栓皮栎人工林冠层温度变化特征及其与微气象因子的关系

基于2011年栓皮栎主要生长季(5-8月)的冠层温度数据及同步观测得到的冠层微气象资料,分析了典型晴天和阴天条件下华北低丘山地栓皮栎人工林冠层温度(Tc)的变化特征及其与微气象因子的关系.结果表明:晴天日9:00-16:00,栓皮栎人工林林冠边界层处于不稳定状态,Tc比空气温度(Ta)平均高3.55℃;阴天日Tc的变化较晴天条件下平缓;Tc与Ta、净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度、风速等冠层微气象要素的复相关达极显著水平,其复相关系数为0.825;影响Tc的主要气象因子是Ta和Rn,二者对Tc的影响程度与天气状况有关.     

红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度、气温和空气相对湿度的时空分布格局

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,通过对林隙内光量子通量密度(PPFD)、气温和空气相对湿度进行连续观测,比较其间的时空分布格局.结果表明：晴天和阴天阔叶红松林林隙的PPFD日最大值均出现在11:00—13:00,晴天林隙内各个时段最大值出现位置不同,日最大值出现在林隙北侧林冠边缘处;而阴天各个时段最大值均处于林隙的中心.林隙内月平均PPFD 为6月最高、9月最低,极差7月最大.林隙内晴天气温的峰值出现在9:00—15:00,而阴天气温峰值在15：00—19：00,均位于林隙中心南8 m.5:00—9:00林隙各点阴天的气温都高于晴天,9:00—19:00则相反.月平均气温为6月最高、9月最低.晴天和阴天空气相对湿度的峰值均出现在5:00—9:00,日最大值在林隙西侧林冠边缘处,且阴天的相对湿度始终大于晴天.月平均相对湿度为7月最高、6月最低.晴天PPFD的异质性大于阴天,而气温和相对湿度的异质性则不明显.生长季内不同月份PPFD、气温和空气相对湿度的最大值所处位置不同.PPFD和气温的月均值在林隙中心及附近变化梯度较大,而相对湿度的月均值则在林隙边缘变化梯度较大.     

玉米和大豆条带间作模式下的光环境特性

于2006—2007年对玉米/大豆窄条带间作系统的光环境特性进行观测,研究间作冠层内光合有效辐射（PAR）的空间分布,并分析光环境改变对作物产量的影响.结果表明：在生育早期,大豆条带边行（与玉米相邻行）底部光的透射率高于大豆内行,而玉米条带内行底部光的透射率高于边行;进入生殖生长后,冠层底部光的透射率变化不明显,平均透射率小于7%.在生育早期,内行大豆接收到的日平均光量子通量密度（PPFD）比边行高约10%;1∶3间作模式（I₁处理）下,大豆边行和内行光的透射率均比2∶3间作模式（I₂处理）高15%,表明I₂处理的玉米条带对大豆的遮荫程度大于I₁处理.在大豆开花之后,内行大豆接收到的日平均PPFD与两侧边行有显著差异,但边行之间差异不显著;内行和外行大豆光的透射率分别为38%和27%,但I₁和I₂处理之间差异不显著,表明两种间作模式下玉米条带对大豆的遮荫程度相近.大豆内行的生物量高于边行,而边行之间没有显著差异,表明在充分供水条件下,不同窄条带间作模式对作物生物量的影响主要是由于作物光环境的改变所致.     

长白山阔叶红松林生长季反射率特征

根据长白山阔叶红松林气象观测塔上太阳总辐射和反射辐射资料 ,计算了 2 0 0 1年 5月 2 2日～10月 14日森林下垫面的每日整点反射率 .结果表明 ,森林的反射率与太阳高度角有关 ,在太阳高度角很小的日出和日落附近反射率较高 ,太阳高度角大于 30°时反射率变化不大 ,反射率的日变化曲线为U形 .森林的反射率与天空状况有关 ,晴天条件下低太阳高度时的反射率高值明显 ,U形曲线突出 ,昙天时曲线两端高值相对较低 ,U形曲线也相对平坦 ,阴天的日变化曲线则没有明显的规律 ,在某范围内波动 .生长季反射率的变化特点为 6月上旬较高 ,6月下旬稍有下降 ,7～ 9月较稳定 ,10月上旬则逐渐下降 ,反映了冠层叶片物候变化特征 .     

