红茶菌抗菌蛋白抗菌活性研究

从红茶菌培养液中提取出抗菌蛋白。该蛋白对金黄色微球菌表现出杀菌作用,但并非溶菌作用;对数期及稳定期的菌体对其有一定的抗性。蜡样芽孢杆菌的营养体较芽孢体对抗菌蛋白的作用更敏感。     

九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1的分离纯化和抗菌活性检测

【目的】从药用昆虫九香虫 Coridius chinensis 中分离纯化抗菌肽,为进一步开发九香虫抗菌肽资源及深入挖掘九香虫的药用功能奠定基础。【方法】用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 和金黄色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus 混合物作诱导源刺激九香虫产生抗菌肽,对血淋巴进行提取、凝胶过滤层析、固相萃取及反相色谱纯化,活性组分经质谱测定。对分离得到的这种抗菌肽进行人工合成,并进行抗菌活性检测。【结果】本研究获得一种九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1,由17个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为1 997.37 u,带1个正电荷,表面有5个疏水氨基酸。对人工合成的CcAMP1进行抗菌活性检测表明,该抗菌肽与九香虫血淋巴一样对金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌都有较好的抗菌活性,且对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性更强。【结论】从九香虫中分离得到具有较强抗菌活性的阳离子抗菌肽CcAMP1,有较大的开发利用价值。     

虫草的抗菌抗肿瘤活性研究进展

虫草代谢产物丰富,很多具有抗菌和（或）抗肿瘤活性,有关其生物活性物质的研究受到广泛关注。对有抗菌和（或）抗肿瘤活性研究报道的虫草作了系统总结。     

新疆家蚕抗菌肽基因突变及其抗菌活性的研究

为了改变抗菌肽的结构参数,探讨其结构与活性的关系,采用PCR扩增和人工合成基因的方法,对新疆家蚕抗菌肽基因进行改造及原核表达蛋白的抑菌活性研究.结果表明,α-螺旋、两亲性、疏水性、净正电荷数和关键氨基酸的替换等参数是相互依赖、相互影响,协同发挥作用,任何一个参数的改变都会影响抗菌肽整体的活性.α-螺旋是抗菌肽功能有效性的结构基础,但其所处的位置可能并不影响抗菌活性:两亲性结构是抗菌肽与生物膜相互作用的重要结构;疏水性程度必须保持在一定的范围内;在一定范围内增加多肽的阳离子能够增加抗菌活性,但正电荷数和抗菌活性之间无绝对正相关性;色氨酸的存在及抗菌肽的C-末端酰胺化能增强抗菌活性.     

抗菌肽牛乳铁多肽素（LfcinB）在毕赤酵母中的表达及活性鉴定

利用巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastors)系统表达抗菌肽——牛乳铁多肽素(bovine lactoferricin,简称Lf-cinB),获得的分泌型表达产物具有较强的抗菌活性。首先将人工合成的LfcinB基因片段克隆到巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,获得的重组质粒pPIC9K-LfcinB通过限制性内切酶SalⅠ酶切线性化,经电穿孔法转化入毕赤酵母细胞SMD1168内。G418抗性筛选,得到高拷贝转化子,经PCR检测LfcinB基因与毕赤酵母染色体稳定整合。阳性克隆经甲醇诱导表达LfcinB。结果表明,抗菌肽牛乳铁多肽素基因已经整合到酵母细胞基因组中并获得表达,表达产物具有较强的杀菌作用。     

牛乳铁蛋白肽(LfcinB)在苏云金芽胞杆菌中的融合表达

牛乳铁蛋白肽（bovine lactoferrincin,LfcinB）来源于牛乳铁蛋白（bovine lactoferrin）,是目前已知所有乳铁蛋白肽中活性最高的。前期研究表明,可以通过大肠杆菌表达体系和毕赤酵母表达体系表达有活性的LfcinB,但得到的产物难以纯化,产量也不理想,所以研究构建新型的LfcinB表达体系有很重要的意义。苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt）能在芽胞形成的同时产生一种δ-内毒素组装成的杀虫晶体,在发酵完成后细胞裂解,将芽胞和晶体释放到培养基中。基于Bt的这种优势,将LfcinB与分子量为35kDa的Cry60Ba晶体蛋白作融合表达。通过PCR扩增和酶切连接,将LfcinB基因连接到 cry60Ba 的下游,构建融合基因并转入无晶体Bt菌株中表达,得到了工程菌4Q7/pPFT60Ba-LfcinB。利用GYS培养发酵48h,再经过超声破碎、包涵体纯化,SDS-PAGE分析表明,工程菌表达了一条38kDa左右的蛋白质条带。将纯化的融合蛋白盐酸水解后进行SDS-PAGE分析,得到近似于3kDa的蛋白质条带,挖取目的条带进行胶内酶解和质谱分析,质谱结果显示,挖取的目的条带样品为LfcinB蛋白的特异性肽段,说明在酸水解过后,融合蛋白Cry60Ba-LfcinB中的Cry60Ba和LfcinB分离开,得到单独的LfcinB蛋白。由此可见,利用晶体蛋白在苏云金芽胞杆菌中进行融合表达可能作为一种新型有效的LfcinB的高效表达体系,为采用基因工程的方法大量生产具有活性的牛乳铁蛋白肽LfcinB蛋白奠定基础。     

