-induced decrease in serum T4 level. The treatment of Cd-exposed animals with Zn alone partially protected against Cd-induced thyroid dysfunction by maintaining normal RTW and by decreasing Cd concentration in the thyroid. It also partially prevents Cd-induced decrease in serum T4 level. The combined treatment of Cd-exposed animals with Se and Zn induced a more significant decrease in the thyroid Cd concentration than the Zn supplement and a total correction of the RTW. This treatment was also more effective than that with Se or Zn alone in reversing Cd-induced decrease in serum T4 level and Cd-induced increase in serum TSH level. Se and Zn can have a synergistic role against Cd-induced thyroid dysfunction.     

Prenatal exposure of the fetal rat to excessive L-thyroxine or 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-thyronine produces persistent changes in the thyroid control system

Studies were conducted to determine if brief exposure, in utero, to high levels of T4 or to the synthetic thyromimetic agent 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine (DIMIT) can produce permanent disruption of the thyroid control system in a manner analogous to the changes in the "set point" reported to occur due to neonatal T4 exposure in the "neo-T4 syndrome". If such a change were to occur, it could explain the persistent thyroid disturbances seen in the progeny of hypothyroid mother rats. These latter progeny are exposed in utero to both low and high serum T4 levels. Maternal T4 treatment produced a 4-fold elevation in fetal serum T4 accompanied by a large decrease in serum TSH levels. The brief treatment in utero with high doses of T4 or of DIMIT resulted in higher neonatal mortality and the T4-treatment produce subsequent growth stunting. These treatments resulted in suppression of the fetal/neonatal thyroid which was very apparent at 5 days of age. At 30 days post-partum, the thyroid control system of the progeny of the T4 and DIMIT-treated animals was still abnormal with low serum T4 levels accompanied with normal serum TSH and T3 levels. At 60 days of age, serum T4 levels remained low in the progeny of the T4-treated animals and the TSH response to TRH was subnormal in both the progeny of the T4-treated and the DIMIT-treated animals. However, serum and pituitary TSH and serum T3 were normal. The thyroid control system of the rat is sensitive to prenatal exposure to hyperthyroxinemia as it is to postnatal exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

THYROID PROLIFERATIVE POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF AGE

The effect of a goitrogenic stimulus on thyroid weight and thyroid cell ³HTdR labeling of Sprague-Dawley rats varying from 2 to 40 weeks of age was determined. Propylthiouracil ad libitum in drinking water produced a spurt in follicle cell labeling index and thyroid weight evident after 24 hr for all age groups. The increase in labeling index reached a peak at 5–7 days and then decreased to a level a few times greater than that of the normal unstimulated thyroid. The tritiated thymidine labeling index for thyroid follicle cells and the effect of PTU thereon was determined for August male rats of 3 days to 12 weeks of age. In the older rats, the follicle cell labeling index rose to 5–6% after 4–5 days of PTU treatment and then slowly fell to about 1%, For the unstimulated control rat of comparable age, the labeling index was about 0.1%. At all ages the thyroid showed a rapid response to PTU. Examination of the time sequence of mitotic labeling showed that the DNA synthesis period was 7.5 hr for normal 2-week-old rats and for 10–12-week-old rats that had received PTU for 4 days. There was no second wave of labeled mitoses in either group during the 48-hr interval studied. From the curve of thyroid weight vs time on PTU and from the labeled mitoses curve, inferences regarding the minimum fraction of proliferating follicle cells in the stimulated ‘adult’rat thyroid were made.