长白山红松针阔叶混交林林下光合有效辐射的基本特征

利用长白山红松针阔叶混交林连续3年的光合有效辐射（PAR）观测数据,与林冠上方PAR值相对比,分析了林冠下5个不同水平位置探头的PAR时空特征.结果表明:林木冠层上方的PAR日总量年变化呈双峰甚至多峰趋势,主要受降水和云雾等天气状况的影响;林下PAR日总量年变化表现为非生长季与冠层上方变化趋势一致,在生长季数值较小且趋于稳定.典型晴天时林下5个探头的PAR值在时间和大小分布上有较大差异.在空间变化上,非生长季林下PAR变异系数较小,约为0.15;生长季的变异系数较大,在0.22以上,最高值在8月.生长季典型晴天太阳高度角为38°～48°区间(9：00—10：00和13：00—14：00)时,林下PAR空间变化较大.     

落叶阔叶林冠层光合有效辐射分量的遥感模拟与分析

冠层绿色叶片(光合组分)的光合有效辐射分量(绿色FPAR)真实地反映了植被与外界进行物质和能量交换的能力,获取冠层光合组分吸收的太阳光合有效辐射,对生态系统生产力的遥感估算精度的提高具有重要的意义。研究以落叶阔叶林为例,基于SAIL模型模拟森林冠层光合组分和非光合组分吸收的光合有效辐射,研究冠层FPAR变化规律以及与植被指数的相关关系。结果表明,冠层结构的改变会影响冠层对PAR的吸收能力,冠层绿色FPAR的大小与植被面积指数及光合组分面积比相关;在高覆盖度植被区,冠层绿色FPAR占冠层总FPAR的80%以上,非光合组分的贡献较小,但在低植被覆盖区,当光合组分和非光合组分面积相同时,绿色FPAR不及冠层总FPAR的50%;相比于NDVI,北方落叶阔叶林冠层EVI与绿色FPAR存在更为显著的线性相关关系(R~20.99)。     

华北山区侧柏冠层气孔导度特征及其对环境因子的响应

冠层气孔导度(g_s)是衡量冠层-大气界面水汽通量的重要生物学常数,研究其特征及对环境因子的响应,能为开展森林冠层水汽交换过程的机理性研究提供理论依据.于2014年利用SF-L热扩散式探针测定了侧柏的树干液流密度(J_s),同步监测光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、气温(T)等环境因子,计算侧柏的冠层气孔导度特征并分析其对各环境因子的响应.结果表明: 侧柏液流密度的日变化总体呈双峰曲线,生长季高于非生长季,且胸径越大液流密度越大;冠层气孔导度日变化与单位叶面积冠层蒸腾(E_L)趋势相近,均呈双峰曲线,生长季的冠层气孔导度和蒸腾较非生长季略高.侧柏冠层气孔导度与空气温度呈抛物线关系,在10 ℃左右冠层气孔导度达到峰谷;光合有效辐射以400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1为界,小于该阈值两者呈正相关关系,大于该阈值则冠层气孔导度受其影响较小;与饱和水汽压差呈负对数函数关系,随饱和水汽压差增大而逐渐降低.较高的空气温度和光合有效辐射、较低的饱和水汽压差有利于侧柏形成较大的冠层气孔导度,进而促进冠层蒸腾.     

