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1.
大豆属植物茎的次生木质部结构研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
利用光学显微技术和扫描电镜技术,对大豆属ClycineL.的4种类型植物茎材进行比较解剖学研究.结果表明,4种类型植物的茎材横切面均为散孔材。野生大豆茎材多为单管孔.少见复管孔;半野生大豆具复管孔,少见多细胞的管孔链;半栽培大豆茎材中复管孔和管孔链较多;而栽培大豆的复管孔和管孔链更多且普遍.野生大豆单列射线多,多列射线少半野生大豆有少数多列射线;半栽培大豆多列射线较多;栽培大豆多列射线细胞组成的射线最多.大豆种植物的次生木质部导管的侵填体分布不同,各种结构的演化途径为野生大豆→半野生大豆→半栽培大豆→栽培大豆野生大豆结构较原始,栽培大豆最进化  相似文献   

2.
为了探讨大豆属(Glycine)Soja亚属植物的系统演化规律,采用石蜡切片法对产自吉林省的大豆属Soja亚属4种植物的叶片结构进行显微观察。结果显示,Soja亚属中的野生大豆(Glycine sojaSeib.et Zucc.)、半野生大豆(semi-wild soybean)、半栽培大豆(semi-cultured soybean)、栽培大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merrill.)叶片的部分结构特征差异显著;从野生大豆到栽培大豆,其叶片和主脉逐渐加厚、表皮毛数量增多,主脉维管束中导管分子列数增多且逐渐演化出异型维管束,栅栏组织层数逐渐增多,CTR(栅栏组织/叶片厚)和SR(海绵组织/叶片厚)值也有增高的趋势;栽培大豆栅栏组织最发达,已演化出4层栅栏组织细胞。大豆属Soja亚属4种植物(野生大豆、半野生大豆、半栽培大豆、栽培大豆)叶片间的解剖结构差异表现出明显的进化趋势。  相似文献   

3.
介绍了我国野生大豆遗传资源主要的形态类型、物种内遗传关系和遗传结构。进化的瓶颈不仅发生在由野生大豆到栽培大豆,也以另一种方式"分化瓶颈"出现于同性状的不同表型类型之间。野生大豆种内种子大小类型是否存在遗传分化?野生和半野生大豆的边界在哪?半野生大豆如何产生的?半野生大豆遗传上密切于栽培种还是野生种?百粒重3~4g的小粒半野生大豆与百粒重8.5g以上的特大粒半野生大豆是否有遗传差异?百粒重8.5g以上的特大粒半野生大豆是否属于栽培大豆?野生大豆的种皮色和种子大小哪个更能反映进化程度?栽培大豆基因是否已经渗入到野生大豆?对这些在学术界常年存在的疑问本文介绍了我们的研究答案。我们认为"真"半野生大豆不存在于现在中国半野生资源收集品中;一些野生大豆中的白花、灰毛、无泥膜性状来源于栽培大豆的基因渗透。  相似文献   

4.
大豆属不同进化类型植物导管分子的演化结构研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
使用光学显微镜技术,对大豆属不同进化类型植物次生木质部导管分子进行离析。实验结果表明:野生、半野生、半栽培和栽培大豆的导管分子相对长度、粗细差异较大,导管穿孔板形态亦不同。野生大豆导管分子保留了尾端,其它大豆导管分子尾端退化消失。大豆属植物导管的管间纹孔式多样,每种导管分子的形态代表了各自的演化地位,即:野生大豆原始→半野生大豆→半栽培大豆→栽培大豆导管分子的演化规律。  相似文献   

