不同发育阶段雄性小鼠睾丸组织mEppin基因mRNA的表达差异研究

目的实时荧光定量PCR检测雄性小鼠不同发育阶段睾丸组织中m Eppin基因的mRNA表达差异,为探究m Eppin基因表达与雄性生殖相关性提供生物学数据。方法分别选取胚胎期、50日龄、90日龄雄性ICR小鼠各6只,共18只,取各组小鼠睾丸组织提取总RNA,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测m Eppin基因mRNA表达水平。结果不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸m Eppin基因表达水平差异明显。胚胎组小鼠中没有检测到m Eppin基因mRNA表达,50日龄小鼠和90日龄小鼠中均检测到m Eppin基因mRNA有较高表达水平。其中,90日龄小鼠睾丸中m Eppin基因mRNA的相对表达水平是50日龄小鼠的2.65倍。结论本研究结果表明m Eppin基因mRNA的表达在小鼠睾丸组织中具阶段特异性。     

红系特异的GFP基因在转基因小鼠中的整合和表达

应用荧光定量PCR技术对由位点控制区LCR的HS2元件和 β 珠蛋白基因启动子指导的红系特异表达绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)基因的转基因小鼠中外源基因拷贝数进行测定 ,使用荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪检测小鼠外周血中GFP的表达水平 ,并运用荧光原位杂交技术 (FISH)确定了其中两只转基因小鼠中外源基因的整合位点 ,结果表明 :在转基因小鼠中外源基因的拷贝数各不相同且相差较大 ,而且拷贝数与GFP基因的表达量之间未呈现出相关性 ;FISH分析确定出两只转基因小鼠的外源基因整合于不同的染色体上 ;杂交信号的强弱与拷贝数的多少相一致     

Ypel3基因在小鼠胚胎发育中的表达与调控

目的:探讨小鼠胚胎发育过程中Ypel3基因的时空特异性表达与调控,为后续功能研究奠定基础。方法:选取胎龄(E)10.5、12.5、14.5、16.5和18.5 d的小鼠胚胎,利用荧光定量RT-PCR技术研究Ypel3基因mRNA的时序性动态表达谱;采用原位杂交技术观察Ypel3基因mRNA在胚胎发育E11.5和E15.5的空间表达谱;应用定量RT-PCR技术检测表观遗传学修饰对Ypel3基因mRNA表达丰度的影响。结果:定量RT-PCR表明该基因从胚胎发育的早中期开始表达,到出生前表达量呈逐渐升高趋势;原位杂交显示E11.5信号出现在脑和心脏中,E15.5信号在脑、舌、心、肺、胸腺、肝、肾等主要脏器中均有表达;甲基化转移酶抑制剂5-氮胞苷(5-Aza)处理的Neuro-2a(N2a)细胞中,Ypel3的表达水平未产生显著变化,而去乙酰化酶抑制剂4-苯丁酸(4-PBA)处理后该基因表达显著升高,5-Aza和4-PBA联合处理后表达水平进一步升高。结论:Ypel3基因在小鼠胚胎发育各阶段有广泛的表达,提示其具有重要作用,且该基因的表达可能受到组蛋白乙酰化的调控。     

印记基因Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育中的表达分析

目的:研究印记基因Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的动态表达模式,以揭示Dlk1与胚胎发育的关系。方法:通过半定量PCR和定量PCR分析Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育E8.5～E19.5的基因表达模式,并选取Dlk1表达量最高的时期进行胚胎切片原位杂交和组织定量PCR分析。结果:在小鼠胚胎发育E8.5～E15.5时,Dlk1的表达逐渐升高,在E15.5时表达量达到最高;E15.5～E19.5时,Dlk1表达有所下降,但仍然维持较高水平。E15.5切片原位杂交显示,垂体、肺脏、软骨、舌和背侧肌肉组织中Dlk1表达较高,组织定量PCR实验进一步证实了原文杂交的结果。结论:Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育中后期持续表达,并呈现一定的组织特异性,对胚胎发育可能起重要的调节作用。     

