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1.
王永健  陶建平  张炜银  臧润国  丁易  李媛  王微 《生态学报》2006,26(11):3525-3532
通过样带调查和TWINSPAN、DCCA分析,从植物种、植物群落及其多样性与环境关系方面,研究了岷江上游土地岭大熊猫走廊带恢复植被的干扰状况。结果表明:应用TWINSPAN分类,并结合优势种组成、干扰状况分析及DCCA排序,可将植被划分为6个群落类型,同时划分出响应型、迟钝型、中度干扰忍耐型和重度干扰忍耐型4类干扰响应的植物类型。以样方物种和以样方多样性指数的DCCA分析结果基本一致,物种及群落的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,反映其与环境因子间的密切关系。DCCA排序图上,海拔差、坡形、与公路距离、坡度及道路条数对群落和物种分布有明显的影响,与干扰相关性最大的坡度、样地道路数目、与公路间的距离3个因子反映了植被的干扰梯度。干扰对土地岭恢复植被影响显著,干扰降低了群落的物种多样性,同时阻碍了演替进程。  相似文献   

2.
王琳  刘彤  韩志全  刘华峰  陈正霞  罗宁 《生态学报》2014,34(23):6797-6806
在古尔班通古特沙漠70个固定样地中采集了87种植物种子,通过测量种子百粒重,分析了种子大小在不同分类群中的变异规律,并调查了样地中不同类型种子总数目的空间格局。结果发现:1)古尔班通古特沙漠植物种子大小可分为:A(0.1—1 mg)、B(1—10 mg)、C(10—100 mg)、D(100—1000 mg)、E(1000—5000 mg)5种类型。拥有不同类型物种数量差异较大,其中D型种子物种最多,含41种占总物种数目的 47.1%,其次C型种子30种占总物种数目的 34.5%,E型种子占总物种数的13.8%,B型种子总物种数的3.5%,A型种子占总物种数的1.1%。沙漠植物中中等种子大小物种占多数,与以色列特拉维夫以北的Poleg自然保护区地中海沿岸沙漠地区相似。由于本地属、种为地中海区、西亚至中亚分布,所以认为本沙漠种子大小主要受系统演化影响。2)科间种子大小存在极显著差异,百粒重最大科是蓼科(29315 mg)、最小的是列当科(0.3 mg)。藜科,菊科,紫草科的属间种子大小差异显著。3)生活型间种子大小差异显著,种子大小从大到小排序为:灌木类短命植物多年生草本短命植物半灌木1年生草本。4)种子大小与物种相对分布频度相关性不显著,但将相对分布频度小于1.4%的环境特化物种去除后,种子大小与物种相对分布频度呈指数型极显著负相关。5)B型、C型、D型三类种子在样地中的总数目随海拔、经度和降水的增加而极显著增加,随纬度的增加而极显著降低,E型种子则与之相反。表明古尔班通古特沙漠未来随着降水的增加,B型、C型、D型种子的植物优势性逐渐增加,而E型种子的灌木类等物种优势性逐渐减少,注意加以保护。  相似文献   

3.
植物群落的空间分异格局是异质生境条件下物种性状、种间相互作用等生态学过程共同作用的结果,对其分析有助于深入理解群落构建进程。本文基于金沙江流域干旱河谷116个样点562个样方的植物群落调查数据,采用自适应仿射传播聚类的方法进行群落数量分类,运用莫兰特征向量地图,和方差分解的方法对影响群落结构的空间和环境因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)自适应仿射传播聚类将金沙江干旱河谷的植物群落分为30组,可归为7个植被型,23个群系,以稀树草原(30.0%)、暖性落叶阔叶灌丛(55.7%)为最主要的植被类型。(2)年均温和干燥指数是限制金沙江干旱河谷植物群落分布的主要环境因子。稀树草原、肉质灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛是典型的干热河谷植被类型;暖性落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿硬叶林是干暖河谷植被的优势类型;暖性针叶林、落叶阔叶林则主要在干温河谷环境占优势。(3)纯环境因子可以解释群落物种组成变化的5.5%,纯空间因子可以解释的物种组成变化为22.5%,有空间结构的环境因子部分为6.6%,未解释的部分为65.4%。在诸多环境因子中,年均温及干燥指数的不同显示了不同群落生境的重要差异,并显著影响到群落的分布格局。大尺度的空间因子则主要通过地理隔离对群落结构的差异产生影响。  相似文献   

