雄性麋鹿的吼叫行为、序位等级与成功繁殖

为探讨雄性麋鹿（Elaphurus davidianus）的吼叫行为与序位等级的关系,以及这种关系在成功繁殖中的作用。2000年7－8月,在北京麋鹿苑选定12头成体雄鹿,用目标取样法观察记录每头鹿的吼叫、圈群和交配行为的发生频次。用有效比值[被雌鹿接受的频次／雄鹿圈群（或交配）的总频次]来衡量雄鹿圈群行为（或交配行为）的有效性。依据雄鹿在发情期的表现状态,把雄鹿归为3类：占有雌鹿群的“群主”（4头）、未占有雌鹿群而挑战“群主”的“挑战者”（5头）和远离繁殖群的“单身汉”（3头）。不同序位等级雄鹿的吼叫频次、圈群（或交配）行为频次、圈群行为（或交配行为）的有效值存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。对吼叫行为的分析表明：“群主”吼叫频次最高,“单身汉”吼叫频次最低。“群主”的有效值最高,“单身汉”的有效值最低。据此认为雄性麋鹿的吼叫行为与其序位等级密切相关,而序位等级又决定了雄鹿参与繁殖的机会。此外,还记录到占群雄鹿的警戒吼叫,这是对Wemmer et al.(1983)警戒吼叫行为仅见于雌鹿的观察结果的补充。     

不同密度下和不同发情期时段中雄性麋鹿的繁殖计策

从1998年到2001年,我们研究了密度、发情期与雄性麋鹿繁殖计策的关系。我们选择了江苏大丰麋鹿保护区的两个麋鹿群体和北京麋鹿苑的一个麋鹿群体,观察记录了发情期前期、中期和后期中实验麋鹿种群参数、围栏大小、群体中雄鹿的繁殖计策、群主变更情况、后宫数目以及后宫雌鹿数。尽管不同种群和不同发情期的雄鹿繁殖计策有差异,但是各个群体中雄性麋鹿都有占群、偷袭交配和求偶集会3种繁殖计策。利用因子分析提取了两个主成分:主成分1主要代表实验围栏、麋鹿存栏数和密度等因子的影响,主成分2主要代表发情期时段因子的影响。这两个主成分解释了全部因素效应的90.72%。用Spearman相关分析发现,占群计策与主成分2呈极显著负相关,求偶集会计策与主成分1呈显著正相关,最大后宫雌鹿个体数与主成分1极显著正相关,而偷袭交配计策和后宫数目与主成分1和2均无显著相关。据此推测,占群和求偶集会繁殖计策分别受密度和发情期时段的影响,而偷袭交配行为对密度和发情期时段不敏感。我们还探讨了麋鹿发情行为计策的环境适应性,从行为学角度为麋鹿保护提供了新思路。     

麋鹿“妻妾”成群

在浅水和陆地的交汇处,一只雄性麋鹿头上顶着一对漂亮的角,体格健壮,威风凛凛,守护着几百平米范围里的雌鹿群。它不停地来回巡视着,驱逐试图进入自己领地的其他雄鹿,有时还能见到一头雌鹿用脸和头在雄鹿的身上亲昵摩擦着。每当炎热的夏季来临,这样的     

麋鹿发情期主要活动的时间分配及行为研究

本文报道麋鹿在白天主要处于休息状态,早晨、黄昏是它们的摄食时间;成年雌体中的各项活动频率未显示出有明显差异;但雄鹿与雌鹿之间在活动时间分配上有明显差异,而且,雄鹿中的统治者与被统治者之间也表现出有所不同。在攻击行为方面,群内表现出有不同的特权形式;而在交往行为中,发现较多的频次出现于相同性别、年龄和同一阶层中。     

圈养雄性麋鹿血清睾酮和皮质醇含量在发情期的变化

2000年7-8月在北京麋鹿苑采集不同繁殖状态雄鹿（发情前3头、发情3头和发情后4头）血液样品,用放射免疫分析法测定血清睾酮和皮质醇含量。结果显示发情雄鹿的睾酮浓度显著高于发情前、后,而3种状态雄鹿的皮质醇浓度无差异,并且与睾酮浓度无关。本苑麋鹿睾酮水平的变化与同类野生动物一致。     

