小熊猫种群遗传结构和地理分化

本文采用分子系统地理学的研究方法 ,对我国小熊猫 (Ailurusfulgens)地理分布格局的形成原因进行了探讨。我们从四个地理单元的 32号样品中成功地扩增出了 371bp的线粒体DNA控制区片段 ,在所有可比较的 35 7bp的序列中 ,发现 2 9个变异位点 ,其中转换和颠换分别为 2 1和 8,没有插入 /缺失。在四个地理单元中 ,共有 16种线粒体DNA单倍型 ,且在各地理单元中都具有较高的单倍型的多态性。进一步分析表明 ,各单倍型之间的遗传距离平均为 1 6 0 % ,76 5 9%的遗传差异发生在地理单元间 ,仅 2 3 4 1%发生在单元内。分子变异分析和系统重建结果也表明 ,各地理单元之间不存在共享的单倍型 ,YN (云南地理单元 )与XL (相岭地理单元 )和QL (邛崃地理单元 )之间存在着显著的遗传分化 ,FST分别为 0 336和 0 35 1(P <0 0 0 1) ,其余地理种群之间分化不明显 (P >0 0 5 ) ,单倍型缺乏比较明显的地理分布格局 ,各地理单元中的单倍型相互散布在不同的分布群中。经Fs检验 (Fs=- 10 12 1) ,并结合化石资料 ,我们认为由于受第四纪气候和环境变化的影响 ,小熊猫种群在进化过程中曾经历种群暴发而不断扩散 ,从而形成今天的分布格局。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序法分析雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构。测序获得了8个种群79个样本的长819bp的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列,发现7个变异位点,界定了6种单倍型(Haplotype),其中Hap-1是共享单倍型,占79.75%。在8个种群中,除ZJC和CHX种群外,其它种群的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性都很低,种群间遗传分化小,基因流大。ZJC种群由于亚种间的基因渗透,导致其遗传多样性最高。CHX种群受徽成盆地周边山地的森林隔离作用,单倍型最多。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要发生在种群内,占86.44%。种群间和地理种群组间差异不显著。地理种群组的核苷酸多样性(π)同形态上的变异规律一致。FS值检测表明,雉鸡甘肃亚种曾发生过快速扩张。     

云南四个瓜实蝇地理种群的遗传关系分析

对云南个不同地理区域的瓜实蝇种群(Bactrocera cucurbitae)共23个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因中的部分序列进行测定和分析,并以桔小实蝇(B.dorsalis)、番石榴实蝇(B.correct)和南瓜实蝇(B.tau)为外群种构建了不同单倍型的N-J分子系统树.在获得的26bp序列中,A+T含量约占65.0%,有个多态位点,无任何碱基插入和缺失.这些位点共定义5种单倍型,其中一种为共享单倍型.对个瓜实蝇地理种群进行Fst值和基因流动统计,Fst值为0.16667～0.20000(P＞0.05),Nm值为2.00～2.50.5种单倍型共形成了3个聚类簇.可以认为,个地理种群间均存在一定程度的遗传分化,但分化程度不高,导致遗传分化的主要因素是地理隔离,而种群遗传分化程度低与瓜实蝇所在环境条件相似有关.     

中国黑斑蛙种群的线粒体DNA多样性和生物地理演化过程的初探

本文通过对黑斑蛙 8个地方种群 2 5 7个标本的线粒体基因组Cytb基因片段的序列分析 ,探讨了其种群遗传多样性的现代分布格局及其生物地理演化过程。对所检测出的 79个单倍型的分析表明 :黑斑蛙在我国分布区内中部地区的种群遗传多样性高于南北边缘种群。种群间基因流同地理隔离距离呈显著负相关 ,种群遗传分化符合距离隔离或脚踏石模型。线粒体单倍型以广西和四川种群的个体的遗传分化为最深 ,反映出西部山区的屏障隔离效应。单倍型歧点分布分析表明 ,约 10 3- 2 2 6万年前 ,即在末次间冰期 ,黑斑蛙在其分布范围内经历过一次大规模的种群扩张事件。单倍型的分布格局和共享情况显示黑斑蛙种群在冰期后的重新扩张过程主要表现为由南往北的递进式扩散形式。第四纪冰期气候的反复波动导致了黑斑蛙适宜生境在纬度方向上的平移 ,进而导致黑斑蛙种群随生境变化而进行扩张或收缩 ,使黑斑蛙种群的遗传多样性能始终保持在分布区中间高而南北两端低 ,并形成了现代的分布格局     

