PCR技术在支原体检测中的应用

一、前言 支原体(Mycoplasma)是界于细菌和病毒之间的原核微生物,分类学上是一个独立的纲——柔膜体纲( Mollicute)。 1989年Nocard与Roux从牛的胸膜肺炎病灶中首先分离到,以后又从病人、家畜标本中查出。迄今发现的支原体有100多种,确定对人致病的有五种。肺炎支原体(M.pneu-moniae)能引起人的原发性非典型性肺炎;解脲脲原体( Ureaplasma urealyticum)能引起非淋菌性尿道炎、绒毛膜羊膜炎、早产及低体重新生儿,人型支原体(M.hominis)主要引起肾孟肾     

猴B病毒PCR检测方法的建立

目的　建立检测猴血B病毒的PCR方法。方法　根据MakotoH报道的引物 ,用PCR方法直接扩增猴血B病毒及扩增经Vero细胞培养后的猴血B病毒 ,扩增产物连于pGEM T载体。结果　这四对引物可同时对猴血B病毒及经Vero细胞培养后的猴血B病毒进行扩增 ,扩增结果一致 ,对扩增片段克隆测序的结果证实 ,其与美国猴B病毒E2 4 90株同源性为 10 0 %。结论　建立了从血样中直接检测猴B病毒DNA的PCR方法。     

PCR技术在环境生物学上的应用

ＰＣＲ技术在环境生物学上的应用邱东茹,吴振斌（中国科学院水生生物研究所武汉４３００７２）水是许多疾病的传播途径之一,为监测水环境、水处理系统和供水系统的卫生学质量,需要对水中的病原菌和病毒作检测,由于直接检查水中各种病原微生物方法复杂,如有些细菌很难...     

PCR在临床淋球菌检测中的应用

ＰＣＲ多聚霉链反应技术已被广泛的应用于临床医学的多种疾病的检测诊断中,它不仅为检测病原菌提供了特异性好,敏感性强,快速简便的途径,而且还使隐性病症的早期诊断成为可能,本文仅对ＰＣＲ在淋球菌的临床检测的基本特点,应用方法以及临床样品裂解方法的改进,特异性及敏感性试验以及ＰＣＲ检测意义等做一个探讨。     

猕猴巨细胞病毒(RhCMV)nested PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

目的建立猴巨细胞(RhCMV)病毒的nested PCR检测方法,并初步应用。方法根据GenBank中报道的RhCMV全基因序列,针对其中的保守区域Rh85设计两对引物进行nested PCR反应,利用此方法对20份猕猴全血标本进行检测,将检测到的猕猴阳性标本扩增片段进行克隆测序。结果利用保守区域Rh85设计的引物可对人HCMV阳性对照进行扩增。用此方法检测的20份猕猴全血标本,出现2例阳性。其中一例扩增片段经纯化、回收克隆测序后用BLAST软件进行同源性对比,与GenBank中报道的RhCMV序列基本相同。结论建立了从猴全血中直接检测猴RhCMV病毒DNA的敏感、特异的nested PCR方法。     

多重PCR在几个近交系小鼠遗传检测中的应用初探

目的　探讨多重PCR方法在小鼠微卫星检测中的应用。方法　用 34对特异性引物对AKR、BALB c、C57 BL、DBA 2、CBA、A WY、6 15、T739、BALB cJ和AKR J 10个品系的近交系小鼠用PCR方法进行遗传检测 ,并从中选用 4对引物 ,对这些品系小鼠进行二重和多重PCR检测。结果　二重PCR在与单一PCR相同的反应条件下 ,扩增出两条与预期条带相同的带 ,而三重PCR则没有得到三条预期的条带 ,出现了干扰现象。结论　通过二条条带的距离可以鉴别出不同的近交系小鼠 ,二重PCR可应用于近交系小鼠的遗传检测 ,具有方便简单、省时的优点     