人工同龄纯林冠层辐射场模拟模型I.理论计算

充分考虑坡地人工林冠层结构特征和叶面积空间分布的异质性,分别相邻树冠遮荫和目的树冠遮荫对树冠内辐射场的影响,建立的人工林冠层辐射场模型,可模拟树冠内任意点,在一年内任一时刻内的辐射及其直接和散射分量,以及以1h为步长的日总辐射等,为人工林可持续经营和冠层光合生产力模拟奠定基础。     

人工同龄纯林冠层辐射场模拟模型Ⅰ理论计算

充分考虑坡地人工林冠层结构特征和叶面积空间分布的异质性,分别相邻树冠遮荫和目的树冠遮荫对树冠内辐射场的影响,建立的人工林冠层辐射场模型,可模拟树冠内任意点,在一年内任一时刻的辐射及其直接和散射分量,以及以1h为步长的日总辐射等,为人工林可持续经营和冠层光合生产力模拟奠定基础。     

基于塔载辐射监测帽儿山落叶阔叶林

基于通量塔常规辐射测量的宽带植被指数(BVI)具有高时间分辨率的优点,有利于获得更详细的森林冠层叶面积指数(LAI)动态信息.本文以帽儿山通量观测站的温带落叶阔叶林为例,研究宽带归一化差值植被指数(NDVI_B)、宽带增强型植被指数(EVI_B)、近红外反射率与光合有效辐射反射率比值(SR_NP)和太阳辐射反射率与光合有效辐射反射率比值(SR_SP)4种BVI时间序列的控制因子及其滤波方法,并以凋落物收集法为参考,评估采用BVI估测冠层LAI的可行性.结果表明: Huemmrich、Wilson和Jenkins 3种方法计算的同一BVI值略有不同,但其季节变化趋势高度一致.BVI主要受太阳高度角和太阳高度角与坡度夹角的影响而呈现明显的日变化,太阳高度角与坡度夹角最大时刻(12:30)前后的BVI相对稳定.晴空指数可以作为BVI日值滤波的有效参数,不同时刻数据构成的日BVI时间序列的晴空指数阈值以及滤波后的有效数据率存在差异,应综合考虑平滑效果和有效数据率选择合适的时间点代表BVI日值.NDVI_B与凋落物收集法测定的LAI呈显著的线性关系,而EVI_B、SR_NP和SR_SP与LAI均呈显著的对数关系.因此,NDVI_B在表征冠层LAI季节动态和LAI外推中更为精确、方便.鉴于大部分森林碳水通量观测塔配备能量平衡观测系统,如果同时测定光合有效辐射反射率,即可实现冠层LAI长期连续联网监测.     

刺槐树冠光合作用的空间异质性

林木冠层是森林与外界环境相互作用最直接的部分,冠层光合作用是研究森林生产力的基础。为了深入了解冠层内部光合作用的差异性,以陕西省永寿县马莲滩流域阳坡和阴坡立地的刺槐林为研究对象,对比分析了光合速率(An)、蒸腾速率(E)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(gs)、羧化效率(Vc)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、气孔限制值(ls)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(Ta)在树冠不同层次、不同方位,以及不同坡向之间的差异性。结果表明,刺槐树冠不同层次的光合作用差异性显著,大部分光合生理生态指标表现为:上中下。对于阳坡刺槐,VPD、Ta、gs、E是影响不同层次An的主要因子;对于阴坡刺槐,VPD、E、PAR是影响不同层次An的主要因子。光合作用在刺槐树冠的不同方位没有显著差异,大多数光合指标变化很小,E、ls、PAR、Ta是影响不同方位An的主要因子。对于刺槐冠层内部的任何层次或方位,阴坡刺槐具有更高的日均An、E、Vc、VPD、ls,而阳坡刺槐具有更高的日均WUE、gs、PAR、Ta。阳坡刺槐树冠中层西方和阴坡中层东方的日总光合速率值,可以分别代表阳坡和阴坡刺槐整个冠层的日总光合速率。研究认为,在冠层水平模拟和估计森林生产力时,必须考虑冠层光合作用的空间异质性,对于从单木到林分的尺度推演和模型拟合具有重要的意义。     

Spectral composition of photosynthetically active radiation penetrating into a Norway spruce canopy: the opposite dynamics of the blue/red spectral ratio during clear and overcast days

