库拉索芦荟内生真菌菌群的多样性研究

【目的】了解不同生境下库拉索芦荟内生真菌的菌群组成及其动态变化规律。【方法】分别于春、秋两季对云南、四川、广东以及陕西四地的多年生库拉索芦荟采样,进行内生真菌的分离、鉴定及多样性分析。【结果】所得1 442株内生真菌可归于29个属,其中未发现有性世代及不产孢的占96.88%,子囊菌占0.83%,担子菌占0.07%,接合菌占2.22%。内生菌群以链格孢属Alternaria(35.63%)、镰刀菌属Fusarium(12.69%)及拟茎点霉属Phomopsis(11.65%)为优势种群。【结论】云南与四川的样本菌群组成相似性最高(Cs=0.88),广东与云南的差异性最大(Cs=0.73)。在根部,以链格孢属Alternaria、镰刀菌属Fusarium及丝核菌Rhizoctonia属为优势种群;叶中则以链格孢属Alternaria、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis及茎点霉属Phoma为优势种群。此外,不同季节间内生真菌的组成也存在一定差异,春季以丝孢纲类居多(IF=31.42%),秋季则以腔孢纲类居多(IF=31.01%)。     

黔中地区马尾松林下杜鹃根部内生真菌群落组成及其生态功能

探索黔中马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林下杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)根内生真菌物种多样性和生态功能。采集黔中乌当(WD)、孟关(MG)、龙里(LL) 3个地区马尾松林下杜鹃的发根,提取真菌DNA进行高通量测序。分析真菌Alpha多样性,借助FUNGuild注释平台解析真菌的生态功能类别,探索真菌群落中的核心微生物组,并结合网络图展示菌群之间的关联性。结果,3个地区的杜鹃根部内生真菌多样性非常丰富,WD地区杜鹃内生真菌多样性和丰富度最高。试验共获得有效序列425799条,817个可操作分类单元(OTU),分属于6门19纲52目103科154属,主要隶属于子囊菌门(81.2%)、接合菌门(5.8%)和担子菌门(4.7%);优势纲、目、科分别为:散囊菌纲(43.0%)、散囊菌目(39.2%)、发菌科(39.2%);在属的水平上,青霉属(38.60%)占比最高,其次是木霉属(7.20%)、拟盘多毛孢属(6.10%)。根部的真菌拥有多种生态功能群,如未定义腐生菌(194 OTU)、植物病原菌(20 OTU)、土壤腐生菌(18 OTU)、外生菌(14 OTU)、地衣共生真菌(10 OTU)、杜鹃类菌根真菌(5 OTU)、木腐生菌(5 OTU)、丛枝菌根(4 OTU)、内生菌(2 OTU)、动物病原菌(8 OTU),以及多种混合营养型类群21类,102个Undefined种类在FUNGuild数据库中没有参考信息。根部真菌可以形成生态位共享模式,而且不同功能群之间存在耦合性,核心基因组与关键物种以真菌组形成的生态功能团表现。     

