等渗盐分与水分胁迫对三角叶滨藜和玉米光合作用的影响

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)和玉米(Zeamays)为材料,测定了等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对2种植物光合作用的短期影响。结果表明:等渗的水分和盐分胁迫均会造成三角叶滨藜和玉米净光合速率(Pn)的降低,而且随着胁迫程度的增强,水分胁迫引起Pn下降的幅度要明显高于等渗的盐分胁迫;在较低渗透胁迫强度下,2种胁迫导致光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔限制;但在环境溶液渗透势为-1.0MPa时,水分胁迫对光合作用的影响逐渐转化成非气孔限制,而盐胁迫仍然是气孔限制起主要作用;由此可见,等渗透势的水分胁迫对2种植物光合系统的影响要明显大于盐分胁迫。     

NaCl胁迫对两种番茄气孔特征、气体交换参数和生物量的影响

为探讨番茄叶片气孔特征、气体交换参数和生物量对盐胁迫的响应机理,以赛棚和阿拉姆番茄为试材,通过向水培营养液中添加NaCl(0.1 mol·L^-1),在人工气候箱条件下进行为期90 d的NaCl盐胁迫处理.结果表明: NaCl胁迫导致赛棚番茄叶片的气孔密度、气孔宽度、气孔面积和气孔面积指数显著降低,降幅分别为32%、45%、25%、49%,但没有改变阿拉姆番茄叶片的气孔特征参数.同时,NaCl胁迫还导致赛棚和阿拉姆叶片气孔规则分布的空间尺度分别减少30%和43%,且赛棚品种的单个气孔最小邻域距离在盐胁迫下增加20%.另外,赛棚和阿拉姆叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)在盐胁迫下均显著下降,通过气孔限制值分析发现,盐胁迫导致赛棚番茄叶片光合速率下降主要是由气孔限制因素引起的,而阿拉姆叶片则以非气孔限制因素为主导作用.盐胁迫还导致赛棚和阿拉姆番茄生物量显著降低,且地下生物量的下降幅度大于地上生物量.综合分析表明,阿拉姆的抗盐能力高于赛棚.     

NaCl胁迫对菠菜叶片中水分和光合气体交换的影响(简报)

NaCl胁迫下,菠菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）下降。短期处理的叶片中CO2浓度（Ci）降低,气孔限制值（Is）升高,水分利用效率（WUE）增大,而长期处理的叶片中Ci升高,Is下降,WUE降低。NaCl短期处理下,菠菜光合降低以气孔限制为主,而在长期处理下光合的非气孔限制因素增大。     

盐胁迫对枸杞光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制

NaCl胁迫后,枸杞叶片的Pn,gs,Tr随盐浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。在0．08％－0．6％的NaCl胁迫范围内,枸杞叶片的Ci降低,Ls升高,gs下降主要受气孔限制,这可能由于盐刺激根系产生的某些物理或化学信号运输到地上部所致;而在盐分浓度大于0．6％的胁迫条件下,枸杞叶片的Ci则升高,Ls降低,gs下降的原因是由于Na^ ,Cl^-的大量积累对光合酶活性产生直接的毒害作用,从而使非气孔限制因素成为主要限制因子。     

NaCl胁迫对花棒叶片光合特性及游离氨基酸代谢的影响

为了解盐胁迫对花棒生理特性的影响,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下花棒叶片的光合气体交换、叶绿素荧光以及游离氨基酸的变化.结果表明:低浓度NaCl胁迫下,花棒叶片的光系统Ⅱ通过耗散过剩激发能,避免了光伤害.此时气孔限制是导致光合速率降低的主要原因.随着NaCl胁迫的加剧,叶片的光保护机制不足以避免过氧化引起的伤害,导致光系统Ⅱ受损.200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下,非气孔限制成为抑制光合作用的主要原因.NaCl胁迫下,花棒叶片中主要游离氨基酸的积累与代谢发生变化.低浓度NaCl胁迫时,叶片中的脯氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和丙氨酸等主要游离氨基酸含量显著积累;随着NaCl浓度进一步升高,叶片中的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量减少,脯氨酸的合成与积累增加.     