5.
壳斗科木材识别和分类   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
谢福惠  林大新   《广西植物》1984,(3):203-213
从106种壳斗科木材构造特征.作为本科木材识别和分类依据,概括于下: 散孔材,管孔细,单个密布,在生长轮末端一狭带无管孔,宽射线为多列射线,较狭而数较多为水青冈属。辐射孔材,管孔成串径列,宽射线聚合型,在横面反光弱为主,分布不均,促使材身槽棱不整齐,槽底平而宽长的为稠属。辐射孔材,管孔成串径、斜列为主,宽射线聚合型(常见)和栎型,在横面反光强,分布均匀,促使材身槽棱整齐,槽底尖而分隔为青冈属。半环孔材或环孔材,早材管孔沿生长轮不连续排列,在肉眼下可见至明显,晚材管孔成串径列,弯曲或火焰状,宽射线聚合型,常数少且几条聚近分布,大部分树种无宽射线的为锥属。环孔材,早材管孔沿生长轮连续排列,肉眼下明显,侵填体丰富,晚材管孔成串径列,弯曲或火焰状,宽射线栎型为栎属。环孔材,早材管孔沿生长轮连续排列,肉眼下明显,具侵填体,晚材管孔成串径列,弯曲或火焰状,射线细而肉眼下不见为栗属。 各属共同特征,薄壁组织离管带状,似环管(实际为环管管胞),生长轮不同程度波状。  相似文献   

6.
唐亚  王静  张立芸  高辉 《广西植物》2010,30(6):742-747
研究了广义锦葵科火绳树属4个种枝条的木材解剖。火绳树属枝条为散孔至半环孔材,管孔主要为单管孔和2~3个管孔组成的径列复管孔;导管间纹孔式和射线导管间纹孔式互列、小;侵填体和螺纹加厚缺如。射线主要为单列射线,2~3列射线较多;射线细胞多为方形,射线组织主要为异型,边缘直立细胞常1行;射线组织稀为同型;鞘细胞和瓦形细胞缺如。轴向薄壁组织傍管和离管型,主要为带状。晶体丰富,主要在射线、纤维和薄壁组织中。研究的4个种可以通过枝条木材解剖特征加以区分。  相似文献   

7.
本文利用三种根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)分别感染我国的野生、半野生和栽培大豆的子叶,诱发产生肿瘤.结果发现根癌农杆菌,A281、Chry5,Chry5C对我国的栽培大豆均有致瘤作用,且A_(281)对栽培大豆具有超毒作用.这一结果与其对美国栽培大豆的作用结果是一致的.而A281对半野生大豆的致瘤作用较差,对野生大豆的致瘤作用最弱.而根癌农杆菌Chry5C尽管其毒性已被弱化,但对我国的栽培大豆仍具有致瘤作用,这一结果与它对美国栽培大豆的致瘤作用是有差异的.说明我国的栽培大豆与美国的栽培大豆之间在致瘤方面存在差异.Chry和5Chry5C对我国的野生大豆和半野生大豆几乎是不致瘤的,说明了野生大豆和半野生大豆在Ti质粒致瘤方面与栽培大豆存在区别.这为进一步研究我国的大豆品质和野生大豆、半野生大豆的特性提供了另一种有效的途径,也为今后进行大豆遗传工程选择适当的受体材料提供了基础.  相似文献   

8.
广西金花茶木材解剖研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
徐峰  谢福惠  梁盛业   《广西植物》1989,9(3):249-254+293
本文对采自广西的14种金花茶木材进行解剖研究。管孔类型为散孔材至似半环孔材;木射线二列为主。全为异形组织;结晶体丰富。而且只存在于方形或直立射线细胞中。在射线细胞或轴向薄壁细胞腔中,可见一些细胞核及细胞质。细胞核的出现与物种的生态环境有关,生长于石灰土的金花茶,其木材中可见细胞核,而生长于酸性土的则不见。  相似文献   

9.
蚬木属(Excentrodendron H.T.Chang & R.H.Miau)与柄翅果属(Burretiodendron Rehder)的分离一直未得到广泛认同,二者在锦葵目中的系统地位也还不十分清楚.本文研究了柄翅果、元江柄翅果、滇桐和火绳树的木材解剖.柄翅果和元江柄翅果在木材解剖特征上非常相似,2~3个管孔组成径列复管孔,单管孔较多,导管分子无螺纹加厚,穿孔板单一,轴向薄壁组织稀少,射线异型IIB,单列射线少,多列射线常2~3列,具翅子树属型瓦形细胞;蚬木属单列射线罕见,瓦形细胞榴莲型,单列射线较高,木材解剖特征支持蚬木属和柄翅果属的分离;蚬木属和柄翅果属与滇桐属在木材解剖特征上差异显著,与火绳树属的差异也较明显,但与梧桐科翅子树属比较接近,与其它有关类群,如一担柴属、Luehea、Entelea以及Dombeyeae族等都有明显差异.  相似文献   