不同生境黑老虎根际和内生真菌多样性分析

为探究不同生长条件下黑老虎根际和根部内生真菌群落组成和多样性及其与土壤环境因子的相关性,该文应用Illumina高通量测序方法对贵州3个不同生境下黑老虎根际和根部内生真菌进行了研究。结果表明:(1)3种生境下,根际土壤真菌OTU数量(3 867)远多于根部内生真菌(801),其中根际土壤真菌共有的OTU为72个,共注释到5个门、49个属,大多为子囊菌门; 属水平上被孢霉属、外瓶柄霉属、 柱孢属占比较高; 根部内生真菌共有的OTU为14个,共注释到2个门、11个属,子囊菌门(13个,占比92.9%)占绝对优势,属水平上被孢霉属、外瓶柄霉属、 柱孢属和丛赤壳属占比最高; 所有样本中,共有的OTU仅为6个,注释到2个门、5个属,子囊菌门(5个,占比83.3%)为优势门; 在属水平上,占比最高的为外瓶柄霉属(2个,33.3%),其余分别为被孢霉属、柱孢属和丛赤壳属 。Alpha多样性分析表明,根际土壤的真菌群落多样性和丰富度均显著高于根部内生真菌,而野生生境的真菌多样性高于栽培生境。(2)在门水平上,3个生境下主要内生真菌类群均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),占总菌群的88.28%; 在属水平上,不同生境条件下,根际和根部内生真菌群落结构差异明显; 栽培生境下,根部内生真菌菌群具有一定的偏好性,而野生生境下,根部内生真菌菌群均匀度更高; FUNGuild真菌群落功能预测显示,栽培生境下的病理-腐生营养型(pathotroph-saprotroph)在根部内生真菌中占比较高,而野生生境下的腐生营养型(saprotroph)及共生营养型(symbiotroph)占比较高。(3)土壤环境因子对根部内生真菌和根际真菌的影响方式不同,其中土壤总钾(TK)和土壤总磷(TP)与黑老虎根部内生真菌香农指数和辛普森指数显著正相关,而土壤有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)和速效氮(AN)与黑老虎根际土壤真菌Ace指数和Chao1指数显著正相关。综上表明,土壤有机质、总氮、速效氮是影响黑老虎根际土壤真菌群落的主要土壤环境因子。     

黑老虎内生真菌及根际土壤真菌的群落结构与生态功能分析

为探讨黑老虎(Kadsura coccinea)根际土壤和组织内生真菌菌群的组成及其生态功能，该研究采用ITS高通量测序技术对成熟黑老虎(根、茎、叶)内生真菌及根际土壤真菌群落结构、多样性和生态功能进行了分析。结果表明：(1)从12个样品中共获得2 241个可操作分类单元(OTU),涉及10门、41纲、95目、212科、367属，内生真菌(根、茎、叶)和根际土壤真菌OTU数分别为386、536、258、1 435个，其中共有的OTU为18个。在门水平上，黑老虎内生真菌及根际土壤真菌优势群落均为子囊菌门和担子菌门，其中子囊菌门在叶和茎中占比分别高达96.99%和95.37%;在属水平上，黑老虎根际土壤真菌中腐生真菌被孢霉属占比较高(为13.5%),叶和茎等生长旺盛的组织中子囊菌门未分类属和痂囊腔菌属占比较高。(2)α多样性分析结果显示，黑老虎根际土壤真菌群落的丰度和多样性明显高于内生真菌，茎中内生真菌丰度显著高于根和叶，而根、茎和叶组织间内生真菌多样性差异不显著；PCoA分析结果显示，叶和茎的真菌群落结构相似性更高。(3)利用FUNGuild数据库进行的功能预测分析结果显示，黑老虎根际土...     

白粉菌属级分类系统的讨论

白粉菌是子囊菌门 Ascomycota 白粉菌目 Erysiphales 真菌的总称,包括 1 科 15 属(新分类系统)约 650 种(Takamatsu, 2002)。白粉菌是植物绝对寄生菌。世界上已经报道的寄主有 9 838 种被子植物。在 9 838 种被子植物中,有 9176 种是双子叶植物,662 种单子叶植物,在 662 种单子     

布雷费尔德对真菌的进化观点在真菌分类中所起的影响*

布雷费尔德(O. Brefeld)虽对真菌纯培养方法的改进和真菌发育与生理知识作出了不少贡献,但他的主要贡献还是对真菌系统发育的观点。按照他的这种观点,卵菌不是真正的真菌,它应与粘菌一起排除在真菌之外,而真正的真菌应从接合菌开始。他并将子囊菌和担子菌分别分为半子囊菌和真子囊菌,半担子菌和真担子菌。     

布雷费尔德对真菌的进化观点在真菌分类中所起的影响

布雷费尔德(O. Brefeld)虽对真菌纯培养方法的改进和真菌发育与生理知识作出了不少贡献,但他的主要贡献还是对真菌系统发育的观点。按照他的这种观点,卵菌不是真正的真菌,它应与粘菌一起排除在真菌之外,而真正的真菌应从接合菌开始。他并将子囊菌和担子菌分别分为半子囊菌和真子囊菌,半担子菌和真担子菌。     