神经生长因子在不同周龄小鼠睾丸组织中的表达

目的研究神经生长因子在小鼠不同周龄睾丸组织中的定量和定位表达。方法分别剖取不同周龄雄性小鼠的睾丸组织,部分提取总RNA,real-time PCR相对定量分析神经生长因子mRNA的表达量;另外部分组织固定、包埋,进行SABC法免疫组化分析,以观察神经生长因子蛋白在各周睾丸组织中的定位。结果Real-timePCR定量分析表明:小鼠生后1周龄睾丸组织有神经生长因子mRNA的表达,生后3周龄表达量达峰值,5周之后随鼠龄的增加呈下降趋势,成年小鼠睾丸组织的神经生长因子mRNA表达维持在一定水平。免疫组化定位分析显示:睾丸组织的神经生长因子蛋白表达于小鼠出生后的各个时期内,1周龄睾丸组织免疫阳性反应主要位于支持细胞,精原细胞也有着色;3周龄睾丸组织的间质细胞、各级生精细胞、支持细胞、管周肌样细胞表达均呈现阳性;5周后的睾丸组织内神经生长因子呈低水平表达,主要表达于间质细胞和生精细胞内。结论神经生长因子mRNA的表达量随着小鼠睾丸的生长发育期存在着一定的规律性变化;神经生长因子蛋白的表达在小鼠睾丸生长发育的不同时期其主要表达部位不同。     

小鼠Smad3基因的克隆及其在小鼠组织中的表达

采用PCR获得的Smad3cDNA片段作为探针筛选小鼠脑cDNA文库 .克隆了小鼠全长的Smad3基因 .对小鼠Smad3基因的全编码区进行了序列测定 .结果表明 ,小鼠SMAD3与人SMAD3氨基酸同源性高达 99% .与小鼠Smad2基因相比 ,碱基同源性高达 91 8% .Northern杂交显示 ,Smad3基因在小鼠胚胎发育和各成体器官中普遍表达 .原位杂交显示 ,Smad3基因表达在小鼠胚胎期E16 5d的软骨、骨髓和皮肤角质细胞中     

池蝶蚌Sox2 基因在不同组织及不同月龄精巢中的表达

Sox 基因家族在胚胎发育过程和性别分化中起重要作用, 为研究池蝶蚌中Sox 基因的功能, 以人SRY基因HMG-box 保守区的序列设计简并引物, 以雌、雄池蝶蚌基因组DNA 和精巢cDNA 为模板进行扩增, 获得了2 个不完全相同的序列, 分别为DNA-HMG1、DNA-HMG2 和cDNA-HMG, 长度均为220 bp, 编码73个氨基酸。与人等物种Sox1、Sox2、Sox3 及Sox14 有很高的同源性, 雌雄个体之间没有序列差异性。采用RACE-PCR 扩增获得了池蝶蚌性腺Sox2 部分cDNA 片段, 长度为1774 bp, 该序列核苷酸与欧洲帽贝的SoxB和人类的Sox2 的同源性最高; 在部分开放阅读框249 个氨基酸残基中, 具有Sox 家族典型的HMG-box 结构域, 与人类、小鼠、原鸡和斑马鱼等Sox2 的HMG-box 同源性为98%。为了解该基因在各组织中的表达情况,采用实时荧光定量PCR 方法分析了外套膜、闭壳肌、鳃、肠、肝、肾、精巢和卵巢在内的8 种组织hs-Sox2的表达情况, 结果显示, hs-Sox2 基因在8 种组织中均有表达, 其中在肾脏中的表达量最高, 其次是肠与闭壳肌, 在雄性性腺中的表达量明显高于雌性性腺, 在肝脏中的表达量最低; 为了解hs-Sox2 在不同性腺发育时期的表达情况, 采用实时荧光定量PCR 方法分析了5 个不同月龄的精巢组织中hs-Sox2 的表达情况, 结果显示在39 月龄性腺的表达量最高, 其次是16 月龄性腺, 63 月龄蚌中的表达量最少。以上结果表明, hs-Sox2 基因可能参与了池蝶蚌精巢的发育及功能的维持。       

