Reproductive biology of the Pteridophyta. II. Theoretical considerations

Because of the homothallic nature of many pteridophytes, two categories of mating are possible: intragametophytic selling (the origin of both gametes from a single gametophyte) and inter-gametophytic mating (the origin of each gamete from a different gametophyte).Various morphological and genetical criteria (placement of the gametangia on the thallus, their sequence of ontogeny, the capacity for simple polyembryony and genetic self-incompatibility) can be used to indicate the relative probability of intragametophytic selfing or intergametophytic mating. Only the former has genetic significance (i.e.complete homozygosity); if the latter is evidenced, then detailed studies of population variability are required to ascertain the breeding system. Three types of reproductive systems involve the gametophyte generation: intragametophytic selfing, intergametophytic mating and apogamy. Apogamy generally offers the shortest gametophyte generation and the least evolutionary potential, intergametophytic mating systems generally have the longest gametophyte generation and the greatest evolutionary potential, and intragametophytic mating systems are intermediate in both respectS. It is envisioned that the interaction between gametophyte ecology and evolutionary potential is important in the evolution of a taxon's reproductive system.     

七子花的繁殖生物学研究

对国家2级保护植物七子花（Heptacodium miconioides)的开花、传粉与结实等繁殖特性进行了研究。结果显示：七子花的花无梗,由多轮紧缩呈头状的聚伞花序组成顶生圆锥花序,多数花序开两轮花（基轮和中轮）,少数只开基轮花。自花传粉的比例高,花后4h的柱头花粉多超过60粒,8h的柱头可多达142粒,其中近1／3的花粉萌发,少数能到达子房。每个子房仅1枚胚珠可育,其平均结实率为40．6％,上轮花的开花会影响下轮花的结实率,降低幅度可达34．8％,早开花的结实也会影响迟开花的结实。表明七子花的结实率很低,资源限制是影响结实的主要因素。     

福寿螺适应环境的繁殖生物学基础

采用野外及室内喂养观察、野外采集、室内解剖等方法,对福寿螺适应环境的繁殖生物学基础进行了全面研究,结果表明:福寿螺为雌雄异体,具有明显的第二性征;壳顶面观察,雌性的第2～3螺层为黑色,雄性的为淡黄色。雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、子宫和生殖孔组成。雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精管、储精囊、前列腺、阴茎囊和阴茎组成,此外还具有特殊的辅助交配器和香腺。福寿螺交配方式特殊,辅助交配器和香腺在交配过程中具有重要作用。福寿螺为倒退式产卵,产卵于水面之上的附着物上,腹足在产卵过程中起关键作用。雄螺独特的交配器官和交配方式、雌螺独特的产卵方式和高繁殖力、受精卵的离水孵化使福寿螺后代数量极大,对环境具有极强的适应能力。     

Reproductive biology of the Pteridophyta 1. General considerations and a study of Onoclea sensibilis L.

Many pteridophytes are capable of two levels of selling, intra and intergametophytic. Since intragametophytio selling (the origin of both gametes from one gametophyte) results in zygotic homozygosity, this introduces a factor in pteridophyte evolution seldom contemplated. Morphological and genetic techniques are presented which may give an estimate of the frequency of intragametophytic selfing in nature.
Morphological criteria such as the sequence of the development and the spatial arrangement of the gametangia may be indicative of the importance of intragametophytic selfing in the mating system. Estimates of the genetic load (sporophytio lethals) in a population are related to the frequency of the occurrence of intragametophytio selfing.
Onoclea sensibilis L. morphologically has a mating system which gives a low probability of intragametophytio selfing. A genetic load was found in this species.     

中国大鲵繁殖生物学研究进展

中国大鲵（Amndrias davidiamus Blanchard）是我国特有濒危的两栖物种,是研究生物进化、生物多样性、性别决定分子机制等的好材料,对于科学研究具有巨大的潜在贡献。近年来人们对它的研究力度不断加大,本文综述厂大鲵的繁殖生物学的近期研究工作,也简要探讨了大鲵繁殖生物学今后研究的主要工作,以期为大鲵繁殖生物学及繁殖技术的进一步的研究提供有价值的参考。     

Reproductive Biology of the Distylous Manettia luteo-rubra (Rubiaceae)

The reproductive biology of Manettia luteo-rubra was studied in the coastal montane Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil. This Rubiaceae is a perennial vine that flowers all the year round, but has a flowering peak during the dry season. It presents reciprocal herkogamy, thus the plants are morphologically distylous. The morphs occur in a 1:1 ratio, and pollen diameter and corolla length vary between short and long-styled flowers. Manettia luteo-rubra displays typical heterostylous self-incompatibility and sets almost no fruits from self- or intramorph pollinations. The flowers are tubular, red with yellow lobes, and odourless. Anthesis is asynchronous, and the flowers last about four days. Concentration of sugars in nectar is similar in both morphs, ca. 24%, this concentration being typical for hummingbird flowers. Three species of hummingbirds are the major pollinators of the flowers of M. luteo-rubra at the study site: the hermits Phaethornis eurynome and P. squalidus, and the trochiline Thalurania glaucopis. Three species of Heliconius butterflies act as minor pollinators. Both morphs of M. luteo-rubra exhibit natural fruit-set of about 80%, this reproductive output being maintained throughout the year by the pollinators' constancy to the flowers.     