雄性麋鹿的交配机会、社会等级和皮质醇水平

我们在北京麋鹿苑研究了发情期雄性麋鹿的社会行为、社会等级和血清皮质醇水平,并分析了三者间的相互关系。按照雄性麋鹿的行为,将雄性麋鹿分为优势群和从属群。优势群包括群主和挑战者,从属群包括单身汉和被淘汰群主。使用SJ—Ⅰ型事件记录器进行常规行为取样,用放射免疫分析法测定血清皮质醇含量。发现：(1)优势雄鹿的发情行为频次明显高于从属雄鹿;(2)攻击行为的发生频次在两组间无显著差异;(3)血清皮质醇含量在两组间也无显著差异。由此我们认为,发情期雄性麋鹿的社会等级序位影响许多行为的表达,优势雄鹿成功交配的机会比从属雄鹿多。而攻击行为和肾上腺皮质醇的分泌与社群等级无明显相关,可能是麋鹿在圈养状态下的一种适应策略,这将有利于缓解发情期雄鹿的紧张,从而允许更多的能量投放在发情交配上。     

发情期小灵猫行为的研究

本文对笼养小灵猫发情期的繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明：小灵猫一年有两次发情期,绝大部分的小灵猫在春季（２－４月）发情,少数个体在秋季（８月底至９月）出现第２次发情。发情期雄性小灵猫频繁地发出求偶叫声和增加擦香次数。雄猫的擦香行为和求偶叫声可促使雌猫的发情,发情期一系列性行为对雌雄交配的成功与否有重要的意义。     

麋鹿人工授精技术初步研究

为了为麋鹿的人工繁殖提供理论基础,2007年7月～2009年6月对麋鹿人工授精技术进行了研究.2007年7月,对5只雄性麋鹿进行了6次电刺激采精试验,成功率100%(6/6),采得的精液品质优良,采精量为0.7～4.0 mL,平均采精量(1.7±1.3)mL,平均精子密度(14.25±2.88)亿/mL,精子活力为50%～80%.2007年,应用孕激素类药物(CIDR)对6只雌鹿进行同期发情处理,采用定时1次人工输精,鲜精输精6只,受胎1只,受胎率为16.7%;2008年,5只雌鹿发情采用雄鹿试情,冻精输精5只,受胎1只,受胎率20%.这两只麋鹿孕期分别为288 d和268 d.     

麋鹿的配偶制度、交配计策与有效种群

模拟分析了繁殖群体大小、繁殖偏倚和占群优势雄性数目对麋鹿的有效种群大小的影响.发现麋鹿占群优势雄性数目越少,其有效种群越小.麋鹿的繁殖计策对遗传多样性的保存的作用十分有限.雄性繁殖后代数目的方差越大,繁殖群体的有效群体越小.近交系数在封闭繁育种群中会上升.麋鹿有效种群越大,近交系数上升越快.根据分析结果,为了保存麋鹿种群中现有的遗传多样性,应当采取如下措施：（1）建立麋鹿繁殖群的遗传谱系档案,检测参加繁殖的麋鹿的遗传结构,记录繁殖的麋鹿的谱系;（2）每个麋鹿繁育基地应建立两个以上的繁殖群,组成繁殖群时,应隔离亲缘关系近的繁殖公鹿和雌鹿;（3）由于麋鹿的繁殖系统是后宫制,组成的每个麋鹿繁殖群不宜太大,繁殖公鹿和雌鹿数目应尽可能相等;（4）组成迁地保护的奠基群体时,根据应根据麋鹿繁殖群的遗传谱系档案注意保留原种群的遗传多样性以及奠基群体的遗传代表性.     

用粪粒外部形态指标鉴定海南坡鹿的性别与年龄

利用粪便形态指标鉴定有蹄类动物的性别和年龄对研究不同性别年龄个体的生态学和性别分离具有重要价值。利用2006年3月在海南大田国家级自然保护区采集的145头(次)已知性别和年龄组的野生海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)粪便4006粒,将坡鹿划分为成年雄鹿、成年雌鹿、亚成年雄鹿、亚成年雌鹿和幼鹿5个性别年龄组,使用逐步判别分析和聚类分析对粪粒的4项直接测度指标(干重、体积、长轴长、短轴长)以及2项间接测度指标(长短轴比和椭球形状指数)进行分析。结果表明:逐步判别分析对海南坡鹿粪粒的性别年龄组正判率为成年雄鹿76.17%、成年雌鹿42.22%、亚成年雄鹿34.94%、亚成年雌鹿40.46%、幼鹿79.34%,聚类分析的判别率为成年雄鹿19.48%、成年雌鹿20.02%、亚成年雄鹿37.37%、亚成年雌鹿42.82%、幼鹿91.50%。利用粪粒形态判别海南坡鹿的性别年龄组最可靠的是幼鹿,次之为成年雄鹿。利用粪粒形态判别海南坡鹿的性别年龄组可以应用于以取样原理进行的群体水平研究,但个体水平上的性别和年龄鉴定由于判别误差较大而难以应用。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.