有机无机肥长期定位配施对冬小麦群体光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

以小麦品种石麦15(SM15)为对象,以牛粪为有机肥,设置不施氮肥、单施尿素、单施牛粪和有机无机肥配施4种施肥方式,研究不同施肥处理对冬小麦群体光合速率(CAP)、旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素荧光参数及产量的影响.结果表明： 无机肥主要作用于生育前期,小麦的CAP、P_n及LAI最高,其次为配施处理,单施有机肥处理最低.花后10 d开始,与单施尿素处理相比,有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理小麦衰老进程较缓慢,在灌浆中后期保持较高的抗氧化酶活性及较长的绿叶面积持续期,进而维持较高的光合物质生产能力.有机无机肥配施处理延缓效果更为明显,籽粒产量最高.可见,有机无机肥配施可以延缓灌浆中后期叶片衰老,维持合理的冠层结构,使小麦具有较强的光合性能,进而获得较高的籽粒产量.     

冬小麦根系时空分布动态及产量对不同氮源配施的响应

为了解不同氮(N)源(有机/无机肥)配施对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)根系时空分布特征和产量的影响, 采用微根管(minirhizotron)动态监测技术, 以强筋小麦品种‘豫麦34’为试验材料, 在等养分条件下, 设置不施肥(T₀)、100%尿素N (T₁)、75%尿素N + 25%鸡粪N (T₂)、50%尿素N + 50%鸡粪N (T₃)、25%尿素N + 75%鸡粪N (T₄)和100%鸡粪N (T₅)等6个有机N与化肥N配施处理, 研究分析了‘豫麦34’在不同生育时期及0-100 cm土层中根系直径、根长密度、根长生长量和死亡量等根系特征参数的变化及其产量表现。结果表明, 施肥不仅有利于各生育时期及不同土层中根系直径、根长密度和根长生长量的增加, 而且增加了根长死亡量, 促进了根系的周转。对不同配施处理进行比较, 发现T₃处理(尿素和鸡粪等氮配施)的效果最为显著, 全生育期平均根长密度、周期生长量与周期死亡量分别较对照T₀增加了55.52%、57.79%和61.61%, 有效分蘖数、穗粒重、经济产量和经济系数也以T₃处理增加最多, 分别较T₀增加了52.63%、43.90%、40.16%和12.02%; 穗粒数在T₄处理下最大, 较T₀增加了45.79%; 生物产量在T₅处理下最高, 比T₀增加了26.95%。因此, 不同氮源合理配施有利于促进冬小麦根系的生长及在不同土层中的扩展, 提高冬小麦产量。尿素和鸡粪为N源时等氮配施(50 : 50)的效果最佳。     

DCD不同施用时间对小麦生长期N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法研究相同施肥条件下,DCD不同施用时间(基肥配施,追肥配施,基追肥按比例配施)对麦季N2O排放的影响.结果表明,小麦生长期施肥配施DCD减少麦季N2O排放.从小麦整个生长季来看,与尿素处理相比,基肥配施减少N2O排放21％,追肥配施减少N2O排放26％,基追肥按比例配施减少N2O排放35％,方差分析均达显著水平(P＜0.05),其中基肥配施主要减少小麦播种-返青期N2O排放,追肥配施主要减少小麦返青-成熟期N2O排放,而基追肥按比例配施DCD减少整个小麦生长季N2O排放.在小麦的整个生长阶段,施加DCD处理的土壤NH+4-N浓度和表观硝化率均高于未施加DCD的处理,且土壤NH+4-N浓度随时间的延长而降低.在小麦播种-返青期,基肥配施处理和基追肥按比例配施处理土壤NH+4-N浓度和表观硝化率高于追肥配施处理和对照处理;在小麦的返青-成熟期,追肥配施处理和基追肥按比例配施处理土壤NH+4-N浓度和表观硝化率高于基肥配施处理和对照处理.从小麦产量来看,与尿素处理相比,基肥配施和基追肥按比例配施显著增加小麦产量,而追肥配施处理小麦产量无显著性差异.基追肥按比例配施DCD在提高小麦产量的同时显著减少N2O排放,具有大田推广的现实意义;基肥与追肥配施DCD对N2O减排效果除了与施用时间有关外,还应将降雨或灌溉量的年际变化考虑在内.     

