枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂发酵研究进展

微生态制剂是饲用抗生素的绿色有效替代品。枯草芽孢杆菌在逆境中可形成抗逆性强的芽孢,在生产和应用过程中保持高活性,是一种高效的微生态制剂菌种。提高枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数及芽孢率是保证微生态制剂产品质量的关键。本文综述了枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢形成的分子生物学机制及影响芽孢形成的重要因素,进一步比较枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂不同发酵方式的特点,重点阐述了提高枯草芽孢杆菌有效生物量的工艺优化,最后介绍了枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的应用,并对将来研究思路进行了讨论。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌δ-内毒素基因穿梭质粒的构建

在农业生产中长期使用化学农药已对环境和生态平衡造成一定破坏作用,同时有不少害虫也逐渐产生抗药性从而引起某些害虫的大流行,给农业生产带来巨大损失。应用苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因(Bt基因)可构建具有抗虫作用的抗虫工程菌,这样通过拌种或植物叶面喷雾可达到快速、经济、有效的防治虫害的目的。国际上抗虫工程菌研究应用很快,如美国将BI基因转入到一种正常情况下定居在植物组织中的棒杆菌,将这种工程菌拌玉米种子,这样随植物生长该菌在植物体内大量繁殖,当玉米螟在茎和叶取食时,即因食用表达苏云金杆菌毒蛋白的工程菌而死亡。 田颖川等已克隆了苏云金芽孢杆菌内毒素基因CryIA(b)和CryIA?。本文将Bt基因CryIA?插入到大肠-枯草穿梭载体pBE-2中构建成Bt毒蛋白基因穿梭质粒pAMY,利用电穿孔法转人大肠杆菌DH5a,枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilis BR151,IA511,野生型蜡状芽孢杆菌B.cereusa-47,短芽孢杆菌B.brevis A-5和枯草芽孢杆菌90-8,获得了具有较高杀虫活性的工程菌克隆。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌δ-内毒素基因穿梭质粒的构建

在农业生产中长期使用化学农药已对环境和生态平衡造成一定破坏作用,同时有不少害虫也逐渐产生抗药性从而引起某些害虫的大流行,给农业生产带来巨大损失。应用苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因(Bt基因)可构建具有抗虫作用的抗虫工程菌,这样通过拌种或植物叶面喷雾可达到快速、经济、有效的防治虫害的目的。国际上抗虫工程菌研究应用很快,如美国将BI基因转入到一种正常情况下定居在植物组织中的棒杆菌,将这种工程菌拌玉米种子,这样随植物生长该菌在植物体内大量繁殖,当玉米螟在茎和叶取食时,即因食用表达苏云金杆菌毒蛋白的工程菌而死亡。 田颖川等已克隆了苏云金芽孢杆菌内毒素基因CryIA(b)和CryIA(c)。本文将Bt基因CryIA(c)插入到大肠-枯草穿梭载体pBE-2中构建成Bt毒蛋白基因穿梭质粒pAMY,利用电穿孔法转人大肠杆菌DH5a,枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilis BR151,IA511,野生型蜡状芽孢杆菌B.cereusa-47,短芽孢杆菌B.brevis A-5和枯草芽孢杆菌90-8,获得了具有较高杀虫活性的工程菌克隆。     

微生物发酵青蒿叶和叶渣的研究

为扩大青蒿原料的应用途径,延伸青蒿产业链,对青蒿叶和叶渣进行发酵研究。拟开发可用于动物保健的青蒿来源的产品。采用微生物发酵青蒿及青蒿叶渣,检测枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌、植物乳杆菌等菌株发酵青蒿叶和叶渣后其粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维素以及青蒿素、青蒿乙素、双氢青蒿酸、青蒿酸含量变化。青蒿叶发酵产物及功效成分含量与对照组比较,酵母菌发酵后粗蛋白提高43.05%,植物乳杆菌发酵后粗脂肪提高106%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后粗纤维降低43.30%,黑曲霉菌发酵后青蒿素和青蒿乙素分别提高133.27%和88.06%,地衣芽孢杆菌发酵后青蒿酸提高21.49%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后双氢青蒿酸提高86.01%;青蒿叶渣发酵产物与对照组比较,植物乳杆菌发酵后粗脂肪提高87.73%,酿酒酵母菌发酵后粗蛋白提高85.30%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后粗纤维降低55.67%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后双氢青蒿酸提高71.91%,地衣芽孢杆菌发酵后青蒿乙素提高94.71%。微生物发酵青蒿叶和叶渣显著提高其功效成分含量,增加了探索青蒿叶和叶渣发酵产物作为动物保健品的可能性。     

