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1.
紫蓬山区三种鹭雏鸟的食物多样性比较   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
池鹭(Ardeolabacchus)、白鹭(Egrettagarzetta)和夜鹭(Nycticoraxnycticorax)4~7月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园集群繁殖[7]。有关三者的繁殖生态报道较多[6,10~12,23],但甚少较系统的研究雏鸟的食性,尚缺乏通过食性研究进行鹭类资源管理和生物多样性保护方面的探讨。笔者1996年4~7月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园的圆通山对池鹭、白鹭和夜鹭雏鸟的食性进行了观察,整理报道如下。1 工作方法收集称量雏鸟吐出的食物[13],或逆向挤压嗉囊使其吐出食物,统计食物的种类、数量。食物量百分比、食物…  相似文献   

2.
四种鹭类繁殖生态生物学研究   总被引:35,自引:2,他引:33  
本文对夜鹭,白鹭,黄鹭白鹭,池鹭混群在同一巢区的繁殖,种间协高及雏鸟生长进行进行了观察研究,其中黄嘴白路豫南大别山类新纪录,在此繁殖亦为首次发现。几种路在巢位,食性,取食活动和习性方面都表现出其混居同一巢地繁殖的种间协调性,符合高期假说。比较4种鹭鸟雏鸟生长过程中各生长参数。其中池鹭虽个体最小,但体重和各部位生长却对较快。  相似文献   

3.
甘肃鼢鼠的求偶和交配行为   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
李金钢  何建平  王廷正 《兽类学报》2001,21(3):234-235,233
甘肃鼢鼠 (Myospalaxcansus)主要分布在我国黄土高原地区 ,该鼠的繁殖生态学已有许多报道[1~3] 。其繁殖行为尚未见报道。国内外已对高原鼢鼠 (Myospalaxbaileyi)、裸瞎鼠 (Heterocephalusglaber)、鼹形鼠 (Spalaxehrenbergi)和囊鼠 (Thomomysbottae)等地下鼠的繁殖行为作了研究[4~8] 。由于甘肃鼢鼠营严格的地下生活 ,在野外其繁殖行为无法观察。本文对室内甘肃鼢鼠的求偶行为和交配行为进行初步观察 ,将结果予以报道。1 材料和方法实验用成年甘肃鼢…  相似文献   

4.
高寒草甸矮蒿草种群繁殖对策的研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
繁殖对策是指生物对环境的生殖适应趋势 ,是资源或能量向生存、生长和生殖等活动中最适分配的结果 ,在不同的环境中具有其独特的表现形式。研究植物在不同环境中的繁殖对策可以反映出植物对环境的适应能力和在该生境中的生殖潜能。国内外学者对植物繁殖对策的研究已有不少报道[2 ,4 ,5,6] 。但对高寒草甸矮嵩草 (Kobresiahumilis)种群繁殖对策的研究报道甚少。矮嵩草是青藏高原矮嵩草草甸的建群种 ,它具有草质柔软、营养丰富、热值含量较高等特点 ,是青藏高原重要的可更新草地资源。本研究对矮嵩草的繁殖对策进行了较全面、…  相似文献   

5.
稀有鮈鲫与其他模式实验鱼类基因组大小的比较   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
稀有鲫 (GobiocyprisrarusYeetFu)是我国特有的小型实验鱼类 ,具有性成熟期短、繁殖季节长、产卵频率高等特点[1] ,已在生态毒理和鱼病学等研究中得到应用 ,显示了它作为实验鱼类的良好潜力。在稀有鲫中 ,已进行了繁殖和胚胎发育[1,2 ] 、生长[3] 、染色体组型[4 ] 和雌核发育[5] 等研究。有关它的基因组大小或特点的报道尚未见到。这种遗传背景资料的缺乏 ,至今不清楚它与现有的模式实验鱼类相比有哪些优势或劣势 ,因而无法从基因组水平上评估稀有鲫在更加广泛的研究领域 (特别是遗传学和发育生物学 )中作为水…  相似文献   