淮河野生鲇鱼线粒体Cyt b基因的序列变异与遗传结构分析

本研究利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列分析淮河信阳段、淮滨段、蚌埠段、洪泽湖及其支流颍河、淠河和池河的野生鲇鱼(Silurus asotus)种群遗传结构及种群历史.结果表明,在841 bp的同源序列中,7个种群共检测到变异位点40个,占全部序列的4.76％,121个个体共检测到32种单倍型;7个种群的平均单倍型多样性(h)、核甘酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.884 8、0.003 8,表明淮河野生鲇鱼种群的遗传多样性水平较高.7个种群间的遗传分化指数Fst为0.115 0,仅12.92％的变异来自种群间(AMOVA分析),基因交流值为3.85,种群间K2-P遗传距离为0.002 ～0.009,显示鲇鱼种群间没有发生明显的地理分化.NJ树揭示7个种群的个体组成2个谱系,但这2个谱系与地理分布并不相关.中性检验、错配分析和Network网络亲缘关系分析皆表明鲇鱼种群有过种群扩张,扩张时间约在0.17～0.29百万年前的中更新世中期和末期.     

长江流域■种群遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

鱼类群体遗传学研究主要集中在经济鱼类或濒危物种,然而一些经济价值较低的物种的遗传结构却甚少关注。因此,研究选择了经济价值较低的■(Hemiculter leucisculus),共计323尾个体分别来自13个长江流域及其附属湖泊的自然群体。通过扩增线粒体DNA Cytb基因序列片段(1100 bp),以探讨■种群遗传结构和遗传多样性。遗传多样性分析呈现出高单倍型多样性和高核苷酸多样性的模式,表明该种群在长江流域较为稳定。另外,基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的系统发育分析,显示■有5个线粒体谱系(谱系A-F)组成。中性检验和核苷酸错配分布分析均显示谱系A、B、E、F曾经历过种群扩张,并且呈现从上游向中游扩张的规律。谱系间较高且显著的遗传分化指数和显著的系统进化关系,均表明谱系A-F之间存在明显的遗传分化,暗示长江流域可能至少存在4个不同线粒体DNA水平上的种。■种群的遗传结构和多样性可能受到了长江流域特定格局的影响。     

云南桔小实蝇五个地理种群的遗传分化研究

对云南省瑞丽、景洪、化念、元江、河口的桔小实蝇5个地理种群共27个个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ) 基因进行了部分序列测定。序列的碱基变化中转换明显多于颠换、无碱基的插入和缺失。5个地理种群中共有27个多态位点和23种单倍型,其中2种为共享单倍型。桔小实蝇5个地理种群的Fst值在0.0364～0.1364之间(P>0.05), Nm值在3.88～13.25之间。对其所有单倍型聚类分析发现,单倍型在系统树中的分布散乱、混杂,没有显示出明显的地理分布族群。分析认为5个地理种群间已存有一定程度的遗传分化,但分化的程度还比较低。造成5个种群这种遗传分化的因素主要与地理隔离有关,而种群间低程度的遗传 分化估计与桔小实蝇在云南的发展历史及生态适应有关。     