基于全基因组序列比对的枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体侵染能力分析

目前,在美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库中已报道数量众多的枯草芽孢杆菌及其噬菌体的全基因组序列,这为我们利用全基因组比对手段研究枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的侵染能力提供了数据基础。本研究从NCBI基因组数据库中下载具有完整序列的枯草芽孢杆菌及噬菌体的基因组及相应的蛋白质序列,利用BLAST软件进行基因组序列比对,得出枯草芽孢杆菌与噬菌体之间的关系。通过利用R语言等软件对噬菌体侵染枯草芽孢杆菌的能力进行分析。然后利用Clustalx和Treeview软件构建进化树,得出枯草芽孢杆菌之间的亲缘性关系,最后对枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白质进行COG注释。结果表明:在65株枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体中,Bacillus_phage_SPBc2和Bacillus_phage_ph IS3501的侵染能力最强,而Bacillus_phage_phi AGATE等3株噬菌体的侵染能力较弱。在37株枯草芽孢杆菌中Bacillus subtilis ATCC 49760的易感性较强,Bacillus subtilis RO-NN-1等8株对枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的抗性较强。本研究利用基因组比对的方法对枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体侵染宿主的能力以及枯草芽孢杆的蛋白质功能进行了分析,为后续进一步研究枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体侵染能力及其蛋白质功能提供参考。     

芽孢杆菌BS-6基于全基因组数据的分类鉴定及拮抗能力分析

基于全基因组数据,确定芽孢杆菌BS-6的分类地位,验证其对植物病原菌的拮抗作用以及挖掘其潜在的生防功能。通过全基因组中16S rRNA及gyrA基因序列的系统发育分析及基因组分析方法确定芽孢杆菌BS-6的分类地位,通过平板对峙方法研究其对马铃薯枯萎病菌、玉米纹枯病菌和苹果轮纹病菌的拮抗能力;利用antiSMASH软件分析和预测菌株BS-6抑菌物质的相关基因并挖掘其生防潜力。基于16S rRNA及gyrA基因序列的系统发育分析及基因组分析结果,BS-6被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌,同时发现BS-6基因组中存在7种芽孢杆菌属重要或特有的次生代谢产物基因簇,4种未知功能的次生代谢产物基因簇,具有良好的抑制真菌生长的能力。枯草芽孢杆菌BS-6具有较强的拮抗植物病原菌的能力及良好的农业应用前景。     

一种含血浆沉淀物的新型培养基及其应用

本文以枯草芽孢杆菌为例,应用一种含血浆沉淀物的新型培养基PSM-1培养基和常规培养基(Luria-Bertani培养基,下简称LB培养基),在相同条件下,培养枯草芽孢杆菌进行液体发酵;并分别用PSM-1培养基和LB培养基培养的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液进行几种常见植物病原菌的抑菌实验。结果表明,(1)PSM-1培养基即减少了酵母粉、蛋白胨等昂贵营养物的使用量,实现了废弃物的循环利用,为工业化生产降低了约70%的生产成本;(2)用PSM-1培养基发酵芽孢类细菌时,芽孢率≥90%,而用LB培养基时,芽孢率约为80%,所以用PSM-1培养基发酵芽孢类细菌芽孢率提高了12.5%;(3)通过枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌实验观察,PSM-1培养基培养出的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液抑菌性能优于LB培养基培养的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液的抑菌性能。50 L及2 t发酵罐生产性实验结果表明,此种含血浆沉淀物的新型培养基(PSM-1)性能可靠,可以用于芽孢类细菌的培养。     

葡萄糖醛酸木聚糖酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达及发酵条件优化

为了研究葡萄糖醛酸木聚糖酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中异源表达,笔者从枯草芽孢杆菌中克隆得到带有自身信号肽的葡萄糖醛酸木聚糖酶基因,将其构建到大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭质粒中,转化入枯草芽孢杆菌WB800,得到重组菌。通过发酵条件以及培养基成分优化,重组菌中葡萄糖醛酸木聚糖酶酶活达到76.0 U/mL,约为优化前产酶量的5.4倍。葡萄糖醛酸木聚糖酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中实现高效异源表达,为其进一步的实际应用奠定了基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌JA脂肽类及挥发性物质抑菌效应的研究