水稻群体冠层光分布及光合作用模型

作物冠层光分布及光合作用模型,是作物栽培学、作物育种学研究的共同基础,对优化设计和评价作物株型、模拟作物生长发育与对环境变化的响应研究都有十分重要的价值.本文根据水稻群体冠层结构的特点,在虚拟切层法的基础上,建立了水稻群体冠层光分布及光合速率模型,模型包括冠层形态子模型、冠层光分布子模型和冠层光合速率子模型等.利用本模型,对设定的15625种水稻株型的光合速率进行了模拟计算,获得水稻最佳株型模型.结果表明,水稻群体光合速率与叶片数、叶含氮量、叶长、叶宽和叶倾角等5因素密切相关;最佳株型的上述5因素在冠层上部取值大,向下逐渐变小.     

尿素与磷酸二氢钾配施对板栗光合特性及生长结实的影响

肥料配施可提高肥料利用效率,改善树体营养结构,起到平衡施肥的作用.选取7年生板栗树为试材,采用树干注射的方法,研究尿素和磷酸二氢钾不同配施处理对板栗光合特性及生长结实的影响.结果表明: 尿素和磷酸二氢钾配施具有明显的正向协同效应,二者配施较单一施肥可显著提高板栗光合能力及产量和品质.单施(NH₂)₂CO可降低叶绿素含量,单施KH₂PO₄可增加叶绿素含量,而二者配施使叶绿素含量显著增加.4种配施处理均可提高叶片及枝条的N、P、K含量,其中0.3%(NH₂)₂CO+0.3%KH₂PO₄处理效果最好.不同施肥处理均可改善光合参数,但仍以配施处理为好,其中0.3%(NH₂)₂CO+0.3%KH₂PO₄处理可显著提高光合速率、最大净光合、表观量子效率、羧化效率、瞬时水分利用效率、氮素利用效率.配施可同时促进枝条加长和加粗生长,并提高混合芽数量,而单施(NH₂)₂CO仅能促进加长生长,对提高混合芽数量效果不显著.配施对提高坚果产量和质量效果优于单一施肥,在0.3%(NH₂)₂CO+0.3%KH₂PO₄处理下坚果产量、单粒质量和总糖含量等关键指标较对照分别提高68.2%、25.5%和14.9%.     

控释肥及其与尿素配合施用对水稻生长期N_2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法研究相同施氮量条件下,施用尿素、控释肥及尿素与控释肥配施(尿素与控释肥以3:7配合施用)对稻田N2O排放的影响.结果表明:与单施尿素处理相比,配施处理和控释肥处理水稻生长期N2O排放量分别减少40.4%和59.6%(P<0.05),其中烤田期分别减少65.1%和83.9%;与配施处理相比,施用控释肥处理N2O排放量略微减少(P>0.05),其中烤田期减少53.9%.施用控释肥可增加水稻产量,与尿素处理相比,施用控释肥和配施处理水稻产量分别增加7.8%和9.8%(P>0.05).施用控释肥使土壤无机氮峰值出现时间延后,烤田期N2O排放减少.水稻生长期N2O排放通量与土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)和土壤温度均无明显相关性(P>0.05).     

长期施肥对黄土高原黄绵土氮肥利用率的影响

氮肥利用率是确定推荐施氮量和施氮效果评价的关键参数.本文通过黄土高原黄绵土区持续34年(1981—2015年)的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对氮肥当季利用率和累积利用率的影响及氮肥当季利用率与累积利用率的关系.结果表明: 除试验起始年(1982)外,不同施肥处理对小麦、油菜和胡麻3种作物氮肥的当季利用率和累积利用率都有显著影响,其中小麦以氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理平均氮肥当季利用率最高,其次为氮磷配施(NP)处理,分别较单施氮肥(N)处理提高了77.7%和62.0%;油菜也以氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理平均氮肥当季利用率最高,其次为有机肥与氮磷钾配施(MNPK)处理,分别较单施氮肥处理提高了93.7%和65.6%.有机肥与氮肥配施(MN)处理氮肥当季利用率较单施氮肥(N)处理显著增加,而有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)和氮磷钾配施(MNPK)处理氮肥当季利用率较相应氮磷配施(NP)和氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理明显降低.氮肥当季利用率与作物籽粒产量存在显著的线性正相关关系,而累积利用率与作物籽粒产量的相关关系不明显.表明与氮肥累积利用率相比,当季利用率能较及时地反映特定土壤肥力、作物种类、品种和环境条件下的肥料利用率特征.     