The spectral composition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during clear and overcast days was studied above the canopy (U) and at two layers of a dense Norway spruce stand [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] characterized with an average LAI = 7.3 ± 0.8 (middle layer: M) and 12.3 ± 0.7 (lower layer: L). Whereas the spectral composition of PAR incoming on the canopy surface during cloudy days (characterized by diffuse index DI > 0.7) was almost independent of the solar elevation angle, the proportion of the blue-green spectral region of PAR was significantly reduced at low elevation angles during days with prevailing direct radiation (DI < 0.3). The PAR spectrum at both M and L levels was only slightly enriched in the green spectral region (more pronounced for DI < 0.3). The penetration of diffuse radiation into the canopy resulted in a slight (approx. 5%) reduction of the blue region proportion that remained stable during the day. On the contrary, under clear sky conditions the penetration of blue and red radiation was dependent on the solar elevation in an opposite manner in comparison with the spectral composition of PAR incident on canopy, giving almost twofold proportion of the blue part of the spectrum at a low elevation angle at M layer. We suggest that the blue enhancement of the spectrum within the Norway spruce canopy during clear days is due to a specific spatial arrangement of the assimilatory apparatus of a coniferous stand. Further, the possible consequences of the observed dynamics of the PAR spectrum inside the canopy during clear days on the efficiency of PAR absorption of the needles located within the canopy are discussed.     

Daylight spectra (400–740 nm) beneath sunny,blue skies in Tasmania,and the effect of a forest canopy

Abstract The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) incident on a horizontal surface at an open mountain site is positively correlated with solar altitude for sunny, blue sky conditions. The proportion of red light in PAR decreases with increasing solar altitude, while that of blue increases. These results are consistent with the wavelength dependency of Rayleigh and Mie scattering. The ratio of near infrared radiation to PAR decreases with increasing solar altitude towards solar noon and with decreasing solar altitude towards sunset. Thus surface reflection seems to be an important part of the light climate. The relative transmission of daylight through a forest canopy to a horizontal surface is not correlated with solar altitude for sunny, blue sky conditions at a mountain site. The amount of diffuse daylight is negatively correlated with per cent canopy interception, and the amount of direct sunlight is negatively correlated with per cent solar track interception. Daylength is negatively correlated with both canopy and solar track interceptions. The proportion of red light in PAR increases with increasing solar altitude, while that of blue decreases. These results are opposite those for the open site and are due to the spatial patterns of canopy obstruction of the sky vault, and of the spectral quality of daylight across the sky. The ratio of near infrared radiation to PAR in shadelight increases with increasing canopy interception due to the selective scattering properties of the canopy. The ratio for shadelight is positively correlated with the ratio for sunflecks.     

当归叶片光合参数日变化及其与环境因子的关系

在当归根茎膨大期,利用CI-310便携式光合仪,田间活体测定了当归的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合生理生态因子,以及光合有效辐射(PAR)、田间CO2浓度(Ca)、相对湿度(RH)、大气温度(Ta)、叶温(TL)等环境因子的日变化。结果表明,当归Pn日变化曲线为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00左右,次高峰出现在16:00左右,午间有明显的"午休"现象,气孔因素是导致其"午休"的主要原因。Tr、Gs和Ci的日变化曲线均为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00,次高峰出现在17:00。当归叶片净光合速率随环境因子日变化最优逐步多元回归方程为yPn=14.3108 0.0076xPAR-0.5271xTL(R2=0.6601,P<0.05),TL和PAR是对光合速率直接影响最大的生态因子,而Ca、RH和Ta主要是通过TL而间接影响光合速率的变化。     