枯草芽孢杆菌JA产生的脂肽类抗生素对植物病原真菌有广谱抗性。将发酵液经过酸沉淀、甲醇抽提以及反相高效液相色谱等步骤, 分离得到脂肽类抗生素的纯品。经IC50实验和抗菌谱测定, 考察了脂肽类抗生素对多种植物病原菌的作用, 确定了脂肽类抗生素的抗菌谱。深入研究表明, 枯草芽孢杆菌JA还产生未知成分的挥发性抑菌物质, 能够抑制灰霉病菌孢子的萌发和菌丝的生长。脂肽类抗生素和挥发性抑菌物质的协同作用, 有助于提高枯草芽孢杆菌的生物防治效果。     

枯草芽孢杆菌感受态细胞的制备及质粒转化方法研究

为便于枯草芽孢杆菌工业化生产应用,对Spizizen创立的枯草芽孢杆菌DNA转化方法进行改进.用GMI和GMII溶液处理枯草芽孢杆菌野生型菌株BS501a、营养缺陷型突变株DBl342和非营养缺陷型突变株WB800,用改进的方法制备感受态细胞,用7.5kb质粒pSBPTQ进行转化,并研究RNA、酵母粉、水解酪蛋白、培养方法对枯草芽孢杆菌质粒转化的影响.结果表明,该方法适用于不同基因型枯草芽孢杆菌的质粒转化,营养缺陷型突变株DBl342的转化率为750 CFU/μg/DNA,非营养缺陷型突变株WB800转化率为1 070 CFU/xg DNA,野生型菌株BS501a转化率为270 CFU/μg/DNA.根据影响转化效率的因素,推测在该方法中,枯草芽孢杆菌质粒转化原理:一定生物量的枯草芽孢杆菌在外界营养条件和钙、镁离子作用下,细胞壁和细胞膜形成缺陷,使外源DNA转入枯草芽孢杆菌细胞内.     

蛋白激发子PeaT1在枯草芽胞杆菌中的分泌表达及重组菌株提高小麦抗旱和促生的作用

PeaT1是从极细链格孢菌Alternaria tenuissima中分离的一种蛋白激发子,具有促进植物生长和诱导植物产生系统获得抗性的功能,为了实现peaT1基因在枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis中的分泌表达,增加其应用途径,从枯草芽胞杆菌基因组DNA中分别扩增获得P43启动子和nprB基因的信号肽序列,并用SOE (Splicing by over lapping extension) 方法与peaT1基因连接,将连接产物克隆到大肠杆菌-枯草芽胞杆菌穿梭表达载体pHY300-PLK上,构建了重组表达载体pHY43N-peaT1。将重组载体转化枯草芽胞杆菌WB800菌株,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析证实,在NprB信号肽的引导下,枯草芽胞杆菌成功分泌表达了PeaT1蛋白。构建的重组菌株能够显著增强幼苗抗旱性,提高小麦株高。     

An ELISA for the detection of Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria confirms their symbiosis in strawberry

AIMS: To develop an ELISA for the detection of antigens derived from stable Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria and to detect these in plants injected with L-form bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: A sandwich ELISA was developed and its specificity was investigated using L-forms and cell-walled forms of B. subtilis, different Bacillus species and a range of bacteria isolated from glasshouse-grown strawberry plants. The detection limits of the ELISA were approximately 10(3) viable cells ml(-1) for L-forms compared with 10(7) viable cells ml(-1) for cell-walled forms. Results showed that L-forms survived and moved within strawberry tissues injected with L-form bacteria. CONCLUSION: An ELISA that selectively detects B. subtilis L-form bacteria was developed and shown to confirm the presence of L-forms in plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This will be a valuable rapid method to further studies on L-form plant interactions.     

Bacterial growth in plant tissue culture media

C. LEIFERT AND W.M. WAITES. 1992. When Murashige and Skoog's liquid plant medium was inoculated with 10 different bacterial species in the absence of plants only Bacillus subtilis showed significant growth. The numbers of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Erwinia carotovora and Staphylococcus saprophyticus decreased rapidly and were not detected at 28 d.
Bacillus subtilis, Lact. plantarum, Ps. maltophilia, Erw. carotovora and Staph. saprophyticus grew and persisted in the same medium in the presence of Delphinium plants, while only Lact. plantarum and Erw. carotovora grew and persisted in the presence of Hemerocallis plants.
Hemerocallis plants lowered the pH of media from 5.6 to about 3.9 while Delphinium plants increased it to about 5.9 within 7 d after subculturing on fresh media. The pH drop in Hemerocallis media is thought to prevent the growth and persistence of bacteria such as B. subtilis, Staph. saprophyticus and Ps. maltophilia , which were found to be more sensitive to low pH than Lact. plantarum and Erw. carotovora. Bacterial growth in the medium altered the pH, reduced the plant growth and/or resulted in plant death.     

