Dkk3心脏特异表达转基因小鼠心脏功能分析

目的建立心脏特异表达Dkk3转基因模型小鼠,研究Dkk3对心脏发育及和心肌病的调节作用。方法把Dkk3基因插入心肌特异启动子-αMHC下游,构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立C57BL/6J Dkk3转基因小鼠,PCR鉴定转基因小鼠基因型,采用Northern blot检测Dkk3在心脏组织中的表达,HE染色和超声检查转基因小鼠心脏结构和功能。结果建立了3个不同表达水平的Dkk3转基因小鼠品系。转入的Dkk3基因在心脏组织的表达水平均高于同龄对照小鼠。组织学分析显示Dkk3小鼠室壁变厚,心腔减小,心肌细胞排列轻度紊乱。超声检查显示心室壁变厚,收缩期容积和舒张期容积显著减小,射血分数,短轴缩短率增加。结论Dkk3过表达导致转基因小鼠室壁变厚,心腔减小,心肌细胞排列轻度紊乱,心肌舒张功能轻度失调。     

cTnT^（R141W）转基因小鼠扩张型心肌病模型的建立

目的建立cTnT^R141W扩张型心肌病的转基因小鼠模型。方法把cTnT^R141W基因插入-αMHC启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,通过显微注射法建立cTnT^R141W转基因C57BL/6J小鼠。PCR鉴定cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠的基因表型,实时PCR检测基因的拷贝数,Northern blotting检测基因表达,光学显微镜和超声检测cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠心脏的病理改变。结果建立了3个系的cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠。3个系的基因拷贝数分别是15、20和59拷贝。cTnT^R141W基因在心脏组织的表达水平高于内源性cTnT。病理分析显示cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠心房心室明显大于野生型,心室壁明显变薄,心肌细胞不均匀肥大,心肌间质纤维增多。超声检查显示心室腔明显扩大,收缩期容积和舒张期容积显著增大,射血分数、短轴缩短率、室壁运动度明显降低。结论cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠的全心扩大,室壁变薄,心肌细胞肥大,间质纤维化以及心肌收缩力下降,说明成功建立了cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠扩张型心肌病模型,为研究扩张型心肌病发病机制和药物研发提供了有价值的动物模型。     

人参皂甙Rb1抑制扩张型心肌病发生中的HB-EGF表达和纤维化

目的HB-EGF过表达可促进心肌纤维化及心肌细胞凋亡,本文研究人参皂甙Rb1对cTnT^R141W转基因扩张型心肌病小鼠发病过程中的HB-EGF表达和心肌纤维化的影响。方法将cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和人参皂甙Rb1组（70 mg/kg/d）,连续给药7个月,取野生型小鼠作为对照组。用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析。心脏超声检测心功能及心脏几何构型。计算心重指数。光镜观察心肌细胞及间质变化。Western blot检测心脏HB-EGF,pSTAT3表达水平。结果Rb1长期给药能显著改善该模型的心功能和心脏几何构型,将死亡率降低50%。Rb1治疗组心重指数降低11.3%（P〈0.05）,光镜观察显示Rb1能减轻心肌细胞排列紊乱以及间质纤维化。Western blot结果显示Rb1能够显著降低模型中的HB-EGF及pSTAT3的表达。结论Rb1抑制心肌病发生中的HB-EGF表达及抑制下游信号pSTAT的激活,并改善扩张型心肌病模型的心功能及心脏重构。     

低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白2结合蛋白在心脏特异转基因小鼠中引起的心脏功能代偿

目的建立心脏特异表达的低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白2结合蛋白(Lrp2bp)转基因小鼠,研究该基因在心肌病发病中的作用。方法克隆鼠源Lrp2bp基因入α-MHC启动子下游,构建a-MHC-Lrp2bp表达载体,显微注射法建立Lrp2bp转基因小鼠。PCR鉴定转基因首建鼠的基因型。Westernblotting鉴定Lrp2bp在心脏中的表达,心脏超声检测转基因鼠及野生型小鼠心脏结构和功能,透射电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构改变。结果得到了4个Lrp2bp转基因品系,其中3个品系心脏Lrp2bp蛋白表达量与同龄野生型鼠相比明显增加。1M龄转基因小鼠与同窝阴性对照小鼠相比,心壁变厚,心腔变大,射血分数和短轴缩短率下降。结论心脏特异表达的Lrp2bp基因能引起心肌肥厚表型,可能是参与心肌代偿性肥厚的基因之一。     

