不同水位梯度下克隆植物大米草的生长繁殖特性和生物量分配格局

通过温室模拟控制实验,研究了不同水位梯度处理对外来克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica) 衰退种群的形态性状、克隆生长性状、生物量积累及生物量分配格局的影响.实验共设置5种水位处理,分别为淹没至大米草株高的1/2, 淹没至株高的1/3,表面水淹0 cm,低于土表5 cm (-5 cm),以及低于土表10 cm (-10 cm).结果表明:水位梯度对大米草的形态性状、克隆生长性状、生物量的积累与分配格局等部分指标均有显著影响(p < 0.05);株高、克隆分株数、根状茎节数、根状茎总长、间隔子长度及生物量在0 cm至1/3株高水位梯度处理下均显著高于-10 cm和1/2株高水位处理(p < 0.05),但与-5 cm处理无显著差异(p > 0.05);-10 cm水位处理的地上生物量分配和根状茎生物量分配显著低于其它处理(p < 0.05).综合大米草衰退种群的形态特征、克隆生长特性、生物量积累及分配格局对水位处理的响应格局,认为大米草种群较适宜的水位梯度为表面积水至淹没株高的1/3处,而水位的变化可能是大米草种群自然衰退的原因之一.     

光强对比度对大米草克隆整合作用的影响

通过温室控制试验,分析不同光强及光强对比度处理下克隆植物大米草生长性状的差异,研究同质异质光强条件下克隆整合对大米草响应遮阴能力的修饰作用.结果表明： 在同质条件下,大米草在无遮阴(高光强：温室内自然光照强度)条件下的生物量显著大于中度遮阴(中光强：光照强度为高光强的70%)和深度遮阴(低光强：光照强度为高光强的30%).在低对比度异质性光强条件下(分株对的一个分株不遮阴,另一个分株中度遮阴),大米草遮阴分株的叶片数、根长和生物量均显著高于同质中度遮阴处理,而无遮阴分株各生长指标与同质无遮阴处理相比均无显著差异.因此,在低对比度异质性光强下,大米草受体(遮阴)分株通过克隆整合显著受益;同时,对供体(非遮阴)分株没有显著的耗损.然而,在高对比度处理下(分株对的一个分株不遮阴,另一个分株深度遮阴),克隆整合对受体(遮阴)分株的效应不显著.大米草的克隆整合并不随着光强对比度的增加而增加.在自然生境中度遮阴情况下,克隆整合可以提高大米草的生长和克隆繁殖能力,但在深度遮阴情况下,克隆整合对大米草适应性的作用可能很小.     

多菌灵处理对克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica)表型可塑性的影响

对外来植物大米草(Spartina anglica)衰退种群进行高、中、低3个浓度(即50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的300倍、600倍和1200倍稀释液)多菌灵灌根处理,测定大米草在杀菌剂处理条件下的形态可塑性、克隆生长特性及生物量积累与分配格局.结果表明:与对照相比,各浓度多菌灵处理对大米草的株高、叶数、叶片厚度、叶片面积和根长均没有显著影响(P〉0.05);中浓度处理后,大米草种群的根状茎节数和分枝强度均显著高于对照和其它处理,而根状茎总长和间隔子长度均显著高于对照和低浓度处理(p<0.05),与高浓度处理差异不显著;高浓度处理的大米草地下生物量和根生物量分配显著高于对照和其它处理,而地上生物量分配却显著低于对照和其它处理(P相似文献   