有机培肥和减施氮肥对小麦光合特性和氮素吸收及产量的影响

以常规单施氮肥处理为对照(CK,270kg·hm-2),设置秸秆还田(J)、秸秆还田+牛粪(JF)、秸秆还田+沼渣(JZ)3种有机培肥措施,耦合N1(较CK减量10%)、N2(较CK减量20%)和N3(较CK减量30%)3个施氮水平,采用田间试验方法,探究有机培肥和减施氮肥对小麦光合特性、氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,有机肥配施氮肥明显促进了小麦生育期分蘖的发生和有效群体数的形成,提高叶绿素含量并维持旗叶较高光合速率水平,促进小麦地上部干物质积累、植株氮素吸收,增加穗粒数和千粒重,并显著提高小麦产量,产量增幅为4.21%~17.80%,并以JFN2(JF+N2)处理组合产量最高(6 853.43kg·hm-2)。(2)同一有机肥培肥处理中,N2(减施氮肥20%)处理效果最好,能显著促进小麦群体形成,提高小麦叶绿素含量、光合速率和产量;JFN2小麦群体数在成熟期分别比JFN1、JFN3增加5.16%、4.31%,JFN2叶绿素含量在花期分别较JFN1、JFN3增加2.29%、2.31%;JFN2处理产量分别比JFN1和JFN3显著增加11.41%和7.56%。(3)同一施氮水平下,成熟期干物质积累量表现为JZN1处理显著大于JFN1和JN1处理,分别增加8.93%和12.01%;花期JF处理氮素积累量在3种施氮水平下均分别显著高于其它2种有机培肥处理;JFN2处理籽粒产量显著高于JZN2和JN2处理,增幅分别为12.17%和6.09%。研究认为,有机肥耦合施氮量可促进小麦分蘖和有效群体数的形成,提高叶绿素含量和光合速率,增加植株干物质和氮素积累,从而增加小麦产量。     

高产小麦品种冠层形态结构及其与产量性状的关系

在高产栽培条件下,以多穗型、中穗型、大穗型3种类型9个小麦品种为材料,研究了高产小麦品种的冠层形态结构及其与产量性状的关系。结果表明,高产品种与丰产品种相比,冠层结构具有：上三叶较宽、短,叶片较厚、挺,具有相对较小的基角、开张角和披垂度,株型较紧凑,植株较矮(80cm左右),穗下节间和旗叶鞘较长。冠层形态性状与产量及其构成因素的相关分析结果表明,旗叶宽度、比叶重、倾斜角度及穗下节长和叶鞘长是决定产量构成因素和产量的制约性状。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响

研究长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响,可为提高磷素转化利用率及合理利用肥料提供理论支持。本研究依托长武旱塬农田生态系统长期(1984—2016年)定位试验站,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(MN)、磷肥配施有机肥(MP)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(MNP)8个处理,研究其对土壤有机磷组分、小麦产量和土壤性质的影响。结果表明: 长期施肥后土壤有机磷含量为244.7～429.1 mg·kg^-1,除N处理外,其余各处理有机磷含量比CK均显著增加了15.4%～47.9%。长期施用磷肥改变了黄土旱塬农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)各有机磷组分含量,MP、MNP处理显著提高了活性有机磷及中活性有机磷含量;N、P和NP处理显著降低了中稳性有机磷含量;N、P、NP、MN、MP、MNP处理均显著提高了高稳性有机磷含量。各处理土壤有机磷组分与总有机磷含量比值为:中活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷。长期施肥后,与CK相比,氮、磷肥配施,尤其是与有机肥配施,显著增加了小麦生物产量和籽粒产量。土壤指标中,有机质、速效磷和无机磷与小麦产量呈显著正相关。MP、M处理可以显著提高黄土旱塬黑垆土中的速效磷、总磷、总无机磷、活性有机磷和中活性有机磷含量,表明有机肥与磷肥配施可以提高该地区更容易被作物吸收的磷组分。总之,氮磷肥配施并配施有机肥可以提高该地区磷供给,对小麦增产有促进作用,对提高黄土旱塬地区土壤质量有重要意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.