Growth of Chlorella outdoors in a changing light environment

Chlorella zofingiensis was grown in semi-continuous culture in an outdoor enclosed tubular photobioreactor. At the quasi-steady state, the response of the culture to changes in photosynthetically active radiance (PAR) was studied by following closely the dissolved O₂ concentration,biomass concentration and the carbohydrate and protein content of the biomass. Generally, O₂ production and the output of carbon and nitrogen of the biomass showed a linear correlation with incident PAR, suggesting that the cultures were light-limited. Photoinhibition was not observed in high light adapted cultures (on a sunny day), but was observed in shade adapted cultures(cloudy days) when there was a sudden four-fold increase in PAR. The output rate of biomass nitrogen observed on sunny days was, however, lower than that measured on cloudy days. On sunny days, a rapid increase in the C/N ratio of the biomass was seen. We attribute the increase in C/N ratio on sunny days to a slower response of protein synthesis to big increases in PAR, compared to carbohydrate synthesis. The possible influence of this C and N response pattern on the productivity of outdoor algal cultures is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The ratio of transmitted near-infrared radiation to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increases in proportion to the adsorbed PAR in the canopy

The daily total photosynthetically active radiation (400??00?nm, PAR) and near-infrared radiation (700??000?nm, NIR) were measured in the understory beneath the canopy (PARt and NIRt) and above the canopy (PARi and NIRi) of a Japanese cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest during the snow-free period (May to November). The integration of spectral radiation for NIR and that for PAR, and the daily integrations of instantaneous NIR and PAR, reduced the noises from the optical difference in spectrum and from canopy structure heterogeneity, sky condition and solar elevation. PARi/PARt was linearly related to NIRt/PARt (R2?=?0.96). The effect of cloudiness was negligible, because the fluctuation of NIRi/PARi was quite small regardless of season and weather conditions compared with the range of NIRt/PARt in the forest. The ratio of NIRt/PARt beneath the canopy was log-linearly related to the in situ leaf area index (LAI) with a wide range from 0 to 5.25 (R2?=?0.97). We conclude that seasonal changes in fAPAR (=?1???PARt/PARi) and LAI of a canopy can be estimated with high accuracy by transmitted NIRt and PARt beneath the canopy.     

Effect of drought stress on leaf optical properties in drought-resistant and drought-sensitive maize and triticale genotypes

The effect of a short (7 d), prolonged (14 d) soil drought (D) and (7 d) recovery (DR) on the leaf optical properties — reflectance (R), transmittance (T) and absorptance (A) in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and near infrared radiation (NIR) range of irradiation (750–1100 nm) was studied for maize and triticale genotypes differing in drought tolerance. The drought stress caused the changes in leaf optical properties parameters in comparison with non-drought plants. The observed harmful influence of drought was more visible for maize than triticale.     

蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日变化的初步研究

对野生蜡梅在不同天气中的净光合速率 (Pn)和蒸腾速率 (Tr)日变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了初步研究 ,结果如下 :(1)蜡梅在晴天和阴天的 Pn日进程均呈一双峰型曲线。但晴天的两个峰值比在阴天出现要早 ,Pn的总体水平要高于阴天 ,且在午后发生明显的光合“午休”现象。 (2 )Tr在晴天的日变化呈单峰型曲线 ,在午后强光和高温条件下 ,Tr可高达 10 mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以上。在阴天 ,Tr日进程波动很小 ,且蒸腾作用微弱 ,全天大多保持在 0 .8mmol H2 O m-2 s-1以下的水平。(3)在光合有效辐射 (PAR)为 80 0～ 90 0 μmol m-2 s-1、大气温度 (TA) 2 8℃左右、相对湿度 (RH)约75%的条件下 ,野生蜡梅的 Pn可高达 2 3.6 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1。但蜡梅的光饱和点与光补偿点均较低 ,分别约为 90 0μmol m-2 s-1和 2 0μmol m-2 s-1。 (4 ) PAR和 TA是影响蜡梅光合与蒸腾速率日进程的主导生态因子。蜡梅对强光和高温反应敏感 ,在超过光饱和点且气温高达 4 2℃以上时 ,其蒸腾作用强烈 ,能量转换与水分利用效率 (WUE)大大降低 ,光合能力减弱 ,导致 Pn急剧下降