10.
国家二级保护植物翅果油树营养器官结构的研究   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
系统研究了国家二级保护植物翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollis Diels)营养器官的结构,结果表明:根表皮外有2.4~36.7μm的粘液质层,对着韧皮部的内皮层细胞含有黑色物质,与粘液质层的形成有关.茎的皮层中有一层排列整齐紧密的椭圆形细胞,类似于内皮层.髓细胞中含有大量的針晶.次生木质部为典型的环孔材,具有多列同型射线.栅栏组织发达,叶细胞含有大量針晶,栅栏组织与海绵组织之比为1.96,具有旱生结构特性.  相似文献   

11.
广西防城7种鹭类混群繁殖的空间生态位研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
叶芬  黄乘明  李汉华 《四川动物》2006,25(3):577-583
2002年3~8月对广西防城万鹤山营巢的鹭类繁殖种群进行了调查研究,结果表明:万鹤山栖息有大白鹭(Egretta alba)、中白鹭(Egretta intermedia)、白鹭(Egretta garzetta)、黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)、牛背鹭(Bubulcus ibis)、池鹭(Ardeda bacchus)、夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)7种鹭类种群。除黄嘴白鹭为均匀分布之外,其他6种均为成群分布。鹭类在万鹤山上营巢繁殖具有明显的水平分布和垂直分布现象。对影响鹭类混群繁殖时空间分布的因素及各种群间的相互关系进行了探讨。  相似文献   

12.
白鹭作为无锡太湖地区环境污染指示生物的研究   总被引:18,自引:2,他引:16  
2000年4—6月对分布在无锡太湖地区的4种要鸟中的白鹭(Egretta garzetta)行为生态学及其生境污染状况进行了调查研究.调查地白鹭主要栖息树种包括马尾松(Pnus masson±ana)、香樟树(C±nnamomum hupehanum)、麻砾树(Quercus acut±ssema)、榆树(Ulmus prm±la)和杨梅树(Myr±ca rubra).栖息地总面积为7hm^2,白鹭总巢数为4200个,每棵树平均0.38个.白鹭的孵化期为19—21d,卵重23.9±4.0g(n=41),平均卵大小(44.5±4.1)mm×(32.6±4.9)mm(n=41),平均窝卵数5.02(2—8)枚,平均窝雏数3.86(2—7)只,孵化成功率为84.25%.对白鹭雏鸟左右跗Zhe的测量分析表明不对称性不显著(P>0.05).白鹭雏鸟食物较小,繁殖期间主要以小型鱼类和虾类为食.污染物分析结果表明,白鹭卵中除例外,六氯苯、六六六、环二烯类、DDTs、DDE、PCBs、Cr、Hg和Pb均检测到.食物链(底泥-食物-白鹭雏鸟)中,有机杀虫剂和重金属都逐级富集.通过与相对无污染的鄱阳湖地区比较,太湖地区和鄱阳湖地区卵样品中的DDs(包括DDT、DDE和DDD)浓度最高(超过2μg·g^1),其它污染物浓度均较小.太湖地区白鹭卵中的DDTs、Cd和Cr浓度低于鄱阳湖地区,其它污染物浓度鄱阳湖地区均低于太湖地区.经比较分析,两地样品中有机氯杀虫剂、PCBs和各种重金属浓度都未达到影响白鹭繁殖成功率的阈值.  相似文献   