外源钙离子对盐胁迫玉米气孔特征、光合作用和生物量的影响

探讨盐胁迫下玉米气孔特征、光合作用和生物量对外源钙离子的响应,有助于深入理解添加外源钙离子(Ca²⁺)缓解玉米盐胁迫的作用机理.以‘京科665’品种为试材,研究了NaCl胁迫下(100 mmol·L^-1)添加不同浓度外源Ca²⁺(0、5、10、20、40、80 mmol·L^-1)对玉米幼苗气孔特征、光合作用和生物量的影响.结果表明: 不同Ca²⁺浓度对盐胁迫下玉米的气孔密度影响不大,但显著减小了气孔形状指数、气孔面积、气孔长度、气孔宽度和气孔周长.同时,随着外源Ca²⁺浓度的逐渐提高,玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)呈先升高后降低的趋势,且气孔导度(g_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均显著降低,表明不同浓度Ca²⁺通过改变玉米气孔结构特征进一步限制光合作用过程,最终导致P_n降低.另外,外源Ca²⁺促进盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量增加,但根冠比显著降低,表明盐胁迫下添加外源Ca²⁺对地上部分的缓解作用大于地下部分.     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr),叶片气孔导度(Gs)、细胞问CO_2浓度(Ci)、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率.结果表明:当NaCl浓度高于300mmol/L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制(P＜0.05),叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异.NaCl胁迫下,大米革光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状,而WUE则保持在较高的水平,因此在防治大米草蔓延时,排水处理不是最佳选择.     

NaCl胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长和光合气体交换参数的影响

以早春红玉品种为材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长、叶片光合气体交换参数、质膜透性和脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:25 mmol·L-1NaCl处理9 d后对西瓜幼苗生长有促进作用,>75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理则显著抑制幼苗生长;NaCl处理显著提高了叶片光合色素含量,并在100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随NaCl浓度提高而显著降低;胞间CO2浓度随NaCl浓度提高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下降到最小;气孔限制值随NaCl浓度提高而增加,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大值后趋于稳定;水分利用率随NaCl浓度提高呈先增加后降低的趋势,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大;叶片质膜透性和脯氨酸含量均随NaCl浓度提高而显著增加.结果说明:NaCl胁迫显著抑制了西瓜叶片光合作用,且低浓度处理下光合速率降低的主要原因是气孔因素限制,高浓度胁迫下则转变为非气孔因素限制.     

汞胁迫对白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗生理生态的影响

为了解红树植物的重金属抗性机制,对白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗进行不同浓度Hg2+(1、5、10、50、100 mg·L-1)的胁迫实验,测定并分析了Hg2+胁迫对白骨壤幼苗叶片的光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:叶片净光合速率随着胁迫时间的延长而降低,高浓度(≥150 mg·L-1)Hg2+胁迫下叶片的净光合速率低于中低浓度胁迫,且高浓度胁迫的叶片净光合速率在48 h后快速下降;叶片净光合速率与胞间二氧化碳浓度呈极显著负相关,叶绿素含量随Hg2+浓度的增加而降低.气孔导度在不同浓度胁迫下反应不同,低浓度Hg2+对白骨壤幼苗光合的影响可能是气孔因素,中高浓度Hg2+对白骨壤幼苗光合作用的抑制主要是非气孔因素.低浓度Hg2+胁迫,白骨壤幼苗叶片SOD、POD活性升高,表现了一定的抗逆性,而高浓度表现为抑制作用,基本在100 mg·L-1 Hg2+胁迫下活性达到最低值.说明Hg2+可以抑制白骨壤叶片的光合活性,高浓度Hg2+胁迫削弱了白骨壤的活性氧清除能力,植物极易受到伤害.     

土壤水分对温室盆栽番茄叶片生理特性的影响及光合下降因子动态

以温室盆栽番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．)为试验材料,研究了土壤水分对叶水势(LWP)、细胞液浓度(CSC)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶片光合特性的影响,以及引起光合下降的因子动态。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、LWP明显下降．Gs具有相同的趋势,而CSC显著升高。土壤水分胁迫和高水分处理的Pn与Tr日变化呈双峰曲线,但在适宜土壤水分下为单峰曲线。随着土壤含水量的增加,光合下降的非气孔限制出现的时间具有滞后现象。本文对非气孔限制出现的临界点动态作了进一步的探讨。     