大石鸡边缘种群的遗传结构

大石鸡（Alectoris magna）分布于青海西部、东部,甘肃中部和宁夏西部的干部和半干旱区,由于环境变化,其种群向甘肃南部森林被砍伐的地区扩散,形成涟缘种群。本研究采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和直接测序的方法获得了采自甘肃的大石鸡一个边缘种群和两个中心地理种群共39个个体的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区基因（D－loop）456－457个核苷酸的基因序列,16个变异位点（占整个序列的3.5%）有15个单倍型。边缘扩散种群有3种单倍型,M6与另两个种群共有,单倍型频率为0.108,而M4和M5为其特有,单倍型频率分别为0.081和0.027。边缘种群的单倍型比率和遗传多样性分别为37.5%和0.549。中心地理种群1和种群2各有7个单倍型,除M6炳种群共有,其余为自所特有,单倍型比率分别为46.7%和50.0%,遗传多样性分别是0.729和0.786。边缘种群的单倍型比率和遗传多样性均低于中心地理种群。     

云南桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)季节性分布区4个地理种群遗传结构

对云南桔小实蝇季节分布区内六库、大理、昆明和曲靖4个典型地区桔小实蝇种群（Bactrocera dorsalis）,共52个个体的线粒体DNACOⅠ基因中的部分序列进行了测定分析。在获得的503bp序列中,共发现15个多态位点,定义了14种单倍型,其中种群间的共享单倍型有4个。通过对桔小实蝇4个地理种群的K2P遗传距离、Fst值,种群间和种群内遗传差异平均数的统计检测,以及4个种群之间基因流状况分析表明,研究的各种群间均存在不同程度的遗传分化。六库种群与其余3个种群间的遗传分化最大,遗传差异显著（p〈0.05）。大理种群与曲靖种群之间存在一定程度遗传分化（p〈0.10）,但与昆明种群间的分化程度较低。昆明种群与曲靖种群间的遗传分化程度最低。简言之,在桔小实蝇季节性分布区内,位于西部的种群遗传分化程度最高,由西向东,遗传分化程度渐次下降,位于东部的两个种群遗传结构相近。研究认为,地理隔离是导致六库种群与其余3个种群遗传分化的主要原因,而大理、昆明和曲靖种群之间遗传分化较低,可能是这些种群来自相近或相同的虫源地。研究结果对于在桔小实蝇季节性分布区的不同地点制定桔小实蝇治理方案具有重要的参考价值。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列的版纳鱼螈四个种群遗传多样性与遗传结构研究

版纳鱼螈Ichthyophis bannanicus 是蚓螈类在我国分布的唯一物种,目前已知分布在云南、广西和广东的部分地区.本研究获得4个版纳鱼螈种群的87个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素6基因1 000 bp序列,对序列变异、遗传多样性、种群结构和种群动态进行了分析.经比对后87个序列发现39个(3.9%)多态性位点,共定义了22个单倍型.序列分析结果显示版纳鱼螈种群单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性与其它两栖动物接近,说明版纳鱼螈各种群仍保持一定的遗传多样性水平.单倍型网络关系图和系统发生分析均显示来自云南和两广地区的版纳鱼螈分歧明显,已形成了不同的进化谱系.种群遗传结构分析也显示来自云南的勐腊种群与两广各种群之间显著的遗传差异,这提示分布在云南与两广地区的版纳鱼螈应作为不同的管理单元(MU)进行保护.综合两种中性检验(Fu's Fs=9.44,P=0;Tajima's D=1.88,P=0.013)和种群增长指数(g=5415.03±297.55)分析的结果表明,两广地区的版纳鱼螈可能经历近期的种群扩张事件.     

Habitat selection of the Tibetan Snow Cock Tetraogallus tibetanus in the spring in Lhasa

The habitat selection of Tibetan Snow Cocks in shrub vegetation was investigated in Lhasa,Tibet,China,between March and April,2005.Fourteen parameters were measured.These include altitude,slope,slope aspect,slope position,vegetation cover,plant type and other environmental parameters.Results show that Snow Cocks favor foraging in areas where vegetation cover was small and close to the residents' houses.Supplementary food supplied by humans has caused Snow Cocks to decrease their foraging range.Snow Cocks also favor roosting in areas with low vegetation,sparse grass,short grass,large rocks and close to houses.The Snow Cocks' activity in the study areas show a close relationship with human activities.     