青藏高原东缘过路黄在资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内资源共享

在青藏高原和四川盆地过渡带,分别于618m和1800m两个海拔高度上研究匍匐茎克隆植物过路黄(Lysimachia christinae)在资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内资源共享及其对生长的影响.结果显示, 在海拔1800m处,与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ) 和(Ⅱ)相比, 资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)下过路黄整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均获得显著增加;在海拔618m处,与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ) 和(Ⅱ)相比,资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)下过路黄整个克隆片段生物量显著增加.在海拔618m和1800m处,生长在低光高养条件下的远端分株, 若与高光低养的近端分株相连, 相比连接到低光高养的近端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地下部分;在海拔1800m处,生长在高光低养条件下的远端分株, 若与低光高养的近端分株相连, 相比连接到高光低养的近端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分.在海拔618m和1800m处,生长在高光低养条件下的近端分株, 若与低光高养的远端分株相连, 相比连接到高光低养的远端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分.处于资源交互斑块性生境中的过路黄发生了克隆内分工,依靠相连分株间的功能分化, 克隆植物能有效的利用异质性分布的资源, 缓解资源交互斑块性分布对克隆植物生长的不利影响.通过间隔子(匍匐茎或根状茎),相连分株间能够相互传递和共享由不同分株获得的资源,这种资源共享能够提高克隆植物在异质性生境中的存活与生长.同时,方差分析显示环境异质性和海拔的交互作用显著影响克隆片段的生物量和分株数.相比于海拔618m,在海拔1800m处克隆内资源共享对克隆植物生长表现的影响更大.     

莲草直胸跳甲取食对空心莲子草和莲子草克隆整合的影响

很多外来入侵植物都具有克隆生长习性,探究克隆整合特性与外来克隆植物入侵性间的关系对阐明其生态适应性及入侵机制具有重要的意义。本研究以入侵植物空心莲子草及其本地同属种莲子草为研究对象,比较在生防昆虫莲草直胸跳甲的取食下,克隆整合对两种植物先端分株、基端分株及整个克隆片段生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明: 在莲草直胸跳甲取食下,有克隆整合的空心莲子草先端分株的叶片数、茎长、分株数及整个克隆片段的地径均显著高于无克隆整合植株,其基端分株及整个克隆片段的地下生物量和总生物量相较于无克隆整合植株分别降低了78.2%、60.9%和48.7%、37.2%;有克隆整合的莲子草先端分株的地径及整个克隆片段的叶片数与无克隆整合植株相比显著增加,其基端分株数显著降低了21.7%,而其先端分株、基端分株及整个克隆片段的生物量均无显著差异。耗益分析表明,在莲草直胸跳甲取食下,空心莲子草先端分株的分株数与生物量及莲子草先端分株的分株数均能通过克隆整合显著受益,而两种植物基端的分株数、生物量的耗益则不受克隆整合处理的影响。这些结果表明,克隆整合虽能在一定程度缓解莲草直胸跳甲对于两种植物先端分株的取食压力,且空心莲子草的克隆整合作用要强于莲子草,但在整个克隆片段水平上,两种植物并不能通过克隆整合显著获益。     

资源交互斑块性生境中两种不同分枝型匍匐茎植物的克隆内分工

以青藏高原和四川盆地过渡带两种不同分枝型匍匐茎植物野草莓 (Fragaria vesca)和过路黄 (Lysimachia christinae)为对象 ,研究它们在高光照低养分斑块和低光照高养分斑块组成的资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内分工。结果显示 ,与资源的空间同质性处理 (I)和 (II)相比 ,资源的空间异质性处理 (III)和 (IV)中野草莓和过落黄的近端、远端和整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均获得显著增加。生长在低光高养条件下的远端分株 ,若与高光低养的近端分株相连 ,相比连接到低光高养的近端分株 ,它们分配更多的生物量到地下部分 ;生长在高光低养条件下的远端分株 ,若与低光高养的近端分株相连 ,相比连接到高光低养的近端分株 ,它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分 ;生长在高光低养条件下的近端分株 ,若与低光高养的远端分株相连 ,相比连接到高光低养的远端分株 ,它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分。实验结果表明 ,资源交互斑块性生境中野草莓和过路黄均发生了克隆内分工。通过克隆内分工 ,克隆植物能有效的利用异质性分布的资源 ,缓解资源交互斑块性分布对克隆植物生长的不利影响     