植物种群更新限制——从种子生产到幼树建成

更新限制是指种子由于各种原因,不能够萌发并生长成幼树。它作为解释生物多样性的理论,一直受到国内外群落生态学家关注。从种源限制、传播限制和建成限制3个角度,对更新限制机制研究进展进行了综述。从种源限制而言,时空因素是影响植物种群更新限制的重要因素,因为植物结实量存在明显时空变化,造成植物更新个体出现明显的时空规律。从传播限制而言,传播数量、距离和食果动物行为均限制植物种群更新。数量上,缺乏有限传播者势必减少传播数量,但如果种子拥有较高质量,则能逃脱数量限制;距离上,植物更新个体显示出明显的Janzen-Connell格局,但传播距离趋向稳定,形成植物种群的进化稳定对策;食果动物行为上,不同传播者对更新贡献存在差异,捕食者直接降低更新,融入两类动物行为的模型更能反映食果动物对更新的限制。从建成限制而言,环境因子制约植物生长。小尺度下,微生境的好坏对于植物幼苗建成至关重要;大尺度下,植物提供较好的广告效应则能摆脱生境限制。将传播者行为、捕食者行为与幼苗的空间分布格局、种子传播机理模型等结合,建立植物更新限制机理模型应是更新限制未来的研究热点。选择稀有种和古老种为主题的长期更新限制研究,为种群恢复提供指导,也是未来重要研究方向。     

植物光合作用限制因素与植被生产力研究进展

随着全球气候变化的加剧,陆地生态系统中植物光合作用限制影响程度的增加已成为降低全球植被净初级生产力的主要因素。系统了解植物光合作用限制因素是科学评估植被生产力的重要前提,也是缓解植物光合作用限制,增加植物光合碳同化能力的先决条件。对植物光合作用限制因素进行了系统解析,分析了光合作用三种限制因素生化限制(Biochemical limitation,l_b)、气孔限制(Stomatal limitation,l_s)、叶肉限制(Mesophyll limitation,l_m)的环境响应,重点讨论了叶肉限制及其影响机理,述评了光合作用限制定量分析方法及改善措施,最后以提高植被生产力为驱使目标,对未来植物光合作用限制因素研究提出以下内容：(1)基因工程技术与系统生物学数据相结合提高植被生产力;(2)气孔响应速度对植物光合作用的影响机制;(3)水通道蛋白(Aquaporin, AQPs)和碳酸酐酶(Carbonic anhydrase, CAs)感知环境信号变化的驱动基因。以期为未来气候变化背景下,深入认识和降低植物光合作用限制,提...     

植物种群更新的补充限制

补充限制基于生态位理论, 从种子萌发、幼苗存活和生长、繁殖体扩散等生活史阶段的种群统计特征及环境因素(土壤水分、养分、凋落物等)着手, 探讨种群的更新问题。种源限制和微生境限制是补充限制理论研究的核心内容, 但是哪个更为重要并没有统一的结论。种源限制与种子生产、土壤种子库和地下芽库中的繁殖体数量不足有关。其中, 气候的年际波动、土壤种子库寿命和动物的捕食都会影响种子生产在种群更新中的作用; 土壤种子库常被视为种群更新的保险库, 与地上种子雨共同促进种群更新, 但是, 如果土壤里种子具有较高的死亡率和休眠率, 将会降低种子库的作用; 地下芽库及其产生的无性分株对于种群更新的意义更多地体现在干扰后种群更强的恢复能力上。扩散限制是种群更新中的普遍现象, 与种子产量、散布能力、传播媒介、幼苗密度等因素有关。微生境限制主要表现为水分、养分、凋落物等非生物因素以及竞争、捕食等生物因素对种子的活力、萌发性、幼苗的存活力、物质分配等过程的影响, 其重要性随着植物生活史阶段而发生变化。未来需要进行综合的、长期的实验, 并应着重加强种源限制及相关生态过程的进化与生态相结合的机理性研究, 从而更深刻地认识和理解种群更新问题, 建立更为综合、系统的种群更新理论体系。     

Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of trees at different successional stages in a temperate forest in northeastern China