一中国白酒酒曲中的丝状真菌菌群

采用6种不同的培养基,分别于25℃、32℃、42℃以及50℃培养分离从而对某一中国白酒酒曲中的丝状真菌菌群进行研究.从酒曲中共分离得到886株丝状真菌,分属于接合菌,子囊菌和无性型真菌的20属,45种.其中最为丰富的是无性型真菌(28种),其次是接合菌(10种)和子囊菌(7种).对发酵起主要作用的为那些嗜热和耐热的种属,包括:宛氏拟青霉,伞枝梨头霉,梳棉状嗜热丝孢菌,微小根毛霉,金孢霉属一种和红曲属的几个种.文中还对一些在发酵中起重要作用的丝状真菌的特性进行了探讨.     

不同树龄杜仲内生真菌群落结构解析及优势菌群动态变化CSCD

目的探究不同树龄杜仲内生真菌群落组成、丰度及多样性,比较不同树龄杜仲内生真菌优势菌群随季节的动态变化规律。方法采集不同树龄的杜仲叶片与枝条,利用高通量测序解析内生真菌群落结构,并进行生物信息学分析。结果不同树龄杜仲之间存在较多共有可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OUTs),杜仲树龄越低所具有的特有OTUs数量越多;不同树龄杜仲内生真菌群落的alpha多样性指数之间无显著差异,树龄越高alpha多样性指数越高;67年生与45年生杜仲内生真菌群落组成差异较小,28年生杜仲内生真菌群落组成与其他两组差异较大;杜仲中的优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),其次为担子菌门(Basidiomycota);不同树龄杜仲所共有的优势菌属有9个,包括德福里斯孢属(Devriesia)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、多臂菌属(Trichomerium)、亚球壳属(Sphaerulina)、短柄霉属(Aureobasidium)、近球腔菌属(Paramycosphaerella)、黑孢霉属(Nigrospora)、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)和毕赤酵母属(Pichia),构成杜仲核心内生真菌组,其中Trichomerium、Sphaerulina仅在春季具有较高相对丰度,Paramycosphaerella仅在夏季具有较高相对丰度,Nigrospora、Sarocladium、Pichia仅在秋季具有较高相对丰度;基于FUNGuild预测,杜仲内生真菌中的优势菌群主要为植物病原菌。结论杜仲中具有核心内生真菌组,不同树龄杜仲内生真菌优势菌属的相对丰度不同,优势菌属的种类随季节变化而演替,树龄是使同一生境下杜仲内生真菌群落结构和多样性产生差异的主要因素。     

水稻-油菜双序列复种免耕、翻耕土壤真菌多样性

研究水稻-油菜双序列复种免耕、翻耕稻田土壤真菌的多样性。采用Mi Seq高通量测序方法,对湖南安乡(AX)、农大(ND)、南县(NX)3个相同处理试验点免耕、翻耕土壤样品进行ITS区高通量测序、多样性比较分析、物种组成分析及样品聚类分析。结果表明6个样品共得到真菌优化序列221 105条,分属于1 356个OTU,真菌种类覆盖7门、121科、230属;指数分析表明NT样品菌群相对丰度及群落多样性均略高于CT样品;在门水平上各试验点菌群结构相似,前三位为子囊菌门、接合菌门和担子菌门,但是同一试验点NT样品子囊菌相对丰度均低于CT样品,接合菌和担子菌相对丰度均高于CT样品。科属水平比较表明,3个试验点NT样品被孢霉科相对丰度比CT样品的大3-5倍,毛壳菌科的相对丰度小1-2倍;NT样品Carpoligna、栓菌属(Trametes)、网孢菌属(Filobasidium)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)的序列数明显大于CT样品,毛壳属(Chaetomium)、柄孢壳菌属(Podospora)及瓜亡革菌属(Thanatephorus)的序列数明显小于CT样品。土壤理化因子测定表明NT样品的有机质、全氮及速效钾含量均高于CT样品。本研究得出水稻-油菜双序列复种免耕、翻耕稻田土壤样品真菌物种组成丰富,不同耕作方式土壤真菌种群结构存在差异,菌群组成及丰度对土壤理化因子有一定影响。     

