峨眉山冷杉森林群落研究

依据 5 1个 40 0 m2乔木层和 1 0 2个 1 6m2灌木层、草本层与地被层样方调查资料 ,分析了峨嵋山冷杉森林的林型、环境、植物地理成分、群落结构和乔、灌层植被数量特征。结果表明 :当地冷杉森林分布区内生境多样 ;植物区系复杂 ,有一定的热性地理成分入侵和残遗性 ;各层次水平盖度具有精巧的消长关系 ,垂直结构在亚层水平上的发育与海拔和“混交”程度有关 ;冷杉在乔木层占绝对优势 ,但由于其种群衰退 ,冷杉所构成的森林有退化演替的趋势 ;灌木层的优势植物以竹类为主 ,亚优势种的变化多样。生物地史、生境和植物区系的种种特点 ,共同决定了当地冷杉林型的多样性及其某些少见的种群组合式样。     

峨眉山冷杉种群研究

依据 5 1个 2 0 m× 2 0 m冷杉乔木层样方和 1 0 2个 4 m× 4 m灌木层样方有关冷杉种群的调查资料和典型区域内冷杉种群的年龄和生长指标的测定 ,对峨眉山冷杉种群配置、重要参数、更新与生长状况进行了研究 ,揭示了当地冷杉种群及其所组成的森林的现状与演替趋势。指出 ,峨眉山冷杉种群的径级配置与海拔高度为主导的环境要素变化相关 ,2 80 0 m以下的冷杉种群缺乏胸径 5～ 2 0 cm的小径个体 ;尤其是在“混交”状的冷杉林下株高小于 5 m的幼龄个体稀少且其年龄与应有的生长量相差甚远 ,由此作者认为该海拔段以下的冷杉种群正面临衰退 ,其构成的冷杉森林正处于退化演替的过程之中 ,并有可能在今后 5 0 a或许更短的时间内显现严重后果。同时 ,本研究表明冷杉主要通过林窗和林缘更新。通过对冷杉 -箭竹 -泥炭藓森林群落中冷杉种群状况的研究 ,阐述了冷杉种群在特定的逆境条件下生殖策略由 K选择向 r选择方向的转化趋势 ,讨论了冷杉种群在泥炭藓发育的局部沼泽化的环境中得以生存的机制 ;本文还就冷杉种群在林内自然更新和迹地更新条件下的胸径生长规律作了比较研究 ,说明密度制约机制对冷杉种群更新具有重要作用 ;并就更新情况相对较好的冷杉 -箭竹 +金顶杜鹃 -草类林、冷杉 -箭竹 -藓类林和冷杉 -峨眉玉山     

太白山巴山冷杉林主要树种与开花秦岭箭竹的空间点格局分析

采用单变量和双变量O-ring函数对太白山大熊猫栖息地巴山冷杉林主要树种的空间分布格局、种间关联性及其与林下开花箭竹的空间关联性进行了多尺度分析.结果表明: 巴山冷杉林中,巴山冷杉数量最多,但种群结构衰退,白桦种群相对年轻,种群结构稳定,红桦种群也呈衰退趋势;3个主要树种在小尺度上呈聚集分布,随尺度增加,逐渐表现为随机分布.3个树种的空间关联性主要表现在小尺度范围内,随尺度增加,空间分布格局逐渐表现为不关联;巴山冷杉和白桦与开花秦岭箭竹在大、中尺度内呈现正相关,而红桦与开花秦岭箭竹在大、中尺度上表现出负相关.大熊猫栖息地内乔木和林下秦岭箭竹共同推动森林的动态演替和发展,进而影响秦岭大熊猫栖息地的环境变化.     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中不同恢复阶段的定量分析

以空间代替时间的方法,运用种间联结测定、主成分分析和最优分割法对川西亚高山箭竹-暗针叶林和藓类-暗针叶林经采伐后自然恢复形成的不同恢复系列(20、30、40和50年),以及未被采伐而保留下来的160~200年生暗针叶老龄林进行恢复阶段的定量分析.结果表明:藓类和箭竹暗针叶次生林向暗针叶老龄林恢复过程中,红桦、卧龙柳、五角槭、疏花槭、康定野樱桃、挂苦绣球、椴树和川滇柳归并为衰退种组;湖北花楸、陕甘花楸和微毛野樱桃归并为过渡种组;岷江冷杉、紫果云杉、铁杉和青扦归并为进展种组.20~40年生的次生林进入以红桦为主的阔叶林阶段,其森林类型分别为藓类-红桦林和箭竹-红桦林;恢复到50年,则开始进入红桦和岷江冷杉组成的针阔混交林阶段,其森林类型分别为藓类-红桦-岷江冷杉林和箭竹-红桦-岷江冷杉林;未被采伐而保留下来的160~200年生暗针叶林是以岷江冷杉为主的暗针叶老龄林阶段,其森林类型分别为藓类-岷江冷杉林和箭竹-岷江冷杉林.     

