干旱胁迫下CO2浓度升高对转StAPX番茄植株耐旱能力的影响

在干旱胁迫伴随大气CO2浓度以及升高的CO2浓度（加倍）条件下,以过量表达番茄类囊体膜抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（StAPX）的转基因番茄为试材,探明干旱胁迫TCO2浓度升高对转基因及其野生型番茄植株清除活性氧及耐旱能力的影响。结果表明：升高的CO2浓度明显增加了干旱胁迫下植物的光合水平;升高的CO2浓度明显降低了干旱导致的植物体内H2O2．和O2的积累,影响了干旱胁迫下番茄植株的水．水循环系统的活性氧清除酶活性和小分子抗氧化物质含量;干旱胁迫下即使伴随升高的CO2浓度,测试番茄植株体内的渗透调节物质含量变化也不太明显;升高的CO2浓度明显降低了干旱胁迫下的植物细胞膜伤害程度;干旱胁迫下,升高的CO2浓度对转基因番茄株系比对野生型植株的影响更加明显。结果证明干旱逆境下,升高的CO2浓度能够在一定程度上进一步提高转基因番茄植株的耐旱性。     

喀斯特石生反叶扭口藓活性氧代谢对干旱胁迫的动态响应

本文研究了喀斯特石面常见植物反叶扭口藓(Barbula fallax Hedw.)在干旱胁迫下活性氧代谢的变化。结果显示:早期干旱超氧化酶歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及类胡萝卜素(Car)活性逐渐升高,胁迫后期活性下降;超氧阴离子(O-2.)、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量呈现出先升后降的趋势;质膜相对透性呈现出"抛物线"的变化。干旱胁迫早期由于O-2等活性氧的增加而启动活性氧清除系统进行清除,是抵御干旱的一种协同反应;后期反叶扭口藓依然保持较强的自由基清除能力,具有极强的耐旱能力。     

植物中活性氧的产生及清除机制

环境胁迫使植物细胞中积累大量的活性氧,从而导致蛋白质、膜脂、DNA及其它细胞组分的严重损伤。植物体内有效清除活性氧的保护机制分为酶促和非酶促两类。酶促脱毒系统包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)等。非酶类抗氧化剂包括抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽、甘露醇和类黄酮。利用基因工程策略增加这些物质在植物体内的含量,从而获得耐逆转基因植物已取得一定的进展。     

低温胁迫对嫁接西瓜耐冷性和活性氧清除系统的影响

研究了西瓜实生苗和以黑籽南瓜、超丰F1为砧木的嫁接苗的耐冷性及活性氧清除系统的差异．结果表明,低温胁迫下,嫁接苗的耐冷性明显高于实生苗,表现为以黑籽南瓜为砧木的嫁接苗的耐冷性>以超丰F1为砧木的嫁接苗>实生苗,此外嫁接苗和实生苗均表现为叶片中叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,非酶促抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)活性下降,说明低温逆境降低了植物体防御活性氧有关的酶促和非酶促保护系统能力,提高了体内自由基浓度,加剧了膜脂过氧化．嫁接苗的活性氧清除能力均高于自根苗,且嫁接苗中耐冷性越强的活性氧清除能力越高,说明西瓜嫁接后耐冷性的提高是与植物体内活性氧清除系统中抗氧化剂含量和抗氧化酶活性提高有关。     

水分胁迫下植物体内OH的产生与细胞的氧化损伤

干旱是植物组织的一种重要的胁迫因子。它能干扰植物细胞中活性氧产生与清除的平衡,导致植物细胞遭受氧化胁迫。过去十多年来,人们对水分胁迫下植物体内活性氧的产生、活性氧对植物的伤害及植物保护系统的作用进行了大量的研究,取得了明显的进展［１～４］。然而,水分...     

干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响

研究了干旱胁迫对抗旱性强弱不同的两种小麦幼苗的抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响。干旱胁迫导致了两种小麦抗氰呼吸活性及基因转录水平的下降,但抗旱品种在轻度干旱胁迫下表现出一定的适应能力,其抗氰呼吸活性及基因转录水平均高于不抗旱品种。干旱胁迫下,对干旱敏感的小麦幼苗叶片中活性氧含量高于抗旱小麦;3种抗氧化酶的活性低于抗旱小麦的3种抗氧化酶的活性。据此认为,严重的干旱胁迫引起活性氧含量的增加扰动了活性氧与抗氰呼吸之间的应答平衡,但抗氰呼吸可能通过清除活性氧等机制而起了抗旱的作用。     