LfcinB突变基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达及其活性测定

测定LfcinB突变基因(mLfcinB)在大肠杆菌中的融合表达及其表达产物的抗菌活性。对LfcinB基因突变后进行克隆并测定序列,mLfcinB基因融合表达载体构建后并在大肠杆菌中的表达,分离提纯表达物并测定其活性。结果显示,Lf-cinB突变基因克隆后表达产物在经SDS-PAGE电泳,考马斯亮蓝G250染色可在29kD处看到预期的融合蛋白条带;对照组空质粒pGEX-4T-1经相同条件诱导后表达的蛋白为26kD。通过抑菌试验发现其对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25938具有较强抗菌活性。表明mLfcinB基因表达物具有较强的抗菌作用。     

海藻中的细胞毒活性及抗菌成分

本文综述了近20年来海藻中的细胞毒活性及抗菌成分的研究概况。     

家蝇抗菌蛋白的部分结构信息及生物学活性

通过对新近分离纯化的家蝇抗菌蛋白进行氨基酸组成分析、二硫键分析、圆二色分析 ,获得了部分结构信息 .家蝇抗菌蛋白富含脯氨酸 ,含量达 2 7 3% ;其分子中两个半胱氨酸残基未形成二硫键 ;生理条件下其溶液构象组成为 2 6 6 %α螺旋 ,2 3 7% β折叠 ,4 9 7% β转角与无规卷曲 .家蝇抗菌蛋白具有较广的抗菌谱 ,对人病原细菌、昆虫病原细菌及非病原细菌都有抗性 ,对革兰氏阳性菌的抗性高于革兰氏阴性菌 .它不具血细胞凝集活性 ,亦不能使血细胞发生溶血 .     

抗菌药物靶标丙氨酸消旋酶及其抑制剂研究进展

抗生素的滥用和人口的大量流动使得病原菌耐药性增强并与其他病原体产生共感染等问题,严重威胁人类的生命安全,因此,研发新型抗菌药物成为人类亟待解决的问题。丙氨酸消旋酶是以磷酸吡哆醛为辅酶催化L-丙氨酸与D-丙氨酸旋光结构互换的一类异构酶,其消旋产物D-丙氨酸对细菌细胞壁的形成具有决定性作用,与细菌性疾病密切相关。抑制丙氨酸消旋酶的活性会影响细菌的生存,近年来成为设计抗菌药物的一个理想靶位,其抑制剂的开发已成为抗菌药物研发的热点。本文从丙氨酸消旋酶的来源、结构、功能、应用及抑制剂等方面进行系统阐述,并对丙氨酸消旋酶的研究提出新的策略,为进一步研究丙氨酸消旋酶与致病菌的关系及抗菌药物候选靶标的研究提供理论基础。     

Antimicrobial activity of short arginine- and tryptophan-rich peptides.

Highly antimicrobial active arginine- and tryptophan-rich peptides were synthesized ranging in size from 11 to five amino acid residues in order to elucidate the main structural requirement for such short antimicrobial peptides. The amino acid sequences of the peptides were based on previous studies of longer bovine and murine lactoferricin derivatives. Most of the peptides showed strong inhibitory action against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. For the most active derivatives, the minimal inhibitory concentration values observed for the Gram-negative bacteria were 5 microg/ml (3.5 microM), whereas it was 2.5 microg/ml (1.5 microM) for the Gram-positive bacterium. It was essential for the antimicrobial activity that the peptides contained a minimum of three tryptophan and three arginine residues, and carried a free N-terminal amino group and an amidated C-terminal end. Furthermore, a minimum sequence size of seven amino acid residues was required for a high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The insertion of additional arginine and tryptophan residues into the peptides resulted only in small variations in the antimicrobial activity, whereas replacement of a tryptophan residue with tyrosine in the hepta- and hexapeptides resulted in reduced antimicrobial activity, especially against the Gram-negative bacteria. The peptides were non-haemolytic, making them highly potent as prospective antibiotic agents.     