Established and abandoned tea (Camillia sinensis L.) rhizosphere: dominant bacteria and their antagonism

Some parts of the Indian Himalayan region are covered by established and abandoned tea bushes. Rhizospheric soils of these plants were studied for bacterial dominance and antagonism. Representatives of Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera were found to dominate the rhizosphere of established and abandoned tea bushes, respectively. Amongst the isolated species Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mycoides appeared to be closely associated with roots of established tea bushes while the rhizosphere of abandoned tea bushes was dominated by Pseudomonas putida. Four isolates of both B. subtilis and P. putida were selected on the basis of maximum antibacterial activity. The bacteriocin-like activity of B. subtilis and P putida strains was detected to be active over a range of temperature 0-50 degrees C and was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. Incubation of indicator strains with different concentrations of bacteriocin-like substances confirmed their bactericidal activity. Various species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas behaved antagonistically amongst themselves due to the production of bacteriocins under in vitro conditions.     

The symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-forms with Chinese cabbage seedlings inhibits conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea

AIMS: To establish whether germination of Botrytis cinerea was affected by the symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria with Chinese cabbage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Germinating seeds of Chinese cabbage were co-cultivated with either L-forms of Bacillus subtilis or 5% (w/v) mannitol by soaking for 3 h. Seeds were then washed in sterile water, sown on a minimal medium and incubated in controlled conditions. L-form symbiosis was detected over a time course by ELISA. Conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea was significantly reduced on cotyledonous leaves of L-form-treated plants compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Symbiosis of B. subtilis L-form bacteria during seed germination of Chinese cabbage inhibits conidial germination in plants on subsequent exposure to Botrytis cinerea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first account of plant symbiosis with L-form bacteria showing antagonism to a fungal plant pathogen. This has promising implications for the use of this L-form as a biocontrol agent.     

The blasticidin S resistance gene (bsr) selectable in a single copy state in the Bacillus subtilis chromosome

The blasticidin S resistance gene (bsr), originally isolated from Bacillus cereus, was studied in Bacillus subtilis. It was found that a 617 bp fragment including the intact bsr gene and its 5' flanking region could confer BS resistance on B. subtilis when integrated in its chromosome, even in a single copy state. The construction of a bsr gene cassette and its practical application as a novel selection marker for B. subtilis are reported.     

枯草芽孢杆菌生物茵剂对五味子白粉病防效及生长的影响

通过对不同年生五味子进行叶面喷施和根部灌施枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂进行田间试验,结果表明:(1)枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子白粉病有很好的抑制作用,喷施加灌施处理的发病率为13.0％,喷施的发病率为22.5％,清水对照的发病率为37.5％.对二年生、三年生、四年生五味子的防治效果分别为78.9％、77.8％、75.0％,这...     

Stimulation of the Protective Mechanisms of Solanum tuberosum by the Bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Chitooligosaccharides upon Infection with Phytophthora infestans

Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology - The joint effect of Bacillus subtilis 26D endophytic bacteria and chitooligosaccharides (COSs) on the resistance of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) to...     

High Production of Thermostable beta-Galactosidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus in Bacillus subtilis

By cloning the beta-galactosidase gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus IAM11001 (ATCC 8005) into Bacillus subtilis, enzyme production was enhanced 50 times. beta-Galactosidase could be purified to 80% homogeneity by incubating the cell extract of B. subtilis at 70 degrees C for 15 min, followed by centrifugation to remove the denatured proteins. Because of its heat stability and ease of production, beta-galactosidase is suitable for application in industrial processes.     

Biological properties of the phosphate-mobilizing Bacillus subtilis strain IMV V-7023

Biological characteristics of a new phosphate-mobilizing bacillus strain are reported. Species-level identification of the strain was performed according to morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics and the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis IMV V-7023 and displayed a very high ability to mobilize phosphorus from its sparingly soluble inorganic and organic compounds and the capability of synthesizing biologically active substances; in addition, the strain essentially suppressed the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria, micromycetes, and agents causing various diseases of vegetable, cereal, leguminous, and other plants. The strain Bacillus subtilis IMV V-7023 is promising for developing bacterial preparations for crop production.