4.
农田生物多样性评价中常采用指示类群基于物种鉴定水平的数据计算多样性指数,如果能用高级别的分类鉴定结果(如科)或直接用该指示类群个体数来代替该类群物种水平上的多样性指数,可以极大地节省鉴定的成本和降低鉴定难度。同时采用多个指示类群田间取样数据和多种分析方法验证这个问题有助于获得更为普适的结论。为研究农田节肢动物不同分类级别和个体数对于物种丰富度的替代效果,于2019年5-8月在浙江省宁波市的两片不同管理措施和多生境的农田景观区进行了节肢动物群取样调查,并对蜘蛛和蜂类两个类群进行了科级和物种级别的鉴定。通过分析目级和科级分类水平的数目、指示类群的个体数与物种丰富度之间的相关性;并基于这4个指数进行不同管理措施和生境间的双因素方差分析;同时基于目级、科级和物种级别数据,采用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)对比他们在不同管理措施和生境间的种类组成差异。结果显示:(1)将蜘蛛、蜂类分类至科级可分别拟合其物种水平数据63%和89%的变异性,并且比目级的数据相关性更大。(2)两个指示类群的个体数与物种数之间都有极为显著的相关性,且r≥0.7。(3)比起目级数,科级数和个体数在不同管理措施和生境间的差异结果和物种数更类似。(4)基于分科数据的NMDS在不同管理措施和生境间差异的结果也和物种级别数据的结果更类似。因此,在农田生物多样性的评估中,可以在一定程度上采用较高层次分类的数据,其中科级水平的数据作为首选,从而降低分类鉴定难度并提高工作效率。在需要快速进行蜘蛛和蜂类等基于大量标本数目的生物多样性评估时,可直接统计指示类群个体数量来替代物种数结果。  相似文献   

5.
红花尔基地区沙地樟子松群落及其与环境关系研究   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14  
通过野外调查,采用双向指示种分类(TWINSPAN)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)方法。对内蒙古红花尔基地区沙地樟子松群落进行了分类和排序,并根据DCCA排序结果对樟子松群落和物种空间分布格局及其与环境因子之间关系进行定量分析。结果表明,应用TWINSPAN方法将该区沙地樟子松植被划分为6个类型。DCCA分析表明,海拔高度、地貌类型、群落盖度、土壤总碳含量、土壤总氮含量、乔木胸面积等因子对植物群落和物种分布格局影响明显。在DCCA排序图上,樟子松群落及物种的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,可划分出不同的类群,并反映与环境因子之间具有密切的关系。对各类环境因子解释植被分布格局的作用进行了定量分解,指出地形因素是解释作用最强的变量,对未能解释部分的原因进行了分析。  相似文献   

6.
中国裸子植物的物种多样性格局及其影响因子   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
物种多样性的大尺度空间格局是宏观生态学和生物地理学研究的核心问题之一。本文利用中国裸子植物分布数据,结合气候、地形等环境信息,分析了中国裸子植物物种多样性的大尺度格局及其影响因素,比较了不同类群之间物种多样性格局和主导因子的差异,并探讨了裸子植物在植物区系中所占比重的地理格局。结果表明,中国裸子植物的物种多样性总体上呈现南高北低的趋势,物种多样性在横断山区最高。在裸子植物的三个主要类群中,松柏亚纲的物种多样性格局与整体相似,买麻藤亚纲的多样性高值区则出现在中国西北部的干旱地区,苏铁亚纲的分布区较为狭窄,主要集中在南方地区。线性回归分析结果表明,空间异质性和降水因子对中国裸子植物多样性格局的解释率最高,末次冰期以来的气温变化、海拔高差和能量因子次之。这表明中国裸子植物物种多样性的格局受到了多种因素的影响,其中空间异质性和降水因子影响最大。进一步分析发现,物种多样性格局的主导因子在不同类群之间具有显著差异,这可能反映了这些类群的进化历史以及生理适应的差异。裸子植物与被子植物的比例具有明显的空间格局:在东部、南部气候环境优越的地区,裸子植物与被子植物的比例低于0.06;而在西部、北部等气候环境比较恶劣的地区,裸子植物的比例则显著上升。回归分析表明,能量和水分因子显著影响了裸子植物与被子植物的比例。随着能量的降低和降水的减少,裸子植物与被子植物的比例会显著升高,这可能是由于被子植物在温暖湿润地区具有较强竞争优势,但裸子植物对极端环境具有更好的适应。  相似文献   