13.
Summary We studied experimentally interspecific competition among foliage-gleaning passerine birds by manipulating the density of resident tits. In 1988 tit density was experimentally increased on three small islands in a central Finnish lake, and decreased on three other islands by tit removal. In order to avoid the effects of between-island differences in habitat quality, the role of the islands was reversed when the experiment was repeated in the following year. Censuses and observations on foraging and feeding behaviour were conducted to assess the numerical and behavioural responses of migrant conguilders (mainly chaffinches and willow warblers) with respect to the manipulated abundance of the tits. We also measured whether variation in food consumption of tits affected the frequency with which the migrants found food by calculating average intervals between successful prey captures, time lags to prey-capture and giving-up times. Our results indicate that interspecific competition is of minor importance in structuring breeding bird assemblages and species feeding ecologies on the study islands. No consistent difference in foraging or feeding niches of chaffinches and willow warblers was found between low and high tit density conditions. Niche overlap analysis showed no avoidance by chaffinches and willow warblers of the microhabitats which tits used. Tit abundance had no significant effect on feeding success or behaviour. Experimentally increased abundance of resident birds was associated with increased abundance of breeding migrants, however. This pattern was found not only in the foliage gleaning guild but also with all passerine birds, indicating that food was not an important contributor to this pattern. We elaborate a hypothesis suggesting heterospecific attraction in northern breeding bird assemblages. Habitat generalist migrants may use the presence of residents as an indicator of safe and/or productive breeding sites in northern unpredictable circumstances.  相似文献   

14.
浙江舟山五峙山列岛夏季繁殖水鸟资源及其分布动态   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
1989~2007年,对浙江舟山五峙山列岛自然保护区繁殖水鸟进行调查和监测,记录繁殖水鸟的种类、数量、分布及其繁殖生态。在五峙山列岛繁殖的水鸟主要有黑尾鸥Larus crassirostris、黄嘴白鹭Egretta eulophotes、小白鹭E.garzetta、中白鹭Mesophoyx intermedia、大凤头燕鸥Sterna bergii、黑枕燕鸥S.sumatrana和蛎鹬Haematopus ostralegus等7种。自1988年保护区建立以来,尤其是近年来,五峙山列岛繁殖水鸟的种类和珍稀鸟类黄嘴白鹭的繁殖数量呈上升趋势,其中黄嘴白鹭和大凤头燕鸥大繁殖群的出现大大提高了保护区的保护价值,不同年份间鸟类总体数量保持相对稳定。五峙山列岛繁殖水鸟的资源和分布动态呈现两个值得关注的现象:一方面,由于繁殖资源限制,繁殖种类间存在竞争替换;另一方面,不同繁殖年间繁殖水鸟在不同岛屿的分布数量存在较大的波动。其内在的影响因素值得进一步探讨,这对有针对性地制订保护和管理对策,降低黄嘴白鹭的竞争压力,最大限度地提高保护区繁殖水鸟的多样性具有重要价值。  相似文献   

15.
Summary The two sibling species of giant petrels Macronectes halli and M. giganteus are the dominant avian scavengers in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. They breed sympatrically at a number of sub-Antarctic sites. This paper synthesises data from a detailed study at South Georgia to examine the importance of various interspecific and intersexual differences between these closely related species. Morphological, breeding, dietary, feeding and moult characteristics were investigated. The most significant interspecific differences are a six week separation in the onset of breeding and the importance of seal carrion to male M. halli, the earlier breeding species. There is a strong sexual size dimorphism with females being only 75–80% of the weight of males in both species. Intersexual dietary differences are stronger than interspecific ones and females also have later primary moult schedules. Reproductive isolation and ecological adaptations are discussed in relation to the present distribution of giant petrels, comprising a more restricted sub-Antarctic species (M. halli) and a widespread Antarctic species (M. giganteus). It is suggested that the marked sexual dimorphism evolved before the two taxa became specifically distinct.  相似文献   

16.
Various aspects of territoriality were studied comparatively in a marked population of Reed and Sedge warblers at the Attenborough Nature Reserve, Nottinghamshire. Differences in arrival patterns, establishment of territory and particularly territory size were detected. In view of the dynamic nature of territory boundaries, a method is described for obtaining measures of mean territory size for comparative purposes. The sympatric species were largely separated by different breeding and feeding habitats, but there was also a degree of interspecific competition in some areas and interspecific territorialism was found to occur. Adults of both these migratory species were found to exhibit strong site fidelity, and there was some evidence to suggest that early post-fledging experience may influence initial selection of a particular area and territory for first breeding.
The adaptive significance of territory is discussed in relation to the findings presented and current hypotheses. There was some evidence which suggests that reduction of predation pressure and intraspecific interference through spacing out, as well as provision of a nest-site may be important functions of territory in these species, but no evidence that food supply or population regulation are involved. The significance of interspecific territorialism is considered in relation to interspecific competition. The various factors effecting territory size and the patterns of nesting dispersion are also considered in an attempt to account for the striking interspecific differences found between these closely related species. It is concluded that although a multiplicity of factors may well be interacting in complex fashion, the more important of these stem from contrasts in the physical properties of the two habitats.  相似文献   