Aims Spatial distribution of adult trees in a forest community is determined by patterns of both seed dispersal and seedling recruitment. The objectives of our study were to understand the processes of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of dominant tree species in a temperate forest of northeastern China and to identify the factors constraining seed dispersal and seedling establishment at different stages of forest succession.Methods During three summer and autumn sessions between 2006 and 2008, altogether 113080 seeds from 22 different tree species were collected in three large field plots representing different forest types in the Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China. The spatial distribution of seed abundance was analyzed using a Syrjala test. Regeneration success of nine major tree species was assessed using variables defining 'limitations' in 'seeds' and 'seedling establishment'.Important findings We found that seed production fluctuated between years and varied greatly with forest types. Four tree species, Acer spp., Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis and Betula spp., had the greatest seed production and the widest range of seed dispersal, whereas Quercus mongolica showed the most sustained seed production pattern. The spatial patterns of seed abundance differed significantly among forest types and years. The tree species investigated in this study differed in the degree of seed limitation, as well as in limitation of seedling establishment. There were both negative and positive correlations between seed density and seedling density, depending on site and parental tree density. Seeds of 16 tree species were found in the Populus davidiana–Betula platyphylla forest (PBF) plot, 11 in the conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF) plot but only 8 in the broad-leaved-Korean pine mixed forest (BKF) plot. The number of seed-contributing species was not only greater in the secondary forests (CBF and PBF plots) than in the primary forest (BKF plot) but was also more variable during the 3 years of assessment. Results from the correlations between seed density and seedling occurrence and that between parental tree density or seed weight and dispersal limitation confirm our intuitive expectations, i.e. heavy seeds had greater dispersal limitation but higher establishment success than light seeds.     

Gene expression in response to multiple nutrient-starvation conditions in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract In nature, bacteria encounter a variety of environmental conditions, among the most frequent of these is the limitation or starvation of one or more essential nutrients. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that bacteria have evolved mechanisms to enhance their survival over prolonged periods of nutrient starvation. We have identified eight genetic loci in the enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium , using Mu d -directed lacZ operon fusion technology, that were induced in response to two or more different starvation conditions (sti) . In simultaneous studies, we also identified genetic loci, using Mu d-lac fusions, which respond to only phosphate-starvation conditions (psi) . We further characterized these loci as to their induction-characteristics, kinetics of induction, expression during growth on different carbon sources, and approximate location on the S. typhimurium genetic map. In concurrent studies, we analyzed whole cell extracts of S. typhimurium grown under a variety of nutrients oxydation conditions as well as under nonlimiting conditions, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results from these studies correlated well with our gene fusion studies. In more recent studies, we have demonstrated a complex genetic regulation of a number of these starvation-inducible loci, and have implicated at least four of these loci in the long term starvation-survival of S. typhimurium .     

HOW DEPRESSED? ESTIMATES OF INBREEDING EFFECTS DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT DEPEND ON REPRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS

Inbreeding depression can reduce the performance of offspring produced by mating between relatives, with consequences for population dynamics and sexual-system evolution. In flowering plants, inbreeding depression commonly acts most intensely during seed development. This predispersal component is typically estimated by comparing seed production following exclusive self- and cross-pollination, but such estimates are unbiased only if seed production is limited by ovule availability, rather than by pollen receipt or seed-development resources. To overcome this problem, we propose experimental and statistical methods based on a model of ovule fertilization and seed development that accounts for differential fertilization by self- and cross-pollen, limited ovule viability or receptivity, differential survival of self- and cross-zygotes and limited resource availability. Simulations illustrate that the proposed methods eliminate bias in estimated predispersal inbreeding depression caused by pollen limitation and can improve estimates under resource limitation. Application of these methods to two orchid species further demonstrates their utility in identifying and estimating diverse influences on reproductive performance under typical conditions. Although our theoretical results raise questions about the reported intensity of predispersal inbreeding depression, our proposed methods guard against bias while also providing insight into plant reproduction.     