7.
【目的】生境类型和环境因子对物种分布和维持具有重要的影响。本研究通过分析不同生境类型对蝴蝶群落多样性及其群落结构影响的差异,以及环境因子对蝴蝶物种丰富度和多度的影响,为区域变动尺度蝴蝶多样性维持机制的研究奠定基础。【方法】于2019年8月和10月,在西双版纳地区采用样线法,调查了天然林、次生林、复合生境、人工林和农田5种生境中蝴蝶的物种,分析了蝴蝶群落多样性、群落结构相似性及物种丰富度和多度与环境因子的关系。【结果】2019年从西双版纳共采集蝴蝶2 226头,隶属于11科98属175种,在西双版纳州级尺度上蝴蝶物种丰富度高于县域尺度。在西双版纳州级尺度上,蝴蝶的物种丰富度和多度在5种生境间存在显著差异,而在县域尺度上,物种丰富度、多度和Chao 1物种丰富度估计值没有一致性规律。群落结构相似性结果显示,在西双版纳州级尺度上,蝴蝶群落结构在不同生境类型间存在极显著差异,在县域尺度上,仅勐腊区域蝴蝶群落结构在不同生境类型间存在显著差异。蝴蝶物种丰富度和多度不仅受到生境类型的影响,还受到温度、年均降水和海拔的影响。【结论】本研究结果表明,在区域变动尺度上,生境类型对西双版纳蝴蝶的多样性的影响较大,而温度、年均降水和海拔是维持蝴蝶物种多样性的重要因素。这些发现对当前人类导致的生境丧失和气候变化时代生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
了解不同森林群落类型的物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性,有助于指导森林经营和生物多样性保护。本研究比较了浙江省内不同地点主要森林类型(包括常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林)的物种α多样性和谱系α多样性,以及物种β多样性和谱系β多样性。研究表明,该地区主要森林类型的物种和谱系α多样性均存在较大差异,但控制了空间和地形因子的作用后,差异几乎全部消失;森林类型内部及相互间的物种和谱系β多样性均存在显著差异,同种森林类型内部的物种和谱系β多样性分别小于不同森林类型之间的物种和谱系β多样性,且在控制了空间和地形因子的作用后,以上差异仍然显著。本研究表明影响亚热带主要森林群落类型物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性的因素存在差异:α多样性可能主要受到空间和地形因子等的影响,而β多样性则可能受到森林类型的重要影响。  相似文献   

9.
东灵山地区地表甲虫群落组成及季节变化   总被引:11,自引:5,他引:6  
本文研究东灵山地区地表甲虫群落的物种组成和季节变化,取样选择在11种不同生境类型内,分别代表该地区的植被类型与环境变化。1999~2000年的野外取样共获得甲虫标本10874号,其中步甲、隐翅虫、叶甲、象甲、拟步甲、金龟和叩甲等7科的个体数量较多,合计占个体总数的83.36%,为该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。选择40个最常见物种统计种类和数量,对生境进行主成分分析排序(PCA)和系统聚类分析,可以将东灵山地区的11种生境类型划归为3类:即梨园岭退耕区的灌丛类型、小龙门林区的森林类型和东灵山主峰区的亚高山植被类型,梨园岭退耕区的辽东栎萌生丛被合并到小龙门林区森林植被类型中,反映了植被类型、海拔高度及受干扰程度可能是决定该地区地表甲虫群落组成和分布的主要因素。研究地表甲虫的季节变化发现其活动高峰多出现在6月和7月,而且在不同生境类型内,优势类群的组成和季节变化有很大差异;小龙门林区内数量分布高于梨园岭退耕区内的分布,尤其在落叶松林和阔叶混交林内的数量优势更加明显。如果按营养层次划分功能群,捕食性类群比例最高,植食性类群次之,腐食性类群最少,捕食性类群的季节活动曲线滞后于植食性类群的活动曲线。  相似文献   