重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片活性氧清除系统对喷施腐植酸水溶肥的响应

以燕麦品种‘燕科2号’为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置正常供水(CK)、正常供水下喷施腐植酸水溶肥(CKH)、重度干旱胁迫(SS)和重度干旱胁迫下喷施腐植酸水溶肥(SSH)４个处理,对燕麦叶片中活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、总抗氧化剂含量及产量等进行测定,以明确腐植酸水溶肥(HA)对重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片活性氧清除系统的调控效应,并探讨HA对燕麦耐旱性的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,燕麦叶片超氧阴离子( O₂^-·)、羟自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在重度干旱胁迫下显著提高,且均在喷施HA后比重度干旱胁迫处理显著降低,但此时活性氧的水平仍显著高于CK。(2)与CK相比,燕麦叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱氨肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱氨肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性在重度干旱胁迫下显著降低,而其总抗氧化能力(T AOC)显著提高,它们在喷施HA后均比重度干旱胁迫处理显著提高,但各酶活性仍不同程度低于CK。(3)与CK相比,燕麦籽粒产量和生物产量在重度干旱胁迫下显著下降,喷施HA后又比重度干旱胁迫显著升高,但仍显著低于CK。研究认为,喷施HA可有效提高重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片抗氧化酶活性,促进抗氧化物质再生,增强叶片的总抗氧化能力,从而有效清除重度干旱胁迫引起的活性氧积累,降低重度干旱胁迫对植物细胞膜的氧化损伤,最终缓解重度干旱胁迫对燕麦造成的伤害,一定程度上能够减少籽粒产量的损失。     

植物中的活性氧研究概述

活性氧作为有氧代谢的副产物不断在植物体内产生。在正常的生长环境条件下,植物将产生活性氧(reaction oxygen species, ROS)作为信号代谢分子以调控不同的代谢反应,例如病毒防御、细胞程序性死亡和气孔开闭等;当氧化胁迫发生时,胞内活性氧稳态受到严重破坏,影响作物的生长发育,从而降低作物产量及品质。为了降低因过量活性氧对植物体所造成的伤害,植物体内进化出了两种活性氧清除系统:酶清除系统和非酶清除系统。本文就此对植物在生长发育过程中ROS的产生、利弊、清除机制以及在作物改良上应用的可能性进行了系统的讨论。     

渗透胁迫对蒙古冰草幼苗保护酶系统的影响

用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum Keng)幼苗,研究了渗透胁迫对蒙古冰草幼苗某些酶活性的影响。结果表明：在轻度干旱胁迫下,蒙古冰草幼苗可以通过提高酶活性来维持活性氧产生与清除之间的平衡,以减少干旱胁迫介导的氧化胁迫,使MDA含量、膜透性降低。在中度或重度干旱胁迫下,酶活性可能遭受破坏,即使酶活性得到一定程度的提高,也不能维持活性氧产生与清除之间的平衡,使植物产生氧化伤害。     

喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓抗氧化防御系统对干旱胁迫的响应

为科学选择石漠化环境恢复治理的植物材料和深入了解岩生植物的耐旱机制,以喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓(Erythrodoutium juluceum)为实验材料,研究了干旱胁迫对其抗氧化酶防御系统的影响。结果表明:超氧化酶歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,超氧阴离子(O-2·)、丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现出先升后降的趋势;类胡萝卜素(Car)含量一直升高,质膜相对透性呈现出"抛物线"的变化趋势,可溶性蛋白含量波动变化。因此,干旱胁迫早期由于O-2·等活性氧的增加而启动活性氧清除系统进行清除,是抵御干旱的一种协同反应;后期穗枝赤齿藓依然保持较强的自由基清除能力,具有极强的耐旱能力。所以在长期的进化过程中,喀斯特石生藓类形成具有适合干旱变化的系列生理和代谢机制,通过形态上的变化来降低水分的散失,通过生理上的调整来应付环境的恶劣变化,这对于在石漠化地区揭示苔藓植物的抗逆机制,利用苔藓植物的先锋拓荒作用治理石漠化生态环境以及对退化生态系统进行人工恢复治理具有重要价值。     

氢气调节植物生长发育和提高植物抗逆性的研究进展

氢气作为新发现的活性气体被广泛研究。在植物生长发育方面,氢气具有促进种子发芽、幼苗发育、不定根生长等作用;在植物遭受逆境胁迫过程中,氢气通过调控抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质的生成及其相应的转录本来应对胁迫带来的氧化损伤,提高植物对干旱、盐胁迫、重金属胁迫、除草剂、紫外照射等胁迫的抗性,同时氢气还可以调控与抗病虫害等胁迫相关基因的表达。该文对国内外有关氢气在促进植物生长发育和提高植物抗性方面的作用,以及逆境胁迫下氢气作为信号分子通过调控抗氧化防御系统提高植物抗逆性的机制进行综述,以期更好地了解和促进氢气在农业科学上的研究与应用。     