猕猴结核分枝杆菌PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

目的建立猕猴结核分枝杆菌PCR快速检测方法。方法根据GenBank中报道的人型结核分枝杆菌标准株H37RV全基因序列,针对其中致病性结核分枝杆菌所特有的保守区域ESAT-6设计一对引物进行TouchdownPCR反应,利用此方法对100份野生来源猕猴全血标本进行检测,并与传统的PPD实验和咽拭子抗酸染色实验结果作比对。结果抽取33份野生来源猕猴的外周血,提取DNA进行扩增,扩增片段经纯化、回收克隆测序后用BLAST软件进行同源性对比,与GenBank中报道的序列基本相同,检测标本中有4份（4／33）为阳性,其中3份（3／33）标本与结核菌素试验和咽拭子抗酸染色试验结果相符合。结论建立了从猴全血中直接检测猴结核分枝杆菌DNA的TouchdownPCR方法,具有敏感性和特异性高,且简便的优点。     

猴D型反转录病毒巢式PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立SRV-1巢式PCR检测方法并进行初步应用。方法针对SRV-1env基因的保守区序列,设计特异性引物,以感染SRV-1 Raji细胞提取出的含有前病毒DNA的基因组DNA为模板,进行巢式PCR反应。扩增产物测序后与GenBank报道的序列进行同源比对。将DNA样本进行10倍梯度稀释,以检测巢式PCR反应的灵敏度。使用该方法对正常Raji细胞以及感染SIV、STLV的外周血淋巴细胞DNA样本进行扩增,检测该方法的特异性。用建立的巢式PCR方法检测40份储存猴血标本。结果使用巢式PCR扩增出的特异片段经测序分析,结果证实与GenBank报道的序列一致。所建立的巢式PCR检测法检测限度可达1.5×10-3ng/μL,而且方法特异。用此方法检测40份猴血标本,未检测到阳性标本。结论初步建立SRV-1的巢式PCR检测方法,该方法灵敏、特异,为SRV-1的检测提供了一个快速、有效的手段。     

巢式PCR检测食蟹猴和猕猴中SRV和SFV

目的利用巢式PCR方法检测圈养的食蟹猴（Macaca fascicularis）和猕猴（Macaca mulatta）中猴D型逆转录病毒（Simian Type D Retrovirus SRV）和猴泡沫病毒（Simian foamy virus SFV）。方法针对SRV-env和SFV-pol基因的保守区序列设计特异性外引物,然后再设计特异性内引物。将外引物扩增出的片段克隆到PJET1.2blunt载体中作为阳性对照,运用NCBI中BLAST软件比对测序结果。用巢式PCR方法分别检测食蟹猴和猕猴中SRV和SFV。结果发现食蟹猴中SFV感染率为65.2%,SRV感染率为9.5%,猕猴中SFV感染率为60.5%,SRV感染率为12.8%。结论圈养的食蟹猴和猕猴SFV的感染率均较高,SRV感染率很低。     

猕猴结肠镜下活检组织病理学观察

目的通过对猕猴结肠镜检及活检取材,对结肠镜检测方法应用于非人灵长类动物予以评价。方法实验猴在麻醉状态下接受结肠镜检查和活检标本取材,对活检标本进行固定和病理切片观察,并对所检猴进行解剖和组织学观察,比较各取材点的情况。结果结肠镜下及大体标本观察见猕猴肠壁厚度明显小于人体,活检取材部位见黏膜破损、肠出血,个别部位见肠穿孔。病理切片HE染色观察发现,与人体比较,猕猴大肠腺较小而表浅,固有层内淋巴小结数量较少,肌层、黏膜下层明显较薄。结论对猕猴行结肠镜检查及镜下活检取材是可行的,但因猕猴肠壁较人体薄而极易穿孔,故需尽量应用活检杯小的活检钳,并需要充分的肠道准备和有经验的肠镜操作。     

Dynamin inhibitor impairs Toxoplasma gondii invasion

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects its host cells through an active mechanism. In this work, we obtained evidence that host cells also play a fundamental role during the infection process. We found that previous incubation of the host cells, but not the parasites, with Dynasore, a small molecule that inhibits dynamin GTPase activity, markedly reduced the penetration of T. gondii tachyzoites into LLC-MK2 cells. In contrast, parasite adhesion to the host cell surface increased, as observed both by light and electron microscopy. Intriguingly, the few parasites internalized by Dynasore-treated cells remained in vacuoles located at the periphery of the cell, in contrast to the perinuclear localization seen in the control.     