10.
郑大川  周杰  李思雨  陶军  顾卫 《生态学报》2021,41(17):6718-6727
采用Meta分析对中国区域耕地和林地的土壤动物数量、组成和多样性差异进行定量研究。整合分析结果表明,在中国区域耕地比林地有显著低的土壤动物个体密度(-55.74%)、类群数(-27.56%)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(-24.51%),其中个体密度的响应与类群数和Shannon-Wiener多样性的响应存在显著差异。年均温高于20℃地区耕地和林地间土壤动物数量、类群数和多样性的响应绝对值显著低于年均温小于20℃地区,且耕地与林地间无差异;年降水量400-800mm地区耕地和林地间土壤动物多样性的响应绝对值最大,其次在年降水量大于800mm地区,最小值在年降水量小于400mm地区(耕地与林地无差异)。耕地中水田土壤动物Shannon-Wiener多样性与林地无差异;经济林土壤动物Shannon-Wiener多样性与耕地间无差异。在不同土壤动物尺寸的亚组中,大型土壤动物数量、类群数和多样性的响应绝对值大于小型土壤动物的响应绝对值,且类群数差异显著。耕地中蜱螨类(Acarina)数量显著低于林地(-64.11%),而耕地的弹尾目(Collembola)数量与林地无差异;膜翅目(Hymenoptera)(-75.79%)和革翅目(Dermaptera)(102.97%)在耕地和林地间的差异最为明显。上述结果表明,中国区域耕地和林地的土壤动物数量和多样性响应差异不仅受到区域气候条件的影响,也受到耕地和林地类型以及土壤动物个体尺寸的影响,且不同物种的响应存在差异。  相似文献   

11.
1. Estimates of species richness obtained from exhaustive field inventories over large spatial scales are expensive and time-consuming. For this reason, efficiency demands the use of indicators as 'surrogates' of species richness. Biodiversity indicators are defined herein as a limited suite of taxonomic groups the species richness of which is correlated with the species richness of all other taxonomic groups present in the survey area.
2. Species richness in ground water was assessed at different spatial scales using data collected from six regions in Europe. In total, 375 stygobiotic species were recorded across 1157 sites and 96 aquifers. The taxonomic groups collected from more than one site and with more than two species (Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Ostracoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Bathynellacea and Acari) were used to develop nonparametric models to predict stygobiotic biodiversity at the aquifer scale.
3. Pair-wise correlations between taxonomic groups were low, i.e. variation in species richness of a single taxonomic group did not usually reflect variation of the other groups. In contrast, multiple regressions calculated between species richness of any combination of taxa and extra-group species richness along the six regions resulted in a number of significant relationships.
4. These results suggest that some taxonomic groups (mainly Copepoda and Amphipoda and, to a lesser extent, Oligochaeta and Gastropoda) combined in different ways across the regions, were good biodiversity indicators in European groundwater ecosystems. However, the uneven distribution of taxonomic groups prevented selection of a common set of indicators for all six regions. Faunal differences among regions are presumably related to both historical and ecological factors, including palaeogeography, palaeoecology, geology, aquifer fragmentation and isolation, and, less clearly, anthropogenic disturbance.  相似文献   