小鼠睾丸特异基因在生精细胞中阶段性表达的定量分析

在Balb/c小鼠精子发生过程中,许多基因都具有严格的时空表达特性.实验利用半定量RT-PCR验证了12个小鼠精子发生相关基因的组织学分布,采用SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR分析了它们在不同发育阶段生精细胞中的差异表达.结果显示,所有基因仅在睾丸组织中高表达;Prm1、Prm2、Tnp1、Tnp2在长形精子细胞中的表达水平最高,分别是粗线期精母细胞阶段的1.9、2.8、3.2和2倍;Dnajb3呈上调表达,在长形精子细胞中的含量是粗线期精母细胞阶段的2.5倍;Akap4在长形精子细胞阶段的表达水平尤为突出,是粗线期精母细胞的5.5倍;Spata3和Spata4在圆形及长形精子细胞中的表达量相近,分别是粗线期精母细胞阶段的3倍和1.5倍;hils1和Tex24在圆形精子细胞阶段的表达水平最高,分别是粗线期精母细胞阶段的1.9和1.4倍;Spag41和Papo1b从粗线期精母细胞到长形精于细胞阶段呈明显的下调表达,分别下降了45%和34%.结果提示,被检测的基因具有明显的阶段特异性表达特征,为深入研究这些基因在小鼠精子发生过程中的作用提供了新资料,同时也为荧光定量PCR技术在精子发生相关基因定量表达研究中的可行性提供了充分例证.     

人DDX36和小鼠Ddx36基因在成年睾丸组织中的表达研究

果蝇是结构基因组学和功能基因组学研究的最为理想的一种模式生物,采用同源克隆的策略,应用生物信息学分析和实验技术相结合的方法分别从人和小鼠中克隆了同源于果蝇MLE蛋白的新基因DDX36和Ddx36。为进一步研究DDX36和Ddx36基因与精子发生的关系,再应用Northrn blotting,RT-PCR和组织原位杂交技术探讨了DDX36和Ddx36基因的表达情况,结果发现人DDX36和小鼠Ddx36基因在成年睾丸组织中高表达。初步证明DDX36和Ddx36基因在精子发生中亦可能发挥重要作用。     

金针菇信息素信号通路基因在子实体发育过程中的差异表达

【背景】子实体是食用菌的主要商品部位,也是真菌生殖生长的重要结构,其发育受到多种信号途径的调控。【目的】以金针菇(Flammulina filiformis)为材料,对转录组和基因组数据的信息素信号通路基因进行分析获得差异表达的基因,并对其在菌丝生长和子实体发育过程中的表达情况进行分析,以期为研究食用菌子实体发育提供参考。【方法】基于已有的金针菇基因组数据,注释了金针菇信息素信号通路。进一步通过转录组测序鉴定了该通路中参与金针菇子实体发育的关键基因,并对关键基因进行荧光定量PCR验证。【结果】cdc24和ste12基因在子实体发育不同时期的5个样品(原基、伸长期菌柄、伸长期菌盖、成熟期菌柄和成熟期菌盖)中的表达具有显著差异,使用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证与上述结果一致。【结论】cdc24和ste12这2个关键基因可能参与了金针菇子实体发育过程中的组织分化调控机制。     

Genetic variability of alkaline phosphatase expression in inbred mouse tissues

Quantitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1) expression varies among various tissues and among inbred mouse strains. There is about a 20-fold difference in ALP activity in lungs from CBA/J and C57L/J inbred strains and this difference is inherited additively with a heritability of 0.84. Studies of thermostability at 56 and 65° C and sensitivity toward inhibitors (l-phenylalanine, l-homoarginine, l-phenylalanylglycylglycine, and levamisole) do not demonstrate differences in the ALP from lungs or liver of the CBA/J and C57L/J strains. The ALP activity in intestine expressed by the intestinal locus varies over 100-fold between A/J and DBA/1J strains. Further studies of the mechanisms resulting in this difference in ALP activity should help elucidate the mechanisms for aberrant expression of ALP in malignancy and for manipulation of low ALP activity in hypophosphatasia.This work has partially supported by NIH Grants GM-27018, GM-20138, GM-07511.     