Effect of Food Quantity and Quality on Population Growth Rate and Digestive Activity in the Euryhaline Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller

We investigated the nutritional effects of both food quantity and quality on Brachionus plicatilis. Decomposition of particulate and dissolved organic matter by rotifer digestive enzymes play a crucial role in rotifer nutrition. Among other enzymes, rotifers produce phosphatases, non‐specific enzymes that allow for the release of orthophosphate from a variety of organic phosphorus compounds. Phosphatase saturation was measured in B. plicatilis homogenates using the spectrofluorimetric method. We examined population growth rate, reproduction and phosphatase activity in the homogenate of rotifers (PA_RH) fed by nutrient‐replete algal food supplied at different quantities. Population growth rate, number of eggs per individual and PA_RH were affected by food quantity. Growth rate and number of eggs per individual significantly increased in rotifers fed by food supplied at the highest quantity. The highest population growth rate was reached by rotifers fed by nutrient‐replete food, while it did not significantly differ between rotifers fed on nitrogen (N)‐depleted and phosphorus (P)‐depleted food. The number of eggs per individual was more affected by N than P supply. PA_RH and rotifer RNA content were not influenced by different food quality. The results indicate that B. plicatilis is not able to regulate its digestive apparatus in terms of efficiently getting access to essential nutrients when scarce, but do this when nutrient‐replete food is available in different quantity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Photoautotrophic nutrient utilization and limitation during semi‐continuous growth of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803

Microbial photosynthesis presents a valuable opportunity to capture abundant light energy to produce renewable bioenergy and biomaterials. To understand the factors that control the productivity of photosynthetic microorganisms, we conducted a series of semi‐continuous experiments using bench‐scale photobioreactor (PBR) systems, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 (PCC6803), and light conditions imitating actual day–night light irradiance (LI). Our results demonstrate that using normal BG‐11 medium resulted in severe phosphate (P_i) limitation for continuous operation. Mitigation of P_i‐limitation, by augmenting the P_i content of BG‐11, allowed higher biomass productivity; however, once P_i‐limitation was alleviated, limitation by inorganic carbon (C_i) or LI occurred. C_i‐limitation was detected by a low total C_i concentration (<5 mg C/L) and high and fluctuating pH. C_i‐limitation was relieved by delivering more CO₂, which led to a stable pH in the range of 7–9 and at least 5 mg/L of C_i in HCO. LI limitation, evidenced by an average LI <14 W/m² for PCC6803, was induced by a high biomass concentration of 1,300 mg/L. Thus, this work provides quantitative tools of stoichiometry and kinetics to evaluate limitation on PBRs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 553–563. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

重症心力衰竭患者运动病理生理学特征的临床研究*

目的: 通过症状限制性极限运动心肺运动试验（CPET）,从整体整合角度研究慢性心力衰竭患者（CHF）的运动病理生理学特征。方法: 选2016年10月至2017年10月就诊于中国医学科学院阜外医院签署知情同意书后的CHF 83例,并选同期12例正常人作为对照。在严格定标、规范化操作下按照美国加州大学洛杉矶分校医学中心标准完成连续递增功率方案的症状限制性CPET,并检测运动中呼吸循环代谢等功能指标。结果: CHF病人CPET核心指标中峰值摄氧量为（14.33±2.69） ml/（min·kg）, （44.25±14.74）%pred显著低于正常对照组（29.42±5.46） ml/（min·kg）, （83.88±6.28）%pred。此外,CHF组患者的无氧阈（AT）、峰值氧脉搏、摄氧通气效率峰值平台（OUEP）、二氧化碳通气当量最小值（Lowest VE/VCO₂）、二氧化碳通气当量斜率（VE/VCO₂ Slope）均与正常对照组有显著统计学差异（P<0.01）;CHF肺功能核心指标一秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）、用力肺活量（FVC）、一秒率（FEV₁/FVC）、肺一氧化碳弥散量（DLCO）百分预计值均显著低于正常对照组（P<0.01）。CHF组收缩压的5个功能状态均显著低于正常对照组（P<0.05）,舒张压无统计学差异,心率在无氧阈、峰值和恢复2 min时均显著低于正常对照组（P<0.01）。分钟通气量、潮气量和呼吸频率在静息和热身状态下显著高于正常对照组（P<0.05）,在运动极限时显著低于正常对照组（P<0.05）,潮气量在恢复期显著高于正常对照组（P<0.05）。摄氧量在无氧阈、峰值和恢复2 min显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;氧脉搏在无氧阈、峰值显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;脉搏氧饱和在5个功能状态均显著低于正常对照组（P<0.01）。结论: 心源性疾病导致的CHF患者整体功能下降主要源于循环受限,同时呼吸和代谢也有受限。