12.
中国不同地理区域鸟兽物种丰富度的相关性   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
生物类群之间物种丰富度的相关性研究是当前物种多样性研究中的热点问题之一,目前,中国尚无相关的研究报道。我们收集了中国三种区域类型:动物地理亚区、行政区和保护区的鸟兽名录,分析了行政区与保护区、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性。 结果表明:不同区域、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数都显著相关。保护区尺度鸟兽物种 数的相关系数为0.818和动物地理区中的华北区为0.768,其他所有区域和地理区域的鸟兽物 种数的相关系数都高于0.850。因此,鸟兽物种数的相关关系在一定程度上具有预测价值。我们发现不同区域鸟兽物种数比值无显著性差异;但是,不同区域间鸟兽物种数 比值差异显著。该比值在中国呈中间低四周高的分布趋势,其中东北地区最高。我们还利用历史累积调查数据与非历史累积调查数据进行了鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性分析,发现利用累积数据计算的相关性低于非累积数据计算的相关性,但利用累积数据计算的鸟兽物 种数比值高于非累积数据计算的比值。最后,探讨了为什么鸟类与兽类的物种数目会相关。我们根据物种-面积公式,S=CAZ,导出了两个生物类群物种丰富度的相关关 系式。利用全国不同区域数据拟合,得到Z1/Z2=0.913,Z1/Z2接近于1。于是 ,C1/C2可视为近似等于Ram。本研究可推广到其他不同生物类群物种。物种数量的相关关系为快速评估区域的物种多样性提供了一条途径。  相似文献   

13.
Abstract. There has been much debate concerning the relative influence on biodiversity of historical vs. current ecological factors. Although both are important, we suggest that historical influences might be greater at higher taxonomic level, since one is looking further back into evolutionary history than at lower taxonomic level. Although we are unable to separate ecological from historical effects in the present global study on scarabaeine dung beetles, we are able to demonstrate differences in correlations between major environmental influences (climatic area, numbers of dung types) and major components of diversity (taxon richness, taxon diversity, functional composition) at different taxonomic levels (tribe, genus, species). Current global variation in taxon richness is correlated strongly to current biogeographical variation in the area of suitable climate at all three taxonomic levels. However, generic and species richness is correlated most strongly to climatic combinations which include tropical and warm summer rainfall climate types (I, II). In contrast, tribal richness is correlated most strongly to climatic combinations which include both warm summer rainfall and temperate climate types (II, VI, X). Regional variation in the number of available dung types shows a strong positive correlation to regional variation in taxon richness at higher tribal level but not at lower generic and species levels. Similarly, biogeographical differences in the number of available dung types show a strong negative correlation to dominance indices for taxon diversity at tribal level (distribution of generic numbers between tribes) but none at generic level (species numbers per genus). As functional diversification is linked closely to taxonomic diversification at tribal level, proportions of both ball‐rolling genera and ball‐rolling species also show strong negative correlations to the number of dung types available in each region. In conclusion, the presence of dung type correlations only at higher taxonomic level may reflect historical effects on scarabaeine taxon diversification, whereas differences in correlations to climate type with taxonomic level may reflect both current ecological and historical effects.  相似文献   

14.
Aim The increasing number and availability of online databases of alien species beg a question of their comparability given most do not adopt standard criteria in the definition of species status or taxonomic treatment and vary in their comprehensiveness. In this study, we compare the consistency of two major European databases for the regions they have in common. We assess whether they use consistent terminology to classify species status, provide similar taxonomic classification and coverage, deliver comparable estimates of alien richness per country and identify comparable correlates of alien richness. Location Northern Europe. Methods Data on the total number of alien species as well as the number of established alien species were extracted from the online databases DAISIE and NOBANIS for 13 European countries and classified into comparable taxonomic groups. Analyses across countries examined trends in alien species richness, correlations among taxonomic groups and the explanatory power of population density, country area and per capita GDP on alien species richness. Results Alien species richness, intertaxon correlations and the significance of individual drivers of invasion were all strongly database dependent. Differences were more marked for total numbers of aliens than established aliens. Over all taxonomic groups, DAISIE had lower species richness and fewer significant intertaxon correlations but presented a greater number of significant explanatory models of alien species richness. Trends in species richness were not generally correlated between the two databases with human population density being a more important driver in DAISIE while country area had greater explanatory power in NOBANIS. Main conclusions Considerable caution should be applied when collating data from different databases because often their underlying structure and content may differ markedly. For Europe, the analysis indicates that having two contrasting databases is not an ideal basis for implementing invasive species policy and moves should be made soon to establish a central pan‐European database.  相似文献   