基因差异转录表达验证方法研究进展

基因的差异表达与组织、细胞的生物学性状和功能密切相关,随着对组织、器官分化及细胞、生物个体生长发育等的深入研究,大量差异转录基因的验证分析变得越来越重要。为此,该领域基于核酸互补配对和PCR原理建立了Northern blot和荧光定量PCR等一系列基因差异转录分析技术,利用这些方法对不同处理、不同组织器官、不同发育时段的基因差异转录进行了验证分析,为后续的基因功能分析奠定了坚实基础,并且通过检测分析,使基因差异表达分析方法由定性到定量、由繁琐复杂到简单快速、由以大量RNA为前提到对少量RNA样品的检测,甚至建立了单细胞荧光定量PCR方法,基因差异转录验证方法正在向更高效、精准方向发展,并使成本逐步降低。但是,到目前为止,生殖细胞等样品取样较为困难、精子等RNA含量较少样品的基因差异表达验证挑战性还仍然很大。从验证方法发展历程的角度,对基因差异转录验证方法进行了总结,希望为取样难度较大、RNA含量较低样品的基因差异表达分析提供有价值的参考。     

Stage-specific gene expression in asynchronous tetraploid mouse embryos formed by fusion of blastomeres and fertilized eggs

Asynchronous tetraploid mouse embryos were generated by electrofusion of fertilized eggs with blastomeres from different cleavage stages. The majority of the cytoplasm was always contributed by the egg. The best development was observed when eggs were fused with 2-cell blastomeres. Both genomes became active in fusion embryos (at least the genes for glucose phosphate isomerase did). Stage-specific protein synthesis seemed to be more adjusted to the developmental stage of the egg's than of the blastomere's genome, but at the 2-cell stage both contributed slightly differently to the protein patterns. Also, the time range of the first appearance of the stage-specific embryonic antigen SSEA-1 was wider in fusion embryos than in controls. It seems that the two genomes are not completely synchronized in these tetraploid embryos, a further indication that, in the mouse, the cytoplasm of fertilized eggs might not be compatible with older embryonic nuclei. Some results were presented at the 83. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft in Frankfurt, 04.-09.06.1990 Correspondence to: U. Petzoldt     

Differential expression of phospholipases D1 and D2 in mouse tissues

The differential expression of phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes, which include PLD1 and PLD2, was examined in various murine tissues, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, ileum, colon, adrenal gland, kidneys, testes, ovaries, and uterus. In Western blot analysis, only PLD1 was detected in the heart and ovary, while only PLD2 was detected in the pancreas and ileum. Both PLD1 and PLD2 were strongly expressed in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and lung, and both were also expressed in the liver, spleen, stomach, colon, kidney, testes, and uterus. Immunohistochemistry showed intense PLD immunostaining in the cerebrum, cerebellum, lungs, intestines, and testis, and weak PLD immunostaining in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and heart. These findings suggest that PLD1 and PLD2 are differentially expressed in the various organs of mice, and that each PLD isozyme plays a distinct role in each organ.     

Cloning and expression analysis of p26 gene in Artemia sinica

The protein p26 is a small heat shock protein that functions as a molecular chaperone to protect embryos by preventing irreversible protein damage during embryonic development. A 542 bp fragment of the p26 gene was cloned and sequenced. The fragment encoded 174 amino acid residues and the amino acid sequence contained the α-crystallin domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that eight Artemia populations were divided into four major groups. Artemia sinica (YC) belonged to the East Asia bisexual group. Expression of the p26 gene at different developmental stages ofA. sinica was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction followed by cloning and sequencing. The relationship between the quantity of p26 gene expression and embryonic development was analyzed. The results indicated that massive amounts of p26 were expressed during the development of A. sinica. At the developmental stage of 0 h, A. sinica expressed the highest level of p26. As development proceeded, expression levels of the p26 gene reduced significantly. There was a small quantity of p26 gene expression at the developmental stages of 16 h and 24 h. We concluded that p26 might be involved in protecting the embryo from physiological stress during embryonic development.     