A Cladistic Outline of the Eumycota

Abstract— A cladistic classification of fungi determined by a parsimony method with 21 terminal taxa and 51 characters is presented. Outgroup comparison with Oomycetes determined polarity assessments. The group Eumycota, including the traditional taxa Hyphochytriomycetes, Chytridio-mycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, is defined by two synapomorphies, molecular weight of 25S RNA, and chitin cell walls. Some groups are supported as monophyletic; Eumycota, Amastigomycota, Dicaryomycotina, Ascomycetes, Protobasidiomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Euascomy-cetidae, Hymenomycetidae and Homobasidiomycetales. The Hyphochytriomycota is the sister group to remaining groups. The Taphrinaceae and Saccharomycetaceae are more closely related to the Basidiomycetes than to any of the ascomycetous groups. In the absence of unique character sets groups such as the Mastigomycotina, Hemiascomycetes, Ustomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes, Heterobasidio-mycetes, Phragmobasidiomycetes and the Teliomycetes cannot be maintained and are abandoned as paraphyletic. Characters and terminal taxa used for the analysis are defined and discussed.     

Molecular weights of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid of fungi

Summary The molecular weights of the 18s and 25s ribosomal RNA components of fungi from all major classes were determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weight of the 18s RNA was found to be very similar for all fungi (range 0.71–0.75 million) and about 4–5% larger than the 18s RNA of HeLa cells and soybean. The molecular weight of the 25s RNA ranged between 1.45 million in the Myxomycetes and 1.30–1.31 million in the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. The differences in the 25s RNA molecular weights between various classes of fungi were interpreted as being in agreement with a monophyletic origin of the Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, and independent origins for the Myxomycetes and the Oomycetes. The Hyphochytridiomycete examined could not be placed unequivocally in any group on the basis of its 25s RNA. Fungal RNA extracted with a p-aminosalicylate-triisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate-phenol mixture at 40–60°C contained a high molecular weight aggregate of the 18s and 25s ribosomal RNA; this suggested significant base sequence homology between the two ribosomal RNA species in fungi.     

云南红豆杉(Taxus Yunnanensis)皮下真菌类群初步研究

分离纯化与云南红豆杉（Taxus Yunnanensis)内共生的皮下真菌,获得了52株内生真菌,对52株菌进行了分类研究。结果是：无孢类各属是优势菌群（共29株）,其次是木霉属（5株）和茎点霉属（4株）,首次报道了红豆杉属植物皮下真菌的类群和区系特点。     

云南八角莲内生真菌分离、鉴定的初步探索

通过对云南八角莲(D.aurantiocaulis)内生真菌的分离、鉴定,获得87株内生真菌,并对87株进行分离、鉴定发现内生真菌在宿主植物中具有明显的多样性,无孢类群(22株)是优势菌,其次为镰孢菌属(10株)毛壳菌属(10株)、青霉属(9株)、小齿梗霉属(7株)、丛梗孢属(4株),首次报道云南八角莲内生真菌的类群和区系特点.     

Molecular architecture of fungal cell walls. An approach by use of fluorescent markers

Fluorescent probes have been applied to analyze the molecular architecture of fungal cell surfaces. Binding patterns of aniline blue and FITC-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (FITC-WGA) elucidated class-specific properties. Aniline-blue-induced fluorescence was distributed over the entire cell walls from Ascomycetes, but was confined to sporangial walls of Zygomocetes, hyphal tips and a few other sites in Basidiomycetes, while no fluorescence was found with sporangia and rhizoids of Chytridiales. FITC-WGA in Zygomycetes and in Ascomycetes was restricted to few sites (e.g. apex of hyphae), in Basidiomycetes and Chytridiales label was evenly associated with the entire surface of hyphal walls, or sporangia and rhizoids. For Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes differences in the molecular architecture between apex and hyphal side walls were discerned, although the chemical nature of these differences is distinct for each class. Species specific differences, due to differences in binding patterns of several lectins are not apparent at fungal cell surfaces. The degree of intraspecies variation was found to be larger than interspecies diversification, suggesting changeableness of the molecular architecture of fungal cell walls. This is in contrast to assertions which we made by working on algae. There species-specific lectin binding patterns have been described.     