心脏特异表达Calponin 1转基因小鼠的心脏功能分析

目的建立心脏特异表达Calponin 1转基因小鼠,研究Calponin 1对心脏发育及心肌病的调节作用。方法利用心脏特异启动子α-MHC构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立Calponin 1转基因小鼠,PCR法鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,Western Blot检测Calponin 1在心脏组织中的表达,心脏超声检测转基因小鼠的心脏结构和功能,HE染色和Masson染色检测转基因小鼠心脏的病理改变。结果 Calponin 1在野生型小鼠心脏中有表达,在扩张型心肌病小鼠的心脏组织表达降低。通过显微注射法,建立了2个心脏组织Calponin 1基因高表达的转基因小鼠系。与野生型小鼠相比,Calponin 1转基因小鼠收缩期左室内径（LVID,systolic）增加28%（P〈0.01,n=12）,舒张期左室内径（LVID,diastolic）增加16.2%（P〈0.01,n=12）,收缩期左室后壁厚度（LVPW,systolic）减小15.7%（P〈0.01,n=12）,舒张期左室后壁厚度（LVPW,diastolic）减小21%（P〈0.01,n=12）,射血分数（ejection fraction,EF）降低11.5%（P〈0.01,n=12）,短轴内径缩短率（fraction shortening,FS）降低14.6%（P〈0.05,n=12）。转基因小鼠心脏组织病理H＆E染色和Masson染色显示,转基因小鼠心室扩张,心肌细胞不均匀肥大,细胞间隙变大,心肌间质纤维增多。结论 Calponin 1在心脏特异过表达引起转基因小鼠心脏左室内径增加,收缩期容积和舒张期容积显著增大,心室壁变薄,射血分数及短轴缩短率降低等扩张性心肌病表型,推测Calponin 1是参与心肌病病理发生的基因之一。     

人参皂甙Rb1改善转基因扩张型心肌病模型小鼠的心功能和心脏重构

目的利用cTnT^R141W转基因扩张型心肌病小鼠,研究人参皂甙Rb1对遗传性扩张型心肌病心功能及心脏重构的作用及其可能机制。方法将cTnT^R141W转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和人参皂甙Rb1治疗组（70 mg/kg/d）,连续给药7个月,取野生型小鼠作为对照组。心脏超声检测心脏功能及几何构型。HE染色观察心肌细胞变化。透射电镜分析心肌超微结构。RT-PCR检测心肌粘附蛋白的表达。免疫荧光激光共聚焦观察心肌粘附分子Itga8的表达与分布。结果Rb1长期给药能显著改善该模型的心脏功能及几何构型。光镜和透射电镜观察显示Rb1能减轻心肌细胞排列紊乱及超微结构的破坏。RT-PCR结果显示,在模型中Cx40表达降低,E-cad、itga8和itgb1bp3表达升高,但在Rb1组中接近正常水平。免疫荧光激光共聚焦结果显示Rb1可降低Itga8的表达量并调节其分布。结论Rb1可改善扩张型心肌病模型的心功能,抑制心脏重构,其作用可能部分通过调节粘附蛋白的表达而实现的。     

心脏特异表达Dhcr24转基因小鼠的建立和表型分析

目的建立心脏特异表达小鼠24-脱氢胆固醇还原酶基因（Dhcr24）转基因小鼠,研究该基因在心脏中表达对小鼠心脏发育,形态和功能维持中的作用。方法RT-PCR法克隆小鼠24-脱氢胆固醇还原酶基因,把Dhcr24基因插入-αMHC启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,通过显微注射法建立Dhcr24 C57BL/6J转基因小鼠。并利用特异引物PCR法鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,RT-PCR和Western Blotting检测基因表达水平,光学显微镜和超声检测不同月龄Dhcr24转基因小鼠心脏的组织结构改变。结果建立了2个品系的心脏特异表达Dhcr24转基因小鼠。转入的Dhcr24基因在心脏组织的表达水平超过内源性Dhcr24的3倍。心脏组织学和超声检查证实：Dhcr24转基因小鼠的心室壁变厚,心腔变小,但心脏功能保持正常。结论成功建立了心脏特异表达Dhcr24转基因小鼠,Dhcr24基因在心脏组织的过度表达对小鼠心脏发育和功能维持中的作用需要进一步探讨。     

心脏特异表达LMNA^E82K转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立心脏特异表达LMNAE82K转基因小鼠,为研究LMNAE82K与心肌病发病机制的关系提供工具动物。方法把LMNAE82K基因插入α-MHC启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立C57BL/6JLMNAE82K转基因小鼠,PCR鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,采用Western Blot鉴定LMNAE82K在心脏组织中的表达,H＆E染色和超声检测转基因小鼠心脏的病理改变。结果建立了2个心脏组织特异表达LMNAE82K的转基因小鼠品系。超声检查显示转基因小鼠心室壁变薄,收缩期容积和舒张期容积增加,射血分数及短轴缩短率降低。结论LMNAE82K转基因小鼠具有LMNAE82K引起的家族性扩心病有类似的病理变化,为研究LMNAE82K与心肌病发病机制的关系的研究提供了有价值的疾病动物模型。     