Molecular mechanisms controlling CFTR gene expression in the airway

The low levels of CFTR gene expression and paucity of CFTR protein in human airway epithelial cells are not easily reconciled with the pivotal role of the lung in cystic fibrosis pathology. Previous data suggested that the regulatory mechanisms controlling CFTR gene expression might be different in airway epithelium in comparison to intestinal epithelium where CFTR mRNA and protein is much more abundant. Here we examine chromatin structure and modification across the CFTR locus in primary human tracheal (HTE) and bronchial (NHBE) epithelial cells and airway cell lines including 16HBE14o- and Calu3. We identify regions of open chromatin that appear selective for primary airway epithelial cells and show that several of these are enriched for a histone modification (H3K4me1) that is characteristic of enhancers. Consistent with these observations, three of these sites encompass elements that have cooperative enhancer function in reporter gene assays in 16HBE14o- cells. Finally, we use chromosome conformation capture (3C) to examine the three-dimensional structure of nearly 800 kb of chromosome 7 encompassing CFTR and observe long-range interactions between the CFTR promoter and regions far outside the locus in cell types that express high levels of CFTR.     

Partial correction of the CFTR-dependent ABPA mouse model with recombinant adeno-associated virus gene transfer of truncated CFTR gene

Recently, we have developed a model of airway inflammation in a CFTR knockout mouse utilizing Aspergillus fumigatus crude protein extract (Af-cpe) to mimic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) 1, an unusual IgE-mediated hypersensitivity syndrome seen in up to 15% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and rarely elsewhere. We hypothesized that replacement of CFTR via targeted gene delivery to airway epithelium would correct aberrant epithelial cytokine signaling and ameliorate the ABPA phenotype in CFTR-deficient (CFTR 489X - /-, FABP-hCFTR + / +) mice. CFTR knockout mice underwent intra-tracheal (IT) delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5Delta-264CFTR) or rAAV5-GFP at 2.58 x 10(12) viral genomes/mouse. All mice were then sensitized with two serial injections (200 microg) of crude Af antigen via the intra-peritoneal (IP) route. Untreated mice were sensitized without virus exposure. Challenges were performed 2 weeks after final sensitization, using a 0.25% solution containing Aspergillus fumigatus crude protein extract delivered by inhalation on three consecutive days. The rAAV5Delta-264CFTR-treated mice had lower total serum IgE levels (172513 ng/ml +/- 1312) than rAAV5-GFP controls (26 892 ng/ml +/- 3715) (p = 0.037) and non-treated, sensitized controls (24 816 +/- 4219 ng/ml). Serum IgG1 levels also were lower in mice receiving the CFTR vector. Interestingly, splenocytes from rAAV5Delta-264CFTR-treated mice secreted less IL-13, INFg, TNFa, RANTES and GM-CSF after ConA stimulation. Gene therapy with rAAV5Delta-264CFTR attenuated the hyper-IgE response in this reproducible CF mouse model of ABPA, with systemic effects also evident in the cytokine response of stimulated splenocytes.     

Differential expression of connexin 43 in mouse mammary cells

In this study we have employed suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) analysis to investigate differential gene expression in primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (PMMEC) cultured under mildly apoptotic/quiescent and differentiating conditions. Among a small group of genes whose expression was differentially regulated was connexin 43. In vitro, connexin 43 mRNA and protein were detectable in PMMEC cultured under proliferative or mildly apoptotic conditions. The level of connexin 43 mRNA expression in vivo was also investigated. High levels of expression were found to be associated with the periods of greatest glandular plasticity (pubertal expansion of the mammary tree, early pregnancy and during early involution). Thus, terminally differentiated cells in vivo and in vitro did not express connexin 43 mRNA suggesting that connexin 43 expression, and perhaps facilitated gap junction communication, is associated with undifferentiated progenitor cell populations.