Reproductive Biology and Protandrous Hermaphroditism in Acanthopagrus latus

Detailed macroscopic and histological studies of the gonads of a full size and age range of Acanthopagrus latus from each season in Shark Bay, Western Australia, demonstrate that this species is a protandrous hermaphrodite in this large subtropical embayment. Although our scheme for the changes that occur in the ovotestes of A. latus during life is not consistent with some of the conclusions drawn for this species elsewhere, it is similar to that of Pollock (1985 J. Fish. Biol. 26: 301–311) for the congeneric Acanthopagrus australis. The ovotestes of males develop from gonads which contain substantial amounts of both testicular and ovarian tissue. The testicular component of the ovotestes of all males regresses markedly after spawning. During the next spawning season, the ovotestes either become gonads in which the testicular zone again predominates and contains spermatids and spermatozoa (functional males), or gonads in which the ovarian zone now predominates and contains mature oocytes (functional females). Once a fish has become a functional female, it remains a female throughout the rest of its life. In Shark Bay, A. latustypically spawns on a limited number of occasions during a short period in late winter and early spring and has determinate fecundity. The mean potential annual fecundity was ca. 2000000. The total length of 245mm, at which, during the spawning period, 50% of A. latus become identifiable as males, is very similar to the current minimum legal length (MLL) of 250mm, which corresponds to an age of ca. 2.5 years less than that at which 50% of males become females. Thus, although the spawning potential ratio suggests that the present fishing pressure is sustainable, the current MLL should be reviewed if recreational fishing pressure continues to increase.     

Reproductive Biology of Captive Green Sea Turtles Chelonia mydas

A captive colony of green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, has beenmaintained and observed at a commercial sea turtle farm on GrandCayman Island, B.W.I., since 1973. Observations of this breedingcolony show that the mating and nesting behaviour of the captivegreen sea turtle is similar to that observed in wild populations.Evidence indicates that mating observed prior to a female'snesting in a given season determines the hatchabilityof thatseason's egg production. Annual per female egg production ofthe captive colony appears to be two to five times greater thanthat reported for wild colonies. Observations on the reproductivebiology of green sea turtles hatched and raised under farm conditionssuggests that the minimum age of sexual maturity is eight tonine years of age. The number of eggs per nest, the number ofnests per season per female and hatch rate tend to increasewith successive seasons nesting for these turtles reaching sexualmaturity.     

Some Aspects of the Nesting Behavior and Reproductive Biology of Sea Turtles

Basic reproductive data from 21 green turtle (Chelonia mydas),8 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), 7 hawksbill (Eretmochelysimbricata), 7 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea),6 loggerhead(Caretta caretta), 1 Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), and1 flatback (Chelonia depressa) populations are provided. Someintraspecific and interspecific relationships between size ofnester and clutch, egg size and hatchling size are analyzed.Measurements of reproductive rates (=numbers of hatchlings perfemale per year) in 11 populations varied from 35 to 200 inan olive ridley and loggerhead colony, respectively. Nestingbehavior of each species is described in terms of type of nestingemergence and time spent on the nesting beach (=chelonery).The relatively large number of yolkless eggs laid by many leatherbacksand by some hawksbills invites further study. Some aspects ofsea turtle nesting behavior and reproduction are compared tothose of other chelonians.     

恒河猴在生殖生物学中的应用进展

目的非人灵长类动物在生殖生物学研究领域是一种非常重要的实验动物。人类利用非人灵长类动物与人的生物学等方面相似的特征,开展了生殖生物学、生理学、药理学、毒理学以及生育调节等方面的研究工作,为生殖生物学基础研究以及人类健康和疾病问题的基础研究和临床前研究提供了理想的动物模型。随着生命科学的发展,对非人灵长类实验动物质量提出了更高的要求,人们认识到实验时,应用健康的优质非人灵长类动物的重要性。本文简要概括了非人灵长类动物恒河猴的生物学特性,阐述了非人灵长类动物恒河猴在生殖生物学中的应用研究。     

Reproductive Biology of Malabar Pufferfish Carinotetraodon travancoricus (Tetraodontidae)

Journal of Ichthyology - Carinotetraodon travancoricus, is endemic to rivers of Western Ghats of India and supports a lucrative export trade of live aquarium fishes from India. Aspects of its...     

Reproductive Biology of Plantago: Shift from Cross- to Self-pollination

The breeding systems of an obligate outbreeder (Plantago lanceolata)and an obligate inbreeder (P. patagonica) were compared. Outbreedingin the former and inbreeding in the latter species is achievedby self-incompatibility and preanthesis cleistogamy, respectively.The difference in breeding system is accompanied by a differencein the pollen output, pollen to ovule ratio, stigma and anthersize, and seed weight. P. ovata, a third species known onlyin cultivated form, is intermediate. This species has two typesof plants, some of which are protogynous and others where stigmareceptivity and anther dehiscence synchronize. Although thedifferences between the two intraspecific variants are not large,they nevertheless suggest that the species is in evolutionaryflux. Domestication is known to have modified the breeding systemin many crop plants and there is evidence that, in P. ovata,a start in this direction has already been made. Plantago lanceolata, P. ovata, P. patagonica, protogyny, anther, stigma, pollen to ovule ratio     

共聚焦激光扫描显微镜在发育生物学中的应用

共聚焦激光扫描显微镜以高空间分辨率、非介入无损伤性连续光学切片、实时动态观察等优越性,应用于生物医学众多领域中。本文主要论述共聚焦激光扫描显微镜在发育生物学中的应用。