6.
麝凤蝶形态观察及生物学特性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
麝凤蝶Byasaalcinous(Klug)属鳞翅目凤蝶科 ,分布于我国大部分地区和日本、朝鲜等国 ,寄主植物是马兜铃、木防己。在浙江省 ,该蝶自然条件下 1年可繁殖 3代 ,以蛹越冬。该蝶成虫双翼狭窄、尾突修长 ,飞翔姿态优雅 ,极具观赏性 ,是蝴蝶馆内放飞展出的适宜种类。至目前为止 ,已有国内外学者在麝凤蝶成虫的发生[1] 、形态[3 ,6,7] 、生殖系统[8~ 10 ] 、性信息素[11] 、亚种的杂交[12 ] 和幼虫的饲料[13 ] 及蛹体的滞育[14 ] 等方面有过报道或有一些研究 ,但很少对其人工饲养和繁殖进行研究。为了保护生态环境 ,开发蝴蝶资源…  相似文献   

7.
笼养太行山猕猴的理毛行为   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
动物行为的归宿 ,无非是获取食物 ,避免伤害或得到最大的繁殖机会[1] 。当今 ,行为生态学已成为灵长类学研究中最为活跃的一个领域。在猕猴的种群生态[2~4 ] 、繁殖行为[5,6 ] 、取食行为[7] 及社会行为[1,8] 等方面的研究已经取得了较大的进展。理毛行为作为猕猴日常社会行为结构的一个重要补充已有一些定性描述[4 ,9~ 11] 。作者对笼养太行山猕猴的理毛行为做了长期观察 ,现将研究结果予以报道。1 材料与方法1 1 研究对象与设施选取河南师范大学生命科学学院猕猴养殖场笼养且具有档案记录的 38只太行山猕猴为观察对象。成年猕猴为野…  相似文献   

8.
攀雀繁殖生态的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
攀雀的一般繁殖生物学及营巢过程,欧洲曾有过记述(Merkel,1935;Kortner,1981),但较少涉及生态学。我们根据所获的65巢攀雀,对其营巢程序及巢中112枚卵和118只雏进行了观察与研究。本文报道攀雀的繁殖习性、种群关系、分布密度以及雏鸟的生长、孵化率、繁殖率、食性等。  相似文献   

9.
在安徽合肥紫蓬山区,对松鸦的繁殖生态进行了观察,并研究了雏鸟的生长发育特征。结果表明,松鸦4月初开始营巢,巢筑在阔叶树或针叶树主干顶端枝杈处,巢呈碗状,由细树枝、须根、苔藓和草编织而成。4月中下旬开始产卵,平均每窝产5枚卵,孵化期16-17d,育雏期19d。体重、嘴峰、翅、跗跖、尾、飞羽及飞羽羽缨等形态学参数适合用Logistic曲线方程拟合,对应的拟合方程分别为:W=120/[1 e^-0.329(t-8.1)]、L=23/[1 e^-0.2011(t-4.5)]、L=107/[1 e^-0.334(t-9.1)]、L=40/[1 e^-0.293(t-4.5)]、L=49/[1 e^-0.377(t-13.7)]、L=76/[1 e^-0.462(t-12.4)]、L=49/[1 e^-0.544(t-17.8)]。曲线的增长率和拐点的参数分析表明,与飞行密切相关的器官在雏鸟发育的后期仍有较大程度的增长,而与取食相关的器官在雏鸟早期就有较大程度的发育。  相似文献   

10.
紫蓬山区三种鹭繁殖生物学研究   总被引:27,自引:1,他引:27  
作者报道了1996年4~7月紫蓬山区的池鹭,白鹭和夜鹭的繁殖行为和雏鸟的食性及生长,结果表明:巢前期三种鹭取食地点远离巢区;求偶方式主要有婚飞,显示饰羽,求偶喂食和象征性营巢行为;获得巢材的方式不同,异步产卵,异步孵化;雏出孵前,白鹭和夜鹭的迅速加固和扩大巢的行为,育雏期,取食大小随雏鸟日龄增大而增大,取食距离随雏期延长而缩短,三者雏鸟重增长的数学模型分别为:w=205.1e^-(0.065e)^  相似文献   