植物抗氧化动态平衡研究进展

植物在生长发育的过程中会产生代谢副产物活性氧,其含量在植物生长过程中起双重作用。适量的活性氧可提高植物对逆境胁迫的耐受性,但是过量的活性氧会诱发氧化猝发反应,严重影响植物的生长发育。因此,提高植物的抗氧化能力对于提高植物的抗逆能力来说显得尤为重要,该方面的研究也成为近年来逆境生物学的一大热点。植物体为了应对逆境环境造成的活性氧动态失衡,进化出了含酶和非酶组分的抗氧化系统。本文主要介绍了参与高等植物活性氧代谢的相关物质,对近年来国内外报道的代谢途径进行了综述,为提高植物的抗逆能力提供参考依据。     

Photooxidative stress in plants

The light-dependent generation of active oxygen species is termed photooxidative stress. This can occur in two ways: (1) the donation of energy or electrons directly to oxygen as a result of photosynthetic activity; (2) exposure of tissues to ultraviolet irradiation. The light-dependent destruction of catalase compounds the problem. Although generally detrimental to metabolism, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide may serve useful functions if rigorously controlled and compartmentalised. During photosynthesis the formation of active oxygen species is minimised by a number of complex and refined regulatory mechanisms. When produced, active oxygen species are eliminated rapidly by efficient antioxidative systems. The chloroplast is able to use the production and destruction of hydrogen peroxide to regulate the thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy. This is an intrinsic feature of the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. Photoinhibition and photooxidation only usually occur when plants are exposed to stress. Active oxygen species are part of the alarm-signalling processes in plants. These serve to modify metabolism and gene expression so that the plant can respond to adverse environmental conditions, invading organisms and ultraviolet irradiation. The capacity of the antioxidative defense system is often increased at such times but if the response is not sufficient, radical production will exceed scavenging and ultimately lead to the disruption of metabolism. Oxidative damage arises in high light principally when the latter is in synergy with additional stress factors such as chilling temperatures or pollution. Environmental stress can modify the photooxidative processes in various ways ranging from direct involvement in light-induced free radical formation to the inhibition of metabolism that renders previously optimal light levels excessive. It is in just such situations that the capacity for the production of active oxygen species can exceed that for scavenging by the antioxidative defense systems. The advent of plant transformation, however, may have placed within our grasp the possibility of engineering greater stress tolerance in plants by enhancement of the antioxidative defence system.     

Phylloquinone, what can we learn from plants?

The plant plasma membrane contains redox proteins able to mediate a trans-membrane electron flow. This electron flow might be responsible for the generation of the active oxygen species observed as a reaction to pathogen attack or stress. Vitamin K1 could be identified as a possible lipid soluble electron carrier in plant plasma membrane preparations. Such a function would be analogous to coenzyme Q in animal plasma membranes. What we are going to outline in this contribution is a concept of how the electron transport system of the plant plasma membrane could interact with quinones, thus contributing to the metabolism of free radicals in plants.     

Singlet oxygen and plants

The generation, occurrence and action of singlet oxygen in plant tissue is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed upon its formation from triplet sensitizers and its reactivity with molecules of biological importance such as lipids and amino acids. The possibility of singlet oxygen generation in chloroplasts is discussed in relation to potential quenching systems such as carotenoid pigments, ascorbate and α-tocopherol. The problems associated with carotenoid diminution and some stress and herbicide treatment conditions are related to the possibility of damage by singlet oxygen. The action of a number of secondary plant substances, including quinones, furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes and thiophenes, as plant defence agents is discussed in relation to the photodynamic generation of singlet oxygen.     