Comparative antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of bovine lactoferricin-derived synthetic peptides

Lactoferricin B (LfcinB), a 25 residue peptide derived from the N-terminal of bovine lactoferrin (bLF), causes depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane in susceptible bacteria. Its mechanism of action, however, still needs to be elucidated. In the present study, synthetic LfcinB (without a disulfide bridge) and LfcinB (C–C; with a disulfide bridge) as well as three derivatives with 15-, 11- and 9-residue peptides were prepared to investigate their antimicrobial nature and mechanisms. The antimicrobial properties were measured via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations, killing kinetics assays and synergy testing, and hemolytic activities were assessed by hemoglobin release. Finally, the morphology of peptide-treated bacteria was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that there was no difference in MICs between LfcinB and LfcinB (C–C). Among the derivatives, only LfcinB15 maintained nearly the same level as LfcinB, in the MIC range of 16–128 μg/ml, and the MICs of LfcinB11 (64–256 μg/ml) were 4 times more than LfcinB, while LfcinB9 exhibited the lowest antimicrobial activity. When treated at MIC for 1 h, many blebs were formed and holes of various sizes appeared on the cell surface, but the cell still maintained its integrity. This suggested that LfcinB had a major permeability effect on the cytoplasmic membrane of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which also indicated it may be a possible intracellular target. Among the tested antibiotics, aureomycin increased the bactericidal activity of LfcinB against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, but neomycin did not have such an effect. We also found that the combination of cecropin A and LfcinB had synergistic effects against E. coli.     

Antibacterial activity of oleanolic and ursolic acids and their derivatives

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is increasing at an alarming rate and many commonly used antibiotics are no longer effective. Thus, there is considerable interest in investigating novel antibacterial compounds, such as the plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoids, including oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA) and their derivatives. These compounds can be isolated from many medicinal and crop plants and their antibacterial, antiviral, antiulcer and anti-inflammatory effects are well documented. OA and UA are active against many bacterial species, particularly Gram-positive species, including mycobacteria. They inhibit bacterial growth and survival, and the spectrum of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values is very broad. In addition, OA, UA and their derivatives display potent antimutagenic activity. Studies to identify the cellular targets and molecular mechanisms of OA and UA action were initiated a few years ago and it has already been demonstrated that both acids influence bacterial gene expression, the formation and maintenance of biofilms, cell autolysis and peptidoglycan turnover. Before these compounds can be used clinically as antimicrobial agents, further extensive studies are required to determine their cytotoxicity and the optimum mode of their application.     

Fusion expression of bovine lactoferricin in Escherichia coli

The drug resistance problem has been growing with the utilization of current antibiotics in feed and medical industries. LfcinB, a 25-amino acid antibacterial peptide derived from bovine lactoferrin, is one of potential alternatives of antibiotics. According to the bias of codon utilization of Escherichia coli, a fragment encoding LfcinB has been chemically synthesized, inserted into vector pGEX-4T-2 and expressed in E. coli. The antibacterial peptide was fused with GST with a protease cleavage site located between them. Two constructs with different cleavage sites were made. One construct, pGEX-Th-LfcinB, contains a thrombin cleavage site carried by the vector, and the other, pGEX-Th-Xa-LfcinB, contains a Factor Xa cleavage site which was introduced after the thrombin cleavage site. Fusion protein GST-Th-LfcinB protein was efficiently cleaved by thrombin, yielding recombinant LfcinB showing antibacterial activity. However, fusion protein GEX-Th-Xa-Lfcin B containing Factor Xa recognition site could not be cleaved by Factor Xa at the conditions tried in this study. Successful expression of LfcinB in E. coli provides a possible method to produce LfcinB in large amounts.     

Tryptophan Transport in Neurospora crassa II. Metabolic Control

The rate of tryptophan transport in Neurospora is regulated by the intracellular pool of tryptophan. When cells were shifted from growth in minimal medium to tryptophan-containing medium for 10 min, there was a 50% reduction in the rate of tryptophan transport. Intracellular tryptophan pools derived from indole were equally effective in reducing the rate of transport as externally supplied tryptophan. The regulatory influence of tryptophan on the transport system appears to be a property of all the amino acids transported by the tryptophan transport site or sites. Lysine and glutamic acid are not transported by the tryptophan transport site or sites and are ineffective in the regulation of tryptophan uptake. Continued protein synthesis is required for the maintenance of a functional tryptophan transport system. The half-life of the transport system, estimated by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide, was about 15 min. Turnover of the system occurred at 30 C but not at 4 C, suggesting that the breakdown of the system is enzymatically mediated. It was inferred that the rate of tryptophan transport in Neurospora is modulated through the maintenance of a delicate balance between the synthesis and breakdown of some component of the transport system.     

Antibacterial activity of 15-residue lactoferricin derivatives.