11.
Fledgling birds sometimes abandon their own nest and move to neighboring nests where they are fed by host parents. This behaviour, referred to as ‘nest‐switching’, is well known in precocial birds that are mobile soon after hatching and can easily reach foster nests. In contrast, due to the difficulty of observing nest‐switching in territorial altricial birds, the causes and consequences of moving to others’ nests are poorly known in this group of birds. Nest‐switchers can be adopted by the foster parents or they can steal food from the host parents meant for their offspring, a form of kleptoparasitism, which may result in reduced breeding success of the host nest. In Israel, 12 barn owl fledglings left their natal nests and were found in 9 host nests out of 111 monitored nests (8.1%). Nest‐switchers that fledged earlier in the breeding season flew shorter distances to reach host nests probably because the density of nests with younger nestlings is higher early in the season. The number of host nestlings fledged and the percentage of nestlings fledged was lower in host nests than in nests without switchers. The occasional nest‐switchers were always older than host nestlings (respectively 80 and 50 days of age, on average) and host parents fledged fewer young when nest‐switchers occupied host nests with younger nestlings. This suggests that nest‐switchers are kleptoparasites because the presence of the older alien fledglings is associated with a lower breeding success of the host parents.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT The main cause of nest mortality for most bird species is predation and nest survival rates often vary in relation to time‐specific variables. Few investigators have examined time‐specific patterns of nest survival in Neotropical birds, and most such studies have focused on tropical and subtropical species. To better understand age‐related patterns of nest survival, we studied nest survival of Red‐crested Cardinals (Paroaria coronata, Thraupidae) in a south‐temperate forest in Argentina. We modeled daily nest survival rates (DSR) using program MARK. We examined the relationship between nest age and nest survival rate, controlling for the effects of physical characteristics of nest sites and progression of the breeding season. We monitored 367 nests for a total of 4018 exposure days. We found that DSR increased with nest age and was higher in small isolated patches than in large continuous patches of forests. The increase of DSR with nest age could be a consequence of more vulnerable nests being predated early in the nesting cycle or a result of parents defending nests more vigorously as nestlings age because of their increasing reproductive value. Open areas of grassland that surrounded the small isolated patches of forests in our study may have been a barrier to predator movements, possibly explaining the lower predation rates. Nest survival rates in our study were lower than those reported for tropical or Nearctic temperate birds, but similar to those reported in other studies of Neotropical temperate birds. Reasons for the low nest survival rates of Neotropical temperate birds remain unclear, and additional studies of predator communities are needed to help elucidate this topic.  相似文献   

13.
洋县野生朱Huan的繁殖   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的繁殖状况 ,尤其是种群数量的变化 ,一直受到国内外的关注。本文收集分析了 1 981~ 1 997年 1 7年朱繁殖资料 ,进一步研究了朱的繁殖及其数量 ,以期为朱保护 ,采取行之有效的措施 ,提供科学依据。1 研究方法自 1 981年朱被重新发现后 ,至 1 997年 ,每年3~ 6月繁殖期 ,固定人员 ,2~ 3人为 1组 ,在每个巢区设立观察点 ,进行跟踪观察 ,并详细统计每窝产卵数、孵化数、雏鸟成活数和死亡数。并结合平常的跟踪监护 ,调查分析种群数量动态 ,统计成鸟死亡数 ,然后进行整理分析。2 结果与讨论2 .1 种群数量1 98…  相似文献   