17.
Six species of albatrosses breed sympatrically at the Crozet Islands. The population size, masses and measurements of adults, nesting habitats and coloniality, laying, hatching and fledging dates, duration of incubation and brooding shifts are compared. The growth of chicks, diets and feeding methods of the six species are reviewed. Their distribution in the south Indian Ocean is described in relation to the feeding frequency of chicks. Various aspects of ecological isolation among the species are analysed. Overlaps exist in the timing of breeding in the small albatrosses and to a lesser extent in their diet. Differences in the foraging zones at sea appear to be the most important factor in reducing interspecific competition. It is shown that the effective division of resources results from a relative scarcity of resources around the Crozet Islands. Finally the close interrelationship between foraging strategy, breeding biology, diet, chick growth and breeding frequency in the small albatrosses is demonstrated.  相似文献   

18.
鹭科鸟类群落的空间生态位和种间关系   总被引:26,自引:2,他引:24  
本文应用空间生态位理论,分析了浙江太公山常绿落叶针阔混交林鹭类繁殖季节的群落结构。鹭类群落由池鹭Ardeolabachus、白鹭Egretagarzeta、夜鹭Nycticoraxnycticorax、牛背鹭Bubulcsibis组成。根据鹭类的水平分布、垂直分布、栖位分布的生态位宽度值,采用Schoener(1968)生态位重叠、Cody(1974)“总和α”的方法制作了群落矩阵表和树杈状图。讨论了鹭类群落对空间的利用及种间的相互作用。  相似文献   

19.
Summary In northern Fennoscandia, microtine rodent populations fluctuate cyclically. The environment of an individual vole can be considered to be predictable when the risks of predation and intra- and interspecific competition change with the cycle, such that both are high during the population highs of voles. The risk of predation is also high during the vole crash. After the crash, the vole population is characterized by low intra- and interspecific competition and low predation pressure. The main predators affecting voles during the crash are the small mustelids, least weasel and stoat. The density of these specialist predators declines drastically during the winter after the vole crash. We studied experimentally the impact of the perceived presence of stoats on the breeding and mating behaviour of voles. In a series of breeding experiments with bank voles,Clethrionomys glareolus, both old and young females suppressed breeding when exposed to the odour of stoats,Mustela erminea. The weights of females decreased in both experimental and control groups, but more among the voles under odour exposition. It seems that females actively avoided copulations under high predation risk and that breeding suppression is mediated by a change in female mating behaviour. There was no change in male behaviour or physical condition between the experimental and control treatments. An alternative mechanism for the observed breeding suppression could be the one caused by decreased feeding in females mediated with low energy intake which does not allow breeding. Regardless of its mechanism, delay of breeding should increase the probability of non-breeding females to survive to the next breeding season. The females surviving the crash should gain a strong selective advantage in a predator-free environment of the subsequent breeding season, which could explain the adaptive function of this antipredatory strategy.  相似文献   

20.
The breeding biology of the little egret (Egretta garzetta) was studied in 20 nests within the mixed-species breeding colonies at Nanchong, Sichuan, Southwest China, in 2006. By measuring a set of physical characteristics of vegetation at the nests and at a set of 20 randomly chosen sites we showed that birds preferentially used taller trees in areas with fewer shrubs of higher species diversity. Nests at lower locations in trees had marginally lower hatching success due to their destruction by humans; this destruction contributed marginally significantly to lowering of the total nesting success in all studied nests. Although gale winds also had a negative effect on breeding success, the anthropogenic influences were a greater factor in reproductive failure. We found similar effects in our review of literature on breeding success of the little egret from various geographical areas. Our results may be of use by conservation organizations in their actions to protect colonies of the little egret.  相似文献   

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