15.
The establishment of protected areas is traditionally considered indispensable to preserve biodiversity hotspots or areas inhabited by threatened species. The analysis of correlations between composition or richness of several taxonomic groups in a specific area has emerged as a useful mechanism to quickly identify areas of biological and conservation interest, and is currently used to select and design protected areas. The effect of habitat fragmentation on these correlations at a regional scale has been studied, but the effect of land use on the correlations obtained at local scale is poorly understood. We evaluated the relationships among different taxonomic groups frequently used in biological assessments for reserve design (vascular flora, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals), taking into account the effects of land use on these correlations. We compared richness and species composition of these groups in 1 km2 quadrants within a total area of 75 km2 in a low mountain Mediterranean area. Richness and composition were significantly correlated between several groups, both using the complete data set and also analyzing natural and disturbed areas separately. Species composition and species richness correlations were not congruent at the full landscape approach, nor natural and disturbed quadrants. Factors extrinsic to the communities also varied their influence in the assemblage of the community and species richness or not land uses were taken into account. According to our results, natural and human-disturbed areas should not be combined in cross-taxon congruences analysis at local scale.  相似文献   

16.
Avian assemblage structure and domestic cat densities in urban environments   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
While there is intense debate regarding the impact of domestic cat populations on wildlife, its resolution is hindered by the lack of quite basic information. Domestic cats are generalist and obligate predators that receive supplementary food, and their population density reflects that of humans more than the density of their prey. In such a predator–prey system there is the potential for cat populations to have negative impacts on avian assemblages, which may be indicated by negative correlations between cat density and avian species richness and density. Here we report on the nature of such correlations across urban areas in Britain both for groups of species classified regarding their vulnerability to cat predation and individual species. Taking the availability of green space into account, we find negative relationships between cat densities and the number of bird species breeding in urban 1 km × 1 km squares. These relationships are particularly strong among groups of species that are vulnerable to cat predation. We find positive correlations between cat and avian densities; these have low explanatory power and shallow slopes among the species groups that are particularly vulnerable to cat predation. Evidence that the densities of individual species that are vulnerable to cat predation are negatively correlated with cat densities is equivocal, with at least half the species showing no marked pattern, and the remainder exhibiting contrasting patterns. Our results appear not to be confounded by the density of nest‐predating corvids (carrion crow, magpie, and jay), as the density of these species was not strongly negatively correlated with avian species richness or density. The general lack of marked negative correlations between cat and avian densities at our focal spatial scale may be a consequence of consistently high cat densities in our study areas (minimum density is 132 cats per square kilometre), and thus uniformly high impacts of cat populations on urban avian assemblages.  相似文献   

17.
Aim Using a global data base of the distribution of extant bird species, we examine the evidence for spatial variation in the evolutionary origins of contemporary avian diversity. In particular, we assess the possible role of the timing of mountain uplift in promoting diversification in different regions. Location Global. Methods We mapped the distribution of avian richness at four taxonomic levels on an equal‐area 1° grid. We examined the relationships between richness at successive taxonomic levels (e.g. species richness vs. genus richness). We mapped the residuals from linear regressions of these relationships to identify areas that are exceptional in the number of lower taxa relative to the number of higher taxa. We use generalized least squares models to test the influence of elevation range and temperature on lower‐taxon richness relative to higher‐taxon richness. Results Peaks of species richness in the Neotropics were congruent with patterns of generic richness, whilst peaks in Australia and the Himalayas were congruent with patterns of both genus and family richness. Hotspots in the Afrotropics did not reflect higher‐taxon patterns. Regional differences in the relationship between richness at successive taxonomic levels revealed variation in patterns of taxon co‐occurrence. Species and genus co‐occurrence was positively associated with elevational range across much of the world. Taxon occurrence in the Neotropics was associated with a positive interaction between elevational range and temperature. Conclusions These results demonstrate that contemporary patterns of richness show different associations with higher‐taxon richness in different regions, which implies that the timing of historical effects on these contemporary patterns varies across regions. We suggest that this is due to dispersal limitation and phylogenetic constraints on physiological tolerance limits promoting diversification. We speculate that diversification rates respond to long‐term changes in the Earth's topography, and that the role of tropical mountain ranges is implicated as a correlate of contemporary diversity, and a source of diversification across avian evolutionary history.  相似文献   