14.
Robert K. Furrer 《Oecologia》1975,20(4):339-350
Summary Nest site stereotypy and nest-site related breeding success was studied in a population of Brewer's Blackbirds in eastern Washington, USA. Four types of nest sites could be distinguished. Based on individually colour-ringed nestlings, imprinting or genetic fixation of a particular type of nest site can be ruled out since there is no correspondence between the type of nest a bird grew up in and the type it used when breeding. Bush nests make up about two thirds of all nests, and they are relatively more frequent than the other types in the first half of the breeding season, whereas the other types become more frequent in the second half of the nesting season. Differential breeding success was studied and its dependence on colony composition was investigated.The hypothesis that the birds are able to utilize nest site flexibility as an anti-predator strategy within colonies is not supported. Some nest sites are predictably less suitable at a particular time of the season, and the birds have been at least partially able to incorporate this into their nest-site selection behaviour. There is no optimal type of nest site for all conditions. The selective pressures on birds using the different types of nest sites are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Avian Response to Bottomland Hardwood Reforestation: The First 10 Years   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Bottomland hardwood forests were planted on agricultural fields in Mississippi and Louisiana predominantly using either Quercus species (oaks) or Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood). We assessed avian colonization of these reforested sites between 2 and 10 years after planting. Rapid vertical growth of cottonwoods (circa 2–3 m/year) resulted in sites with forest structure that supported greater species richness of breeding birds, increased Shannon diversity indices, and supported greater territory densities than on sites planted with slower‐growing oak species. Grassland birds (Spiza americana[Dickcissel] and Sturnella magna[Eastern Meadowlark]) were indicative of species breeding on oak‐dominated reforestation no more than 10 years old. Agelaius phoeniceus (Red‐winged Blackbird) and Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite) characterized cottonwood reforestation no more than 4 years old, whereas 14 species of shrub‐scrub birds (e.g., Passerina cyanea[Indigo Bunting]) and early‐successional forest birds (e.g., Vireo gilvus[Warbling vireo]) typified cottonwood reforestation 5 to 9 years after planting. Rates of daily nest survival did not differ between reforestation strategies. Nest parasitism increased markedly in older cottonwood stands but was overwhelmed by predation as a cause of nest failure. Based on Partners in Flight prioritization scores and territory densities, the value of cottonwood reforestation for avian conservation was significantly greater than that of oak reforestation during their first 10 years. Because of benefits conferred on breeding birds, we recommend reforestation of bottomland hardwoods should include a high proportion of fast‐growing early successional species such as cottonwood.  相似文献   

16.
Nest attendance behaviour in birds is a function of the careful balance between the risk of nest predation and the needs of the parents and nestlings. This attendance must be carefully regulated, as increased parental activity at the nest increases nest predation risk. We tested the long‐standing hypothesis that nest predation risk influences parental behaviour by evaluating the influence of local Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris density on the off‐bout frequency of Yellow‐headed Blackbirds Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Marsh Wren density was negatively correlated with Yellow‐headed Blackbird off‐bout frequency during the morning (05:00–10:00 h) and evening (16:00–21:00 h), suggesting that Yellow‐headed Blackbirds alter their nest attendance behaviour in response to a perceived increased risk of nest predation. We suggest that Yellow‐headed Blackbirds are sensitive to nest predation risk and alter their behaviour accordingly to increase overall fitness, although future research is needed to evaluate the influence of Marsh Wren nest predation on the reproductive success of Yellow‐headed Blackbirds.  相似文献   

17.
The reproductive interactions of the Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis , a brood parasite, and the Yellow-hooded Blackbird Agelaius icterocephalus , a host of the cowbird, were studied In Trinidad, West Indies. We gathered information on the breeding biology of the Shiny Cowbird and the Yellow-hooded Blackbird, the frequency of use of the host species, and the effects of brood parasitism on host breeding success. Yellow-hooded Blackbirds are polygynous for the most part; males build nests and attempt to attract females to lay in them by means of song and visual displays directed towards the nests. This behaviour probably makes it easy for cowbirds to locate breeding birds and their nests. Cowbird eggs were found in 153 of 377 (40–3 %) blackbird nests located before the nestling stage. Shiny Cowbird parasitism of the Yellow-hooded Blackbird had little negative impact on host reproductive success, whereas predation accounted for the majority of nest failures. Vigilant nest defense by male blackbirds combined with colonial breeding apparently also minimized the extent of host egg damage and removal by cowbirds, and the parasitized and unparasitized nests were equally successful at producing blackbirds. Cowbirds most frequently parasitized the first or only nesting attempts in blackbird territories, and first or only nests were also successful more frequently than subsequent nests.  相似文献   