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) populations in eastern Japan and Central Asia

Japanese goshawk was classified as a vulnerable species in the Red Data Book. There have been possibilities of a decrease of genetic diversity accompanied by habitat loss and genetic pollution due to hybridization with escaping imported goshawks. In this paper, genetic diversity, gene flow and conservation of Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in Japan are discussed and compared with that in Central Asia. We used 11 newly developed microsatellite markers and also adopted six previously published markers. Genetic diversity was shown to be maintained with 0.58 as mean heterozygosity and 3.95 as mean allelic richness. The degree of genetic differentiation across all populations was low (Nei’s genetic differentiation index = 0.036, Wright’s genetic differentiation index = 0.039), possibly due to gene flow via adjacent regions (average number of migrants = 4.26; 0.68–20.30). However, it is possible that slight differentiation resulted from the short divergence time and/or inflow of escaping imported individuals. We recommend that goshawks in eastern Japan should be managed as a single unit. They do not appear to be under threat genetically at present, but there is the potential for rapid loss of genetic diversity. For future conservation, investigations of dispersal routes and actual conditions of gene flow are also recommended. To prevent further inflow of escaping goshawks into natural populations, it is desirable to reduce importation of goshawks and to enact a regulation obliging purchasers to register imported goshawks. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Lack of genetic structure among Eurasian populations of the tick Ixodesricinus contrasts with marked divergence from north-African populations

Host-parasite interactions may select for significant novel mutations with major evolutionary consequences for both partners. In poor active dispersers such as ticks, their population structures are shaped by their host movements. Here, we use population genetics and phylogeography to investigate the evolutionary history of the most common tick in Europe, Ixodes ricinus, a vector of pathogenic agents causing diseases in humans and animals. Two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes were sequenced for 60 individuals collected on four geographical scales (local, regional, Eurasian and western Palearctic scales). The overall level of nucleotide diversity was low and the variability did not differ at the local, regional or Eurasian scales but increased two fold for the western Palearctic scale. Moreover, the phylogenetic trees indicated an absence of genetic structure among Eurasian ticks, contrasting with a strong differentiation of the north-African ticks which formed a divergent clade. The homogeneity in Eurasian ticks may be explained by gene flows due to passive dispersal of ticks by hosts within a continuous population and recent range expansion of I. ricinus as shown by the fit of the observed frequency distribution of numbers of mismatches between pairwise sequences with the demographic expansion model (Harpending raggedness index, P = 0.74). The genetic divergence of the north-African populations could be explained by genetic drift in these small populations that are geographically isolated and/or selection pressures due to different ecological conditions (seasonal activity, pathogenic agents and hosts communities). The consequences of these results on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases are discussed.     

No phylogeographic structure in the circumpolar snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus)

The snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) is a nomadic species with a circumpolar distribution. It has recently declined in the western Palearctic and may thus be worthy of special consideration for conservation. We investigated genetic structure in three well separated geographic regions within the snowy owls’ breeding range. We sequenced two mitochondrial genes; the control region and cytochrome b, and two Z-chromosome introns; VLDLR-9 and BRM-15. We found no phylogeographic structure among the sampled regions, indicating high levels of gene flow in the recent past and possibly still today. Intra-population diversity did not vary between regions for the control region, but for Cyt b, North American birds had higher haplotype diversity than Scandinavian and eastern Siberian birds. Western Palearctic birds do not seem to be genetically deprived or inbred. Genetic diversity in the snowy owl was not lower than Scandinavian populations of three other owl species: tawny owls (Strix aluco), Tengmalm’s owls (Aegolius funereus) and eagle owls (Bubo bubo).     