Lactoferricins are a class of antibacterial peptides isolated after gastric-pepsin digest of the mammalian iron-chelating-protein lactoferrin. For investigation of antibacterial activity, we prepared short synthetic derivatives of bovine, human, caprine, murine and porcine lactoferricins with 15-amino-acid residues of high sequence homology. The peptides corresponded to amino-acid residues 17-31 of the mature bovine lactoferrin. Only the bovine and caprine derivatives displayed measurable antibacterial activity, with the bovine one having a minimal inhibitory concentration of 24 microM and being 10 times more active than the caprine one against Escherichia coli. An alanine-scan of the bovine lactoferricin derivative was performed to identify specific amino acids that were important for the antibacterial activity. We found that neither of the two tryptophan residues (Trp 6 and Trp 8) present in the bovine lactoferricin derivative could be replaced by alanine without a major loss of antibacterial activity. The other lactoferricin derivatives tested contained only one tryptophan residue (Trp 6). Modified human, caprine and porcine lactoferricin derivatives containing two tryptophan residues (Trp 6 and Trp 8) displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 74, 174 and 219 microM, respectively, which represented up to a six-fold increase in antibacterial activity. The alanine-scan also revealed that the antibacterial activity was increased when acetamidomethyl-protected cysteine and unprotected glutamine (Cys 3 and Gln 7) were replaced with alanine. Only the bovine lactoferricin derivative and a few of its alanine-modified derivatives displayed measurable activity against Staphylococcus aureus.     

Activity and mode of action against fungal phytopathogens of bovine lactoferricin-derived peptides

AIM: To evaluate the activity against fungal phytopathogens of two synthetic peptides derived from the protein bovine lactoferricin: the antibacterial active core of six amino acid residues (LfcinB(20-25)) and an extension of 15 amino acids (LfcinB(17-31)). METHODS AND RESULTS: In vitro activity against fungal pathogens was determined and compared with that against model micro-organisms. Activity was demonstrated against fungi of agronomic relevance. Distinct antimicrobial properties in vitro were found for the two peptides. LfcinB(17-31) had growth inhibitory activity higher than LfcinB(20-25). However, LfcinB(17-31) was not fungicidal to quiescent conidia of Penicillium digitatum at the concentrations assayed, while LfcinB(20-25) killed conidia more efficiently. Microscopical observations showed that the mycelium of P. digitatum treated with LfcinB(17-31) developed alterations of growth, sporulation and chitin deposition, and permeation of hyphal cells. In experimental inoculations of mandarins, both peptides showed limited protective effect against the disease caused by P. digitatum. CONCLUSIONS: LfcinB(20-25) and LfcinB(17-31) peptides were shown to have antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic filamentous fungi, with distinct properties and mode of action. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: LfcinB(20-25) and LfcinB(17-31) peptides offer novel alternatives to develop resistant plants by molecular breeding.     

Transport of Aromatic Amino Acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Kinetic studies of the transport of aromatic amino acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed the existence of two high-affinity transport systems which recognized the three aromatic amino acids. From competition data and studies on the exchange of preformed aromatic amino acid pools, the first transport system was found to be functional with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (in order of decreasing activity), whereas the second system was active with tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. The two systems also transported a number of aromatic amino acid analogues but not other amino acids. Mutants defective in each of the two and in both transport systems were isolated and described. When the amino acids were added at low external concentrations to cells growing logarithmically in glucose minimal medium, the tryptophan pool very quickly became saturated. Under identical conditions, phenylalanine and tyrosine each accumulated in the intracellular pool of P. aeruginosa at a concentration which was 10 times greater than that of tryptophan.     

4种中药贯众原植物提取物的体外抗菌活性研究

用水提法和醇提法制备苏铁蕨（Brainea insighis）、华南紫萁（Osmunda vachellii）、狗脊蕨（Woodwardia japonica）和乌毛蕨（Blechnum orientale）的根状茎的提取液,应用纸片扩散法和试管二倍稀释法测定了各提取液对11种常见致病菌的抑菌圈、最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果表明,各提取液（1g生药／mL）对表皮葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及李斯特菌4种革兰氏阳性菌有明显抑制作用,对表皮葡萄球菌的抑制作用尤为明显,且醇提液的抑菌效果优于水提液;对大肠埃希氏菌等革兰氏阴性菌则无抑制作用。在4种贯众原植物中,苏铁蕨对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制活性最强。     

粉纹夜蛾离体细胞抗菌肽的抗菌谱测定

用热灭活的大肠杆菌DHSQ诱导粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)离体细胞产生抗菌肽,用三氯乙酸沉淀法提取出该活性物质,采用琼脂糖孔穴扩散法和生长抑制测定法测定其抗菌谱,发现该抗菌物质具有较广的抗微生物活性,其中特别是对革兰氏阴性菌中的沙门氏茵和大肠杆茵,酵母菌中的白色念珠菌,植物病源真茵中的花生白绢病茵和小麦赤霉病茵具有较强的抑菌活性,从而表明该物质是一种既抗细菌,又抗真菌的抗微生物肽。