18.
Holes provide the safest nest sites for birds, but they are an underutilized resource; in natural forests there are usually more holes than birds that could use them. Some bird species could be prevented from nesting in holes because of their inability to operate in the low light conditions which occur in cavities. As no visual system can operate in complete darkness some nest cavities could be too dark to be useable even by hole‐nesters. Thus, the light conditions within tree cavities could constrain both the evolution of the hole nesting habit, and the nest site choice of the hole‐nesting birds. These ideas cannot be tested because little is known about the light conditions in cavities. We took an opportunity provided by ongoing studies of marsh tits Poecile palustris and great tits Parus major breeding in a primeval forest (Bia?owie?a National Park, Poland) to measure illumination inside their nest cavities. We measured illuminance in cavities at daybreak, which is just after the parents commenced feeding nestlings. Only ca 1% of incoming light reached the level of the nest. Illuminance at nests of both species (median = 0.1–0.2 lx) fell within mesopic‐scotopic range, where colour vision is impaired. Measurements in model cavities showed strong declines in illumination with distance from the entrance, with light levels typically as low as 0.01 lx at 40 cm from the cavity entrance. Thus cavities can be very dark, often too dark for the use of colour vision, and we suggest that ‘lighting’ requirements can affect the adoption of specific nest sites by hole nesting birds. We discuss implications of the findings for understanding the adaptations for hole‐breeding in birds.  相似文献   

19.
Bird habitat quality is often inferred from species abundance measures during the breeding and non-breeding season and used for conservation management decisions. However, during the non-breeding season age and sex classes often occupy different habitats which suggest a need for more habitat-specific data. Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) is a forested wetland specialist wintering in bottomland hardwood forests in the south-eastern U. S. and belongs to the most steeply declining songbirds in the U.S. Little information is available to support priority birds such as the Rusty Blackbird wintering in this threatened habitat. We assessed age and sex distribution and body condition of Rusty Blackbirds among the three major habitats used by this species in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and also measured food availability. Overall, pecan groves had the highest biomass mainly driven by the amount of nuts. Invertebrate biomass was highest in forests but contributed only a small percentage to overall biomass. Age and sex classes were unevenly distributed among habitats with adult males primarily occupying pecan groves containing the highest nut biomass, females being found in forests which had the lowest nut biomass and young males primarily staying in forest fragments along creeks which had intermediate nut biomass. Males were in better body condition than females and were in slightly better condition in pecan groves. The results suggest that adult males occupy the highest quality habitat and may competitively exclude the other age and sex classes.  相似文献   

20.
Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus; blackbird) and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris; starling) nestlings were dosed with either 2.0 mg/kg body mass chlorpyrifos, 50.0 mg/kg body mass dimethoate, or a propylene glycol carrier in situ. Four growth measurements (body mass, culmen, tarsus, wing) were recorded from nestlings to determine if these organophosphorus compounds caused perturbations in development at sublethal concentrations. Blackbird nestlings were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than starling nestlings were more sensitive to dimethoate than blackbird nestlings. This was in contrast to reported adult LD50 values where the reverse was true. Blackbird nestlings were more tolerant of a substantially higher concentration of dimethoate than the adult LD50. The sensitivity of starling nestlings to dimethoate was similar to adults. In contrast, juveniles of both species were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than adults. After the initial 24 hr, surviving nestlings dosed with either chemical recovered and continued their development. Exposure to dimethoate caused significant depression in starling body mass during the initial 24 hr period. Survivors obtain body mass equal to controls within 48 hr post dosing. The research presented here demonstrates that the simple supposition that passerine nestlings are typically more sensitive to toxins than adults does not always hold true. It also indicates that sensitivity relationships among adults do not necessarily apply to their nestlings.  相似文献   

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