黄栌根内生真菌分离鉴定及拮抗真菌筛选

采用常规分离法从不同地区健康黄栌根系中共分离得到33株内生真菌,其优势类群主要包括无孢菌群、腐质霉属、青霉属等,而且不同地区黄栌的根系内生真菌种类和数量有一定差异。内生真菌对黄栌枯萎病病原——大丽轮枝孢的拮抗试验结果表明:团炭角菌、黑乌霉属、假丝酵母属的菌株抑制作用较强,其它内生真菌菌株对大丽轮枝孢均有不同程度的抑制作用。     

银叶杜鹃和繁花杜鹃根部真菌的多样性

植物根系与真菌形成菌根, 在自然生态系统的物质能量循环中具有重要的生态功能。作者在四川省的中国杜鹃园选取银叶杜鹃(Rhododendron argyrophyllum)和繁花杜鹃(R. floribundum), 通过直接扩增杜鹃花根部真菌rDNA-ITS区片段, 来揭示该地区杜鹃花属植物根部真菌的多样性。ITS序列分析结果表明: 从两种杜鹃的根部共检测到41个真菌分类单元, 分别属于子囊菌纲的柔膜菌目(Helotiales)、散囊菌目(Eurotiales)、盘菌目(Pezizales)、假球壳目(Pleosporales)和担子菌纲的蜡壳耳目(Sebacinales)、伞菌目(Agaricales)、Erythrobasidiales、线黑粉菌目(Filobasidiales)。银叶杜鹃和繁花杜鹃根部真菌种类丰富, 包括了杜鹃花类菌根真菌、外生菌根真菌和其他类型真菌, 其中担子菌纲的蜡壳耳目和子囊菌纲的柔膜菌目占有较大比例。     

Diversity and specific composition of microscopic fungi on synthetic polymeric materials

We summarized experimental data on species diversity of fungi decomposing synthetic polymeric materials. Most of the fungi were anamorphs of the phylum Ascomycota, class Ascomycetes (231 species and 85 genera). Teleomorphs of ascomycetes were represented by 18 species and 7 genera. We revealed a smaller number of fungi belonging to the phylum Zygomycota, class Zygomycetes (31 species and 15 genera), or the phylum Basidiomycota, class Basidiomycetes (5 species and 5 genera). The specific composition of fungi was assessed on polymeric materials of various classes.     

Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities

As a part of a screening programme developed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of basidiomycetes, 317 isolates representing 204 species collected in Spain were screened against a range of human clinical pathogens and laboratory controls. Extracts from 45% of the isolates, representing 109 species, showed antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial activity was more pronounced than antifungal activity. The proportion of extracts from basidiomycetes showing antimicrobial activity was similar to or above that obtained for representative orders of Ascomycetes, such as Pezizales and Xylariales, but lower than that produced by members of the orders Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Leotiales and Sordariales. Suprageneric taxa (orders and families) did not show pronounced differences in their antimicrobial activities though such differences were observed at the genus level, suggesting that the ability to produce these bioactive compounds is not homogenously distributed amongst the basidiomycetes. Isolates from some species showed large differences in their ability to produce metabolites with antimicrobial activity, possibly reflecting genetic differences at the infraspecific level.     

Development and optimization of an 18S rRNA‐based oligonucleotide microarray for the fungal order Eurotiales

Aims: For identification of members of the fungal order Eurotiales, an 18S rRNA gene‐based oligonucleotide microarray was developed and optimized. Methods and Results: Eurotiales‐specific probes covering most members of the Eurotiales as well as species‐specific probes were designed and evaluated with three pure cultures (two fungi from the Eurotiales and one fungus from the Hypocreales). Nearly complete 18S rRNA genes of each reference culture were amplified and fluorescently labelled by random priming. Conclusions: Positive and negative hybridization results confirmed that the Eurotiales probes tested in this study could correctly identify members of the Eurotiales. The species‐specific probes were also capable of species‐level detection. Significance and Impact of the Study: These findings demonstrate the potential applications of a phylogenetic oligonucleotide microarray approach to characterizing fungal species and populations in environmental and other samples.