异质性生境中匍匐茎草本野草莓(Fragaria vesca)的克隆内资源共享

研究了不同海拔高度(1800和3900m)的匍匐茎克隆植物野草莓(Fragaria vesca)种群对光照和养分资源斑块性分布生境的响应。结果表明:与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)相比,资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)中2个种群的野草莓的近端、远端分株部分和整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均明显增加。当近端分株部分经历低光高养,而与其相连的远端分株部分经历高光低养时,相比于整个克隆片段都处于低光高养的同质性生境,来自2个海拔的种群的近端分株部分都会增加对根的生物量分配;当近端分株部分经历高光低养,而与其相连的远端分株部分经历低光高养时,相比于整个克隆片段都处于低光高养的同质性生境,来自2个海拔的种群的近端分株部分都会减少对根的生物量分配,远端分株部分也被观察到类似的生物量分配格局。相比于高光低养的同质性生境,当与低光高养的远端分株部分相连时,经历高光低养的近端分株部分有更大的叶面积;相比于低光高养的同质性生境,当与低光高养近端分株部分相连时,经历高光低养的远端分株部分有更大的叶面积。结果表明,野草莓在资源交互斑块性生境中发生了克隆内分工,克隆内分工有利于克隆植物对异质性资源的利用,对克隆植物在资源斑块性分布生境中的生存和生长具有重要的意义。     

放牧格局和生境资源对矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）分株生物量分配和补偿性生长的影响

为研究密集型克隆植物对放牧扰动和生境资源变化的生物量分配和补偿生长响应特性,验证克隆植物的觅食模型和3个有关植物个体补偿反应的假说(①放牧优化假说,grazing optimization hypothesis,GOH;②反应连续谱假说,continuum of responses hypothesis,CRH;③增长率模型,growth rate model,GRM),在具有不同放牧利用格局和土壤养分水平的高寒矮嵩草草甸(Ⅰ.畜圈草地:重度放牧、资源丰富;Ⅱ.牧道草地:中度放牧、资源贫乏;Ⅲ.封育草地:不放牧、资源贫乏)中通过设置扣笼/无扣笼样方对其建群种矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)进行了研究.结果表明不论当年解除家畜放牧与否,春季采摘率越高(畜圈草地),分株生物量向生长的投入越少,向贮藏器官的投入越多.繁殖分配在中度采摘下最高(牧道草地),扣笼内外分株各部分的生物量分配无差异.矮嵩草分株在中度采摘×资源贫乏条件下产生了超补偿响应,在重度采摘×资源丰富条件下为等量补偿,重度采摘导致分株密度显著减少.生物量分配格局与觅食模型的预测不符.补偿生长响应特性证实了GOH和GRM的预测,但与CRH的预测不符.这说明在研究地区放牧扰动格局对克隆植物矮嵩草分株的生物量分配和补偿生长具有重要影响,适度放牧利用更利于引起超补偿,而重度利用可能会对该种群的长期保持产生不利影响.     

咸淡交替灌溉对克隆植物大米草生长繁殖和生物量分配的影响

通过温室模拟控制实验,研究了咸淡交替灌溉处理对外来克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica)形态性状、克隆生长、生物量积累及分配格局的影响。实验共设6种浇灌处理:单一淡水灌溉(D)、单一咸水浇灌(X)、淡咸交替灌溉(DX)、咸淡交替灌溉(XD)、淡咸淡交替灌溉(DXD)和咸淡咸交替灌溉(XDX)。结果表明:DX处理条件下,大米草株高、叶片数及根长均达到最高;克隆数最多,且显著高于X、DXD和XDX处理;芽数及根状茎总长均显著大于XDX处理;在DX和D处理下,地上生物量、根系生物量、地下生物量和总生物量均显著高于其它处理。这表明作为滨海盐沼植物,大米草种群比较适应淡咸水交替环境,单一的咸水,以及过度的咸淡转换均不利于大米草的生长繁殖与生物量积累,而淡咸水交替过程的失序可能是引起我国大米草种群衰退的重要原因。     