心脏特异表达人源FAM55A转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立心脏特异表达的人源FAM55A转基因小鼠,为研究该基因在心肌病发病中的作用提供模型。方法 Western blot检测FAM55A在野生型小鼠与cTnTR141W转基因小鼠心脏组织中的表达变化及其在野生小鼠的组织表达谱。克隆人源FAM55A基因入α-MHC启动子下游构建a-MHC-FAM55A表达载体,显微注射法建立FAM55A转基因小鼠。PCR鉴定转基因首建鼠的基因型。Western blot鉴定人源FAM55A在转基因小鼠心脏中的表达,超声检测转基因小鼠心脏的几何构型和功能。HE染色检测转基因小鼠心脏的病理改变。结果 FAM55A在野生型小鼠心脏中有少量表达,在扩张型心肌病小鼠的心脏中表达增加。建立了1个心脏组织特异表达人源FAM55A转基因小鼠品系。与野生型小鼠相比,FAM55A转基因小鼠的心脏收缩期和舒张期左室前壁从1月龄到5月龄持续增厚,3月龄转基因小鼠心脏射血分数和短轴缩短率稍有增强,1月龄和5月龄转基因小鼠心脏功能则与同龄野生型小鼠相比无变化。组织学检测显示,转基因小鼠心脏左室心肌细胞不均匀肥大,但不发生紊乱。结论 FAM55A在扩张型心肌病小鼠的心脏中表达上调,建立了心脏特异表达的人源FAM55A转基因小鼠,为进一步和心肌病小鼠模型杂交,研究该基因在心肌病发病中的作用提供了工具。     

心脏组织特异性表达 Neuregulin -2转基因小鼠的建立及心脏功能分析

目的：神经调节蛋白2（ neuregulin-2, NRG2）可促进神经系统发育,基因缺失表现早期生长延迟, NRG2在心脏中也有表达,但其在心脏发育尤其是病理刺激时对心脏结构及功能的影响尚未见报道。本文目的是建立心脏组织特异性表达NRG2转基因小鼠,分析其在正常及压力负荷刺激时对心脏结构及功能的影响。方法将人NRG2基因插入到心脏特异性启动子α-MHC下游,构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立NRG2转基因小鼠,PCR鉴定转基因小鼠基因型,western blot鉴定NRG2蛋白在心脏中的表达并筛选高表达的转基因品系,主动脉缩窄术（ transverse aortic constriction , TAC）制备压力负荷诱导的心肌肥厚小鼠模型。利用超声影像分析和病理学观察小鼠心脏结构和功能改变。结果建立了心脏组织特异性高表达NRG2转基因小鼠品系。与同窝阴性转基因小鼠相比,转基因小鼠左心室舒张末期后壁厚度（LVPWD）明显增加,3月龄时可达15．6％（P＜0．05）,经压力负荷刺激后,NRG2转基因手术小鼠心室壁增厚程度显著下降,心室腔增大,同时心肌排列紊乱程度和纤维化程度明显比NTG手术小鼠严重。结论在压力负荷下,转基因表达NRG2缩短了肥厚过程,同时加速了心衰进程。     

Alterations in mitochondrial function in a mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by varying degrees of ventricular hypertrophy and myofibrillar disarray. Mutations in cardiac contractile proteins cause HCM. However, there is an unexplained wide variability in the clinical phenotype, and it is likely that there are multiple contributing factors. Because mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in heart disease, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the varying HCM phenotypes. Mitochondrial function was assessed in two transgenic models of HCM: mice with a mutant myosin heavy chain gene (MyHC) or with a mutant cardiac troponin T (R92Q) gene. Despite mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities in both models, the rate of state 3 respiration was significantly decreased only in the mutant MyHC mice by approximately 23%. Notably, this decrease in state 3 respiration preceded hemodynamic dysfunction. The maximum activity of alpha-ketogutarate dehydrogenase as assayed in isolated disrupted mitochondria was decreased by 28% compared with isolated control mitochondria. In addition, complexes I and IV were decreased in mutant MyHC transgenic mice. Inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, which is elevated in mutant MyHC mouse hearts, can prevent mitochondrial respiratory impairment in mutant MyHC mice. Thus our results suggest that mitochondria may contribute to the hemodynamic dysfunction seen in some forms of HCM and offer a plausible mechanism responsible for some of the heterogeneity of the disease phenotypes.     