Hydroxyurea inhibits intracellular Toxoplasma gondii multiplication

Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii multiply within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) until the lysis of the host cell. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of hydroxyurea (a specific drug that arrests cell division at G1/S phase) on the multiplication of T. gondii tachyzoites in infected Vero cells. Infected host cells were treated with hydroxyurea for periods varying from 5 to 48 h, and the survival and morphology of the parasite were determined. Hydroxyurea arrested intracellular T. gondii multiplication in all periods tested. After 48 h of incubation with hydroxyurea, intracellular parasites were not easily observed in Vero cells. Ultrastructural observations showed that infected host cells treated with hydroxyurea for 24 h or more presented disrupted intracellular parasites within the PV. However, the host cells exhibited a normal morphology. Our observations suggest that hydroxyurea was able to interfere with the cycle of the intracellular parasite, leading to the complete destruction of the T. gondii without affecting the host cells.     

促进人工饲养实验猕猴心理康乐

目的促进实验猕猴心理康乐,既能减少动物异常行为的发生、获得可靠的科学数据,同时也是实现这一珍贵非人灵长类实验动物福利的重要内容。实验猕猴社会化集群、环境优化、婴猴饲养方式是影响动物心理康乐几个较大的因素,本文对其研究进展进行了综述,对推进我国灵长类实验动物福利具有积极作用。     

Differential detection of Hammondia hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii using polymerase chain reaction

Hammondia hammondi and Toxoplasma gondii are two related coccidian parasites, with cats as definitive hosts and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. It is difficult to differentiate them by morphological and serological parameters. In the present study, primers were designed to specifically amplify the ITS-1 region of H. hammondi to differentiate it from T. gondii. Attempts were made to detect the presence of H. hammondi DNA in the tissues of mice infected with H. hammondi alone, as well as from mixed infections with T. gondii, using the newly designed primers. The de novo primers effectively amplified the H. hammondi-specific target fragment from all samples containing H. hammondi, including those with concomitant T. gondii infection. Further, the primers did not amplify any fragment from the related parasites like T. gondii, Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni. The new primers provide simple and efficient means to differentially diagnose H. hammondi from T. gondii even in samples containing both parasites, thus obviating the need for other labourious techniques like mouse bioassay and in vitro cultivation.     

Detection of Ocular Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Chronic Irregular Recurrent Uveitis by PCR

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite resulting in human infections and one of the infectious pathogens leading to uveitis and retinochoroiditis. The present study was performed to assess T. gondii infection in 20 ocular patients with chronic irregular recurrent uveitis (20 aqueous humor and 20 peripheral blood samples) using PCR. All samples were analyzed by nested PCR targeting a specific B1 gene of T. gondii. The PCR-positive rate was 25% (5/20), including 5% (1) in blood samples, 25% (5) in aqueous humor samples, and 5% (1) in both sample types. A molecular screening test for T. gondii infection in ocular patients with common clinical findings of an unclear retinal margin and an inflammatory membrane over the retina, as seen by fundus examination, may be helpful for early diagnosis and treatment.     

弓形虫感染实验动物模型的特点及建模方案的选择

弓形虫感染对人类生活和畜牧业发展构成严重威胁。弓形虫感染实验动物模型是进行弓形虫学相关研究的基础条件之一。在实际研究工作中,根据不同的实验目的、选取不同的实验动物和以不同的实验方法所建立的实验动物模型,呈现出复杂和多变的特点。这一方面可以满足不同实验的需要,但同时也在实验结果的评价上导致一定程度的不足。根据弓形虫感染实验动物模型的不同特点,针对特定的实验目的,选择适合方法建立适合的实验动物模型,是进行相关弓形虫学研究的有效基础和前提。     

Construction of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite expressing the green fluorescent protein

The bradyzoite stage of Toxoplasma gondii is a key step in the parasite life cycle. For a better understanding of this stage, a sensitive system to detect the tissue cysts would be required. In this study, we generated the T. gondii cyst-forming strain PLK expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the dense granule protein 1 promoter, which works at both the tachyzoite and the bradyzoite stages. The bradyzoites with GFP fluorescence within both small and large cysts were detectable in the brain of mice infected with the recombinant PLK. Indeed, the bradyzoites expressing GFP had infectivity to mice. This study shows that transfection of the cyst-forming strain with GFP gene under control of the GRA1 promoter could be a useful approach for the study of the bradyzoite stage of T. gondii.