匍匐茎草本绢毛匍匐委陵菜对局部遮荫的克隆可塑性

采自林窗和林内生境的绢毛匍匐委陵菜 (PotentillareptansL .var.sericophyllaFranch)“分株对”(即由一匍匐茎节间相连着的两个分株 ,其一为“目标分株” ,另一为“相连分株”)在一户外实验中经历了全不遮荫、全部遮荫和局部遮荫处理。该植物的基株生物量、匍匐茎总长度、分株数、匍匐茎比节间重、叶柄长、比叶柄重在遮荫条件下较小。匍匐茎节间长度没有对遮荫处理发生反应。在局部遮荫处理 ,遮荫斑块的分株的叶柄长度由于连着未遮荫斑块中分株而变得更长。这种克隆整合对克隆形态可塑性的修饰作用只在林窗生境来源的实验植物中观察到。其他克隆生长和克隆形态特征的可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。     

根茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对光照强度和养分水平的生长响应及资源分配策略

自然界中光照和养分因子常存在时空变化,对植物造成选择压力。克隆植物可通过克隆生长和生物量分配的可塑性来适应环境变化。尽管一些研究关注了克隆植物对光照和养分因子的生长响应,但尚未深入全面了解克隆植物对光照和养分资源投资的分配策略。以根茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱(Bolboschoenus planiculmis)为研究对象,在温室实验中,将其独立分株种植于由2种光照强度(光照和遮阴)和4种养分水平(对照、低养分、中养分和高养分)交叉组成的8种处理组合中,研究了光照和养分对其生长繁殖及资源贮存策略的影响。结果表明,扁秆荆三棱的生长、无性繁殖及资源贮存性状均受到光照强度的显著影响,在遮阴条件下各生长繁殖性状指标被抑制。且构件的数目、长度等特征对养分差异的可塑性响应先于其生物量积累特征。在光照条件下,高养分处理的总生物量、叶片数、总根茎分株数、长根茎分株数、总根茎长、芽长度、芽数量等指标大于其他养分处理,而在遮阴条件下,其在不同养分处理间无显著差异,表明光照条件可影响养分对扁秆荆三棱可塑性的作用,且高营养水平不能补偿由于光照不足而导致的生长能力下降。光照强度显著影响了总根茎、总球茎及大、中、小球茎的生物量分配,遮阴条件下,总生物量减少了对地下部分根茎和球茎的分配,并将有限的生物量优先分配给小球茎。总根茎的生物量分配未对养分发生可塑性反应,而随着养分增加,总球茎分配下降,说明在养分受限的环境中球茎的贮存功能可缓冲资源缺乏对植物生长的影响。在相同条件下,根茎生物量对长根茎的分配显著大于短根茎,以保持较高的繁殖能力;而总球茎对有分株球茎的生物量分配小于无分株球茎,表明扁秆荆三棱总球茎对贮存功能的分配优先于繁殖功能。研究为进一步理解根茎型克隆植物对光强及基质养分环境变化的生态适应提供了依据。     

Trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora responding to inundation and clonal integration

The purpose of this article was to study the trade-offs among vegetative growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an aquatic invasive weed Spartina alterniflora that experienced different inundation depths and clonal integration. Here, the rhizome connections between mother and daughter ramets were either severed or left intact. Subsequently, these clones were flooded with water levels of 0, 9, and 18 cm above the soil surface. Severing rhizomes decreased growth and clonal reproduction of daughter ramets, and increased those of mother ramets grown in shallow and deep water. The daughter ramets disconnected from mother ramets did not flower, while sexual reproduction of mother ramets was not affected by severing. Clonal integration only benefited the total rhizome length, rhizome biomass, and number of rhizomes of the whole clones in non-inundation conditions. Furthermore, growth and clonal reproduction of mother, daughter ramets, and the whole clone decreased with inundation depth, whereas sexual reproduction of mother ramets and the whole clones increased. We concluded that the trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction of S. alterniflora would be affected by inundation depth, but not by clonal integration.     