A Review on Selenium Function under Oxidative Stress in Plants Focusing on ROS Production and Detoxification

One of the main reasons of the annual reduction in plant production all around the world is the occurrence of abiotic stresses as a result of an unpredicted changes in environmental conditions. Abiotic stresses basically trigger numerous pathways related to oxygen free radicals’ generation resulting in a higher rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Accordingly, higher rate of oxygen free radicals than its steady state causes to oxidize various types of molecules and compartments within the plants’ cells and tissues. Oxidative stress is the result of high amount free radicals of oxygen interfering with different functions leading to undergo significant changes from molecular to phenotypic levels. In response to oxidative stress, plants deploy different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to detoxify extra free radicals and get back to a normal state. Applying some specific treatments have shown to significantly affect the antioxidant capacity and efficiency of the stressed cells and compartments. One of such reportedly effective treatments is the utilization of selenium (Se) element in stressed plants. Over the past years some different experiments evaluated the probable effect or efficiency of Se regarding its impact on plant under oxidative stress. Accordingly, based on the recent studies, Se has a significant role in plant responses to abiotic stresses probably due to its ability to improve the plants’ tolerance to oxidative stress. The significant influences of Se, and its related components such as nano-selenium, in plants under oxidative stress rooting from abiotic stresses, along with the new finding pertaining to its metabolism and translocation mechanisms inside the plant cells under oxidative stress condition are clearly explained in this review. However, there are still lack of a comprehensive explanation related to the precise mechanism of Se in plants under oxidative stress.

     

Role of active oxygen species and NO in plant defence responses.

Research in the area of active oxygen species is going through a reflective stage. There is controversy whether multiple mechanisms for active oxygen species generation exist and some data may need reassessing since the discovery of a role for NO in defence responses. Important work concerning upstream and downsteam signalling in this area is emerging, and the stage is set for approaches utilising transgenic knockouts and mutants to resolve many questions.     

Antioxidative defense under salt stress

Salt tolerance is a complex trait involving the coordinated action of many gene families that perform a variety of functions such as control of water loss through stomata, ion sequestration, metabolic adjustment, osmotic adjustment and antioxidative defense. In spite of the large number of publications on the role of antioxidative defense under salt stress, the relative importance of this process to overall plant salt tolerance is still a matter of controversy. In this article, the generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under normal and salt stress conditions in relation to the type of photosynthesis is discussed. The CO₂ concentrating mechanism in C4 and CAM plants is expected to contribute to decreasing ROS generation. However, the available data supports this hypothesis in CAM but not in C4 plants. We discuss the specific roles of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in relation to the oxidative load in the context of whole plant salt tolerance. The possible preventive antioxidative mechanisms are also discussed.Key words: salt stress, generation of ROS, type of photosynthesis, scavenging of ROS, preventive antioxidative defense     

Cell death mediated by MAPK is associated with hydrogen peroxide production in Arabidopsis.

Rapid and localized programmed cell death, known as the hypersensitive response (HR) is frequently associated with plant disease resistance. In contrast to our knowledge about the regulation and execution of apoptosis in animal system, information about plant HR is limited. Recent studies implicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in regulating plant HR cell death as well as several other defense responses during incompatible interactions between plants and pathogens. Here, we report the generation of transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express the active mutants of AtMEK4 and AtMEK5, two closely related MAPK kinases under the control of a steroid-inducible promoter. Induction of the transgene expression by the application of dexamethasone, a steroid, leads to HR-like cell death, which is preceded by the activation of endogenous MAPKs and the generation of hydrogen peroxide. Both prolonged MAPK activation and reactive oxygen species generation have been implicated in the regulation of HR cell death induced by incompatible pathogens. As a result, we speculate that the prolonged activation of the MAPK pathway in cells could disrupt the redox balance, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species and eventually HR cell death.     

Generation of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species by hydrodynamically stressed suspensions of Morinda citrifolia

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by plant cell suspension cultures, in response to the imposition of both biotic and abiotic stress, is well-documented. This study investigated the generation of hydrogen peroxide by hydrodynamically stressed cultures of Morinda citrifolia, over a 5-h period post-stress imposition. Suspensions were exposed to repeated passages through a syringe, under laminar flow conditions, corresponding to cumulative energy dissipation levels of approximately 3-6 J kg-1. Extracellular hydrogen peroxide was detected using a luminol-based chemiluminescence assay. The addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide facilitated the detection of low levels of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of antioxidants. Immediately after shear exposure, there was evidence of significant antioxidative capacity in the sheared cell cultures, which potentially masked any oxidative burst (OB), but which decreased over the following 40 min. This antioxidative capacity was determined to derive from the shearing process. Trials in which ground cellular debris was added to control suspensions suggested that some of the antioxidative capacity observed in stressed suspensions was directly associated with debris generated by the shearing process. Using UV-vis spectrophotometry and HPLC, stress-related increases in the levels of phenolic compounds were detected in suspension filtrates. Under the stress conditions investigated, maximum hydrogen peroxide levels of 11.5 muM were observed, 5 h after shear exposure. This study emphasizes the importance of considering both oxidative and antioxidative capacities as part of a holistic approach to the determination of the OB in hydrodynamically stressed plant cell suspension cultures.