Meox1在心脏过表达引起转基因小鼠扩张性心肌病

目的建立心脏特异表达Meox1转基因小鼠,研究Meox1对心脏发育及心肌病的调节作用。方法利用心脏特异启动子α-MHC构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立Meox1转基因小鼠,PCR鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,Western blot检测Meox1在心脏组织中的表达,心脏超声检测转基因小鼠及野生小鼠的心脏结构和功能。结果在生理状态下,Meox1基因只在幼鼠心脏中表达,在病理状态下,Meox1基因在成年心肌病小鼠的心脏组织表达升高。通过显微注射,建立了两个Meox1基因在心脏组织的表达水平明显高于同龄对照小鼠的转基因小鼠品系。与野生型小鼠相比,两个Meox1转基因小鼠品系收缩期左室内径分别增加7.2%、12.8%（P〈0.01,n=16）,舒张期左室内径分别增加15.6%、24.2%（P〈0.01,n=16）,收缩期容积分别增加36.8%、65.7%（P〈0.01,n=16）,舒张期容积分别增加18.2%、33.8%（P〈0.01,n=16）。射血分数分别减小6.6%、9.3%（P〈0.05,n=16）,短轴内径缩短率分别减小9.4%、12.3%（P〈0.05,n=16）。结论Meox1在心肌病心脏中表达,其在心脏高表达引起心脏左室内径增加,收缩期容积和舒张期容积显著增大,射血分数及短轴缩短率减少等扩张性心肌病表型,是参与心肌病病理发生的基因之一。     

Image and DNA analysis of hypertrophic myocytes in hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy between patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). STUDY DESIGN: The study group consisted of 30 autopsied heart disease patients (10 HHD, 10 HCM and 10 noncardiac heart disease). DNA synthesis by hypertrophic cardiac myocytes was examined, and three-dimensional myocyte structure image was investigated. DNA synthesis and the cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry using autopsy material. Three-dimensional myocyte structure image was visualized. RESULTS: The percentage of cells in G2M phase of the cell cycle was significantly decreased in the myocardium of autopsied hearts with HCM as compared with hearts with HHD (HCM:HHD = 1.2 +/- 1.1%: 7.7 +/- 2.6%, mean +/- SD). Hypertrophic myocytes of HCM characteristically possessed myocardial disarray and irregular side-to-side branch connections between myocytes. No myocyte disarray or irregular connections could be observed in HHD. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy differs between patients with HHD and HCM and also suggest dissimilar cell vitality and latent proliferative viability of hypertrophic myocytes in a hypertrophic process between HHD and HCM. That is, hypertrophic myocytes may be called "restricted" myocytes in a morphologic and biochemical sense.     

The PTPN11 loss-of-function mutation Q510E-Shp2 causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by dysregulating mTOR signaling

The identification of mutations in PTPN11 (encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2) in families with congenital heart disease has facilitated mechanistic studies of various cardiovascular defects. However, the roles of normal and mutant Shp2 in the developing heart are still poorly understood. Furthermore, it remains unclear how Shp2 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations cause LEOPARD Syndrome (also termed Noonan Syndrome with multiple lentigines), which is characterized by congenital heart defects such as pulmonary valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In normal hearts, Shp2 controls cardiomyocyte size by regulating signaling through protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We hypothesized that Shp2 LOF mutations dysregulate this pathway, resulting in HCM. For our studies, we chose the Shp2 mutation Q510E, a dominant-negative LOF mutation associated with severe early onset HCM. Newborn mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Q510E-Shp2 starting before birth displayed increased cardiomyocyte sizes, heart-to-body weight ratios, interventricular septum thickness, and cardiomyocyte disarray. In 3-mo-old hearts, interstitial fibrosis was detected. Echocardiographically, ventricular walls were thickened and contractile function was depressed. In ventricular tissue samples, signaling through Akt/mTOR was hyperactivated, indicating that the presence of Q510E-Shp2 led to upregulation of this pathway. Importantly, rapamycin treatment started shortly after birth rescued the Q510E-Shp2-induced phenotype in vivo. If rapamycin was started at 6 wk of age, HCM was also ameliorated. We also generated a second mouse model in which cardiomyocyte-specific Q510E-Shp2 overexpression started after birth. In contrast to the first model, these mice did not develop HCM. In summary, our studies establish a role for mTOR signaling in HCM caused by Q510E-Shp2. Q510E-Shp2 overexpression in the cardiomyocyte population alone was sufficient to induce the phenotype. Furthermore, the pathomechanism was triggered pre- but not postnatally. However, postnatal rapamycin treatment could still reverse already established HCM, which may have important therapeutic implications.