Life history trade-offs in Amphibromus scabrivalvis (Poaceae): allocation to clonal growth,storage, and cleistogamous reproduction

Life history trade-offs among clonal growth, storage, and sexual reproduction were investigated in the perennial grass Amphibromus scabrivalvis in relation to soil nutrients. This species exhibits clonal growth by producing rhizomes and stores reserves in the form of basal corms; seeds are matured in cleistogamous spikelets on panicles enclosed within the leaf sheaths along each culm. Ten seed-derived genotypes (clones) were separated into 72 ramets and planted in the greenhouse. Control ramets received only water while the remainder received fertilizer applied every 2 wk. Twenty-four ramets were harvested per clone at 11, 20, and 26 wk. The dry mass of corms, rhizomes, roots, shoots, and seeds were recorded. Biomass partitioning to rhizomes provided a measure of carbon allocation to clonal growth, partitioning to corms provided a measure of allocation to storage, and partitioning to seeds provided a measure of allocation to sexual reproduction. Allocation to most organs was significantly influenced by clone identity; fertilizer significantly increased allocation to corms and seeds at 20 wk, but never affected rhizome allocation at any age. Corm allocation increased from 2% at 11 wk to 27% at 26 wk; rhizome allocation decreased from 10% at 11 wk to 3% at 26 wk. Significant negative relationships were detected for rhizome vs. seed and corm vs. rhizome allocation in fertilized clones at 20 wk. This suggests an age-dependent physiological life history trade-off between clonality and sexual reproduction and between clonality and storage. In contrast, a significant positive relationship was consistently noted for corm vs. seed allocation in fertilized and unfertilized clones at 20 and 26 wk. The absence of a trade-off between storage and sexual reproduction may indicate that these two processes are not necessarily mutually exclusive components of life history.     

Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in the rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa in an Inner Mongolian dune, China

In a field experiment, Psammochloa villosa plants were subjected to rhizome severing. Severing rhizomes reduced growth in the young, detached rhizome segments compared to the controls in terms of all measured clonal growth-related characters, i.e. number of rhizomes and shoots, total rhizome length and total number of rhizome nodes. In a container experiment, the control ramets received uniform water and nutrient supply but in heterogeneous treatments high and low levels of water and nutrient supply, respectively were established. The number of ramets, total rhizome length, dry weight per ramet and biomass allocation to the rhizome had higher values at high water and nutrient supply, while spacer length (length of rhizome between shoots) and rhizome internode length were not affected. The local response of ramets given low water supply was enhanced due to connection to a well watered parent ramet in terms of number of ramets, total rhizome length and dry weight per ramet. A remote effect was not observed in the other treatments or in the other measured characters.     

氮、硫互作对克隆植物互花米草繁殖和生物量累积与分配的影响

氮、硫均是影响入侵植物互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel.）生长与繁殖的重要营养元素,研究其交互作用可能有助于揭示互花米草成功入侵机制。本文在人工控制条件下,以河沙为栽培基质,研究了氮、硫互作对互花米草繁殖和生物量积累与分配的影响。实验结果表明：中氮和高氮处理下的互花米草分支强度、初级分株数、次级分株数、根状茎数及其总长要显著高于低氮,不同硫水平及氮硫互作对互花米草无性繁殖没有显著影响;互花米草的种子数和种子生物量受硫以及氮硫交互作用的影响显著,在高氮水平下,中硫处理的互花米草种子数和种子生物量要远远高于其他处理。中氮和高氮处理下的互花米草叶、茎、根、根状茎和总生物量显著高于低氮处理;只有在高氮水平下,高硫处理的生物量才显著低于其他处理。在中氮和高氮营养条件下,高硫处理会促使互花米草对地上部分投入更多的生物量。中硫-高氮作用对互花米草有性繁殖的促进,使互花米草能在硫浓度较高的滩地保持高有性繁殖率;虽然过高的硫会抑制互花米草的有性繁殖,但却能促进根状茎数目的增加,从而加速其向外短距离扩张;这些特性均有利于互花米草对滨海盐沼的入侵。     