18.
Aim To test whether the distribution of alien bird impacts varies across bird families and regions of origin, and to investigate whether species traits associated with successful introductions can predict which species will have negative impacts in the new area of introduction. Location Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Methods Combining historical information and published literature about negative economic, biological and human health impacts, we compared the distribution of impacts among bird families and native origins of bird species for three major types of impact (economic, biodiversity and human health). We examined the relationships between ecological, biological and reproductive characteristics of species and the severity of the impacts. Results The majority of alien species with reported impacts originated from the Afrotropical, Indo‐Malayan and Palaearctic biogeographical regions. The distribution of alien bird species in Europe with reported impacts shows a taxonomic bias and largely mirrors patterns of establishment. While most species had primarily either economic or biodiversity impacts, several species in the Anatidae, Corvidae, Passeridae, Phasianidae and Sturnidae families were associated with moderate to serious negative impacts on both economic resources and native biodiversity. After controlling for taxonomic effects, species with the greatest overall impacts were habitat generalists and multi‐brooded, while species with smaller bodies and the tendency to form large feeding or roosting flocks were linked with greater impacts on native biodiversity. Main conclusions This study presents the first synthesis of published impact data for alien birds and provides a broad‐scale perspective on factors that contribute to their impacts. The results show that accounting for both species traits and taxonomy improves our ability to predict the impacts of alien bird species. Because several species are currently in the early stages of establishment in Europe, there may be an opportunity to limit negative impacts with efforts that promote proactive strategies against species and families possessing the above characteristics.  相似文献   

19.
Tropical forests are among the most species-diverse ecosystems on Earth. Their structures and ecological functions are complex to understand. Functional group is defined as a group of species that play similar roles in an ecosystem. The functional group approach has been regarded as an effective way of linking the compositions of complex ecosystems with their ecological functions. To understand the variation of functional groups in species-rich ecosystems after disturbance, the present study investigated the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of woody plants in a typically fragmented natural forest landscape of Hainan Island in South China. The study area was classified into eight landscape types based on vegetation type, disturbance manner and the time of recovery. The woody plant species were aggregated into seven functional groups based on the growth form, successional status and plant size. The results gained from the present study showed that all functional groups, except for the emergent and canopy tree species, were present in all eight landscape types. Each landscape type had different numbers of dominant functional groups. There are similar species richness and stem abundance structure among functional groups between mid-successional clear cut lowland rainforest and old growth tropical coniferous forest. This similarity exists in selective logged lowland rainforest and old-growth lowland rainforest, as well as among landscape types of montane rainforest. The functional groups with the same successional status had similar patterns of species richness and stem abundance ratios among different landscape types. The variation patterns of functional groups along the successional stages in terms of species richness and stem abundance among the tropical lowland rainforest landscape types were more similar to each other than those in the tropical montane reinforest landscape types. This study provides further support for the competition-colonization tradeoff and successional niche theory as opposed to models of neutrality and ecological equivalence.  相似文献   

20.
The present-day geographic distribution of individual species of five taxonomic groups (plants, dragonflies, butterflies, herpetofauna and breeding birds) is relatively well-known on a small scale (5 × 5 km squares) in Flanders (north Belgium). These data allow identification of areas with a high diversity within each of the species groups. However, differences in mapping intensity and coverage hamper straightforward comparisons of species-rich areas among the taxonomic groups. To overcome this problem, we modelled the species richness of each taxonomic group separately using various environmental characteristics as predictor variables (area of different land use types, biotope diversity, topographic and climatic features). We applied forward stepwise multiple regression to build the models, using a subset of well-surveyed squares. A separate set of equally well-surveyed squares was used to test the predictions of the models. The coincidence of geographic areas with high predicted species richness was remarkably high among the four faunal groups, but much lower between plants and each of the four faunal groups. Thus, the four investigated faunal groups can be used as relatively good indicator taxa for one another in Flanders, at least for their within-group species diversity. A mean predicted species diversity per mapping square was also estimated by averaging the standardised predicted species richness over the five taxonomic groups, to locate the regions that were predicted as being the most species-rich for all five investigated taxonomic groups together. Finally, the applicability of predictive modelling in nature conservation policy both in Flanders and in other regions is discussed.  相似文献   

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