Genetic variability and structure of the remnant natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cedrus libani</Emphasis> (Pinaceae) of Lebanon

Cedrus libani of Lebanon is a valuable natural resource and the dominant species in its natural ecosystem. Intense and diverse anthropogenic pressures over historical times raised concerns about its genetic vigor and continued survival. Our investigation of the genetic diversity included samples from all remnant natural populations. Assessment of the genetic diversity using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers revealed the persistence of considerable variation distributed within populations with low population differentiation corroborated by Bayesian and analysis of molecular variance estimates (G _ST = 0.07, Φ _ST = 0.09). Individual assignment tests were carried out to investigate measures of gene flow. Inferences concluded that this natural heritage is not currently threatened by inbreeding or by random genetic drift. Correlation studies investigated possible effects of spatial distribution and environmental conditions on genetic structure. A climatic trend corresponding to a temperature–humidity gradient correlated significantly with the level of genetic diversity, while the edaphic variation did not.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Taxus cuspidata in the Changbai Mountains assessed by chloroplast DNA sequences and microsatellite markers

Taxus cuspidata, a tree species with high economic value because of its anticancer properties, is experiencing severe reduction in populations across its range in China. We examined one chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) region (petA-psbE) and 9 nuclear simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci variations among seven populations in the Changbai Mountains of China to investigate the levels of genetic diversity and population structure. A moderate level of haplotype diversity (H_T = 0.625), low nuclear microsatellite diversity (H_E = 0.261 ± 0.028), significant genetic differences (F_ST = 0.065) and substantial gene flow (Nm = 2.806) were observed. Most of the total genetic variation was partitioned within the population (87.8% and 94.0% for cpDNA and SSRs, respectively). Our haplotype identification permutation tests revealed that G_ST > N_ST, indicating an absence of phylogeographic structure in T. cuspidata. Neither STRUCTURE nor UPGMA analyses showed any geographic pattern in T. cuspidata populations. By comparatively analyzing the genetic diversity and survival situation of T. cuspidata, our results provide a theoretical foundation for the resource protection, utilization cultivation and breeding of this valuable plant.     

Genetic variance, coefficient of parentage, and genetic distance of six soybean populations

Plant breeders would like to predict which biparental populations will have the largest genetic variance. If the population genetic variance could be predicted using coefficient of parentage or genetic distance estimates based on molecular marker data, breeders could choose parents that produced segregating populations with a large genetic variance. Three biparental soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} populations were developed by crossing parents that were closely related, based on pedigree relationships. Three additional biparental populations were developed by crossing parents that were assumed to be unrelated. The genetic variance of each population was estimated for yield, lodging, physiological maturity, and plant height. Coefficient of parentage was calculated for each pair of parents used to develop the segregating populations. Genetic distance was determined, based on the number of random amplified polymorphic markers (RAPD) that were polymorphic for each pair of parents. Genetic distance was not associated with the coefficient of parentage or the magnitude of the genetic variance. The genetic variance pooled across the three closely related populations was smaller than the genetic variance pooled across the three populations derived from crossing unrelated parents for all four traits that were evaluated. Received: 24 April 1996 / Accepted: 17 May 1996     

Genetic variation in a network of natural and reintroduced populations of Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Europe

It is generally considered that limiting the loss of genetic diversity in reintroduced populations is essential to optimize the chances of success of population restoration. Indeed, to counter founder effect in a reintroduced population we should maximize the genetic variability within the founding group but also take into account networks of natural populations in the choice of the reintroduction area. However, assessment of relevant reintroduction strategies requires long-term post-release genetic monitoring. In this study, we analyzed genetic data from a network of native and reintroduced Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) populations successfully restored in Southern Europe. Using microsatellite markers, we characterized the level of genetic diversity and degree of genetic structure within and among three native colonies, four captive founding groups and one long-term monitored reintroduced population. We also used Bayesian assignment analysis to examine recent genetic connections between the reintroduced population and the other populations. We aimed to assess the level of fragmentation among native populations, the effectiveness of random choice of founders to retain genetic variability of the species, the loss of genetic diversity in the reintroduced population and the effect of gene flow on this founder effect. Our results indicate that genetic diversity was similar in all populations but we detected signs of recent isolation for one native population. The reintroduced population showed a high immigration rate that limited loss of genetic diversity. Genetic investigations performed in native populations and post-released genetic monitoring have direct implications for founder choice and release design.