自然条件下风箱果的克隆构型

 在自然条件下,风箱果（Physocarpus amurensis）主要靠克隆繁殖维持种群。植物克隆构型的可塑性变化对于其适应环境异质性具有重要意义 。为探求风箱果的克隆构型及根茎生长动态,研究了其地下根茎的构筑型、形态特征、根茎的直径随长度变化的规律和地下根茎间的夹角。结 果表明：风箱果的地下根茎的构筑型基本上属于游击型;风箱果无性系平均含有(6±2)个分株和(9.33±3.48)个根茎;根茎的直径随长度变化 的曲线为抛物线型;分枝夹角较为稳定,多为30°和70°。风箱果生产大量的根茎系统,每一个克隆片段能够占据一定的空间,以保证自身生 存和维持种群繁衍。     

The Impact of Physical Disturbance and Increased Sand Burial on Clonal Growth and Spatial Colonization of Sporobolus virginicus in a Coastal Dune System

Dune plants are subjected to disturbance and environmental stresses, but little is known about the possible combined effects of such factors on growth and spatial colonization. We investigated how clones of Sporobolus virginicus , a widespread dune species, responded to the independent and interactive effects of breakage of rhizomes, breakage position and burial regime. Horizontal rhizomes were severed at three different internode positions relative to the apex to span the range of damage by disturbance naturally observed or left intact, and apical portions exposed to two burial scenarios (ambient vs. increased frequency) for three months in the field. The performance of both parts of severed rhizomes, the apical portion and the remaining basal portion connected to clone containing four consecutive ramets, was compared with that of equivalent parts in intact rhizomes. Apical portions severed proximal to the third internode did not survive and their removal did not enhance branching on their respective basal portions. Severing the sixth or twelfth internode did not affect survival and rhizome extension of apical portions, but suppressed ramet production and reduced total biomass and specific shoot length. Their removal enhanced branching and ramet production on basal portions and changed the original rhizome growth trajectory. However, the gain in number of ramets in basal portions never compensated for the reduction in ramet number in apical portions. Recurrent burial increased biomass allocation to root tissues. Burial also stimulated rhizome extension only in intact rhizomes, indicating that disturbance interacts with, and counteracts, the positive burial effect. These results suggest that disturbance and recurrent burial in combination reduces the regeneration success and spread capacity of S . virginucus . Since global change leads to increasingly severe or frequent storms, the impact of disturbance and burial on clones could be greater in future and possibly prevent colonization of mobile dunes by the species.     

Nitrogen level changes the interactions between a native (Scirpus triqueter) and an exotic species (Spartina anglica) in Coastal China

The exotic species Spartina anglica, introduced from Europe in 1963, has been experiencing a decline in the past decade in coastal China, but the reasons for the decline are still not clear. It is hypothesized that competition with the native species Scirpus triqueter may have played an important role in the decline due to niche overlap in the field. We measured biomass, leaf number and area, asexual reproduction and relative neighborhood effect (RNE) of the two species in both monoculture and mixture under three nitrogen levels (control, low and high). S. anglica showed significantly lower biomass accumulation, leaf number and asexual reproduction in mixture than in monoculture. The inter- and intra-specific RNE of S. anglica were all positive, and the inter-specific RNE was significantly higher than the intra-specific RNE in the control. For S. triqueter, inter- and intra-specific RNE were negative at the high nitrogen level but positive in the control and at the low nitrogen level. This indicates that S. triqueter exerted an asymmetric competitive advantage over S. anglica in the control and low nitrogen conditions; however, S. anglica facilitated growth of S. triqueter in high nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen level changed the interactions between the two species because S. triqueter better tolerated low nitrogen. Since S. anglica is increasingly confined to upper, more nitrogen-limited marsh areas in coastal China, increased competition from S. triqueter may help explain its decline.