广西银竹老山资源冷杉种群退化机制初探

资源冷杉是我国特有的珍稀濒危植物,局限分布在广西资源的银竹老山和湖南新宁的舜皇山。对银竹老山资源冷杉种群衰退状况的研究结果表明,导致资源冷杉种群退化的首要因素是发生频率高、影响范围广、持续时间长的人为砍伐破坏其所依存的森林环境以及其分布地的集中放牧,其次是它自身生物学特性的限制,也造成在自然状态下出现其种群数量不易扩大的局面。要实现资源冷杉种群的保护,解除其濒危状态,以免绝灭,必须立刻停止人为干扰,并进一步加强对它繁育系统的研究。     

川西亚高山林线岷江冷杉和红杉对气候变化的响应

为揭示川西亚高山林线优势树种岷江冷杉（Abies fargesii var.faxoniana）和红杉（Larix potaninii）径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。通过树木年轮生态学的方法,研究了岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长与年均温的分异现象、生长衰退以及应对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力稳定性,并结合限制岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长的主要气候因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）温度是限制林线岷江冷杉径向生长的主要气候因素,而限制红杉径向生长的主要气候因素是降水;（2）岷江冷杉的径向生长与年平均温度的变化趋势一致,红杉在20世纪90年代后径向生长呈现出下降的趋势,与年均温的升高出现分异;（3）1800-2019年间,岷江冷杉出现生长衰退2次,红杉出现生长衰退5次,相同的时间内,红杉的衰退频率高于岷江冷杉;（4）岷江冷杉对严重干旱事件的恢复力相比升温前有所增强,抵抗力相比升温前下降明显,红杉对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力相比升温前均呈现出下降的趋势。可为川西亚高山林线的植被动态变化预测和历史区域气候重建提供参考。     

长期模拟增温对岷江冷杉幼苗生长与生物量分配的影响

川西亚高山针叶林是青藏高原东部高寒林区的重要组成部分,也是研究全球变化对森林生态系统影响的重要组成。长期模拟增温对川西亚高山森林树木的生长、物质积累及其分配格局的影响至今鲜有报道。以川西亚高山针叶林优势种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)幼苗为研究对象,采用控制环境生长室模拟增温的方法,研究了模拟增温对岷江冷杉幼苗生长、物质积累及其分配格局的影响。结果表明,模拟增温(2.2±0.2)℃处理65个月后,岷江冷杉幼苗基径、株高、单株叶面积和比叶面积(SLA)均显著增加,比叶重(LMA)显著下降。增温对岷江冷杉幼苗的茎、侧枝、叶和总生物量具有显著的促进作用,对根生物量没有显著影响。岷江冷杉幼苗的叶重比(LMR)下降、枝重比(SMR)增加、根重比(RMR)无显著变化。长期增温能显著促进岷江冷杉幼苗的生长和物质积累,改变生物量分配格局,促使叶片物质向茎转移,降低光合物质投入。     

基于空间结构指数的不同森林群落稳定性研究

以长白山杨桦次生林、云冷杉针阔混交林、云冷杉近原始林为研究对象,基于微观经济学中的柯布—道格拉斯生产函数相关理论,以3个常用的空间结构指标(混交度、大小比数、角尺度)为"投入",林分整体空间结构为"产出",构建林分空间结构生产函数,定义了林分空间结构指数(FSSI)并计算了林分空间结构距离(FSSD)。利用这5个指标分析比较不同演替阶段森林群落的空间结构特点,从而评价各演替阶段的稳定性。结果表明:不同演替阶段森林群落的混交度值均不相同,云冷杉近原始林平均混交度最大,云冷杉针阔混交林次之,杨桦次生林最小;大小比数对不同森林群落空间结构影响较小,其值基本为0.49~0.52;3种森林群落水平分布状态为云冷杉针阔混交林和云冷杉近原始林随机分布,杨桦次生林聚集分布;其空间结构指数大小及与理想结构接近程度排序为:云冷杉近原始林云冷杉针阔混交林杨桦次生林。因此,云冷杉近原始林空间结构较好,稳定性最佳。     

长白山四种森林类型凋落物分解动态

2003年5月—2004年9月在长白山自然保护区北坡4个森林类型阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦林内,利用凋落物原位减少法对4种森林类型的凋落物分解动态进行了研究。结果表明,凋落物现存量最大的为红松云冷杉林,依次为阔叶红松林、岳桦云冷杉林、岳桦林;凋落物分解速率与时间均呈指数关系,凋落物年分解常数为0.25～0.47,分解95%所需时间为18～39年,其中阔叶红松林凋落物年分解常数最大,依次为岳桦林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林。同一类型森林中,不同植物组分的年分解系数不同,一般是阔叶最大,针叶最小。     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林的碳密度与生产力

采用样地清查和异速生长方程法,量化了处于衰退状态的小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林的森林碳密度和生产力.结果表明： 2011年森林碳密度总量为268.14 t C·hm^-2,其中植被碳密度、碎屑碳密度和土壤碳密度分别为74.25、16.86和177.03 t C·hm^-2.2006—2011年,乔木层碳密度从80.86 t C·hm^-2减少到71.73 t C·hm^-2,主要树种冷杉、白桦、云杉和兴安落叶松的碳密度年均减少比例分别为0.5%、1.2%、2.7%和3.7%,毛赤杨、红松和花楷槭的碳密度年均增加比例分别为2.9%、3.9%和7.2%.森林净初级生产力(NPP)为4.69 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,地下部和地上部NPP比值为0.56,凋落物损失部分是总NPP的最大组分,所占比例为34.5%.森林生态系统中2个主要碳输出途径异养呼吸和粗木质残体分解的年通量分别为293.67和119.29 g C·m^-2·a^-1.森林净生态系统生产力(NEP)为55.90 g C·m^-2·a^-1.研究结果表明,处于衰退状态的谷地云冷杉林仍具有一定的碳汇功能.     

森林退化/衰退的研究与实践

森林退化可以理解为森林面积减少、结构丧失、质量降低、功能下降;森林衰退则是森林退化的一种形式,指森林（树木）在生长发育过程中出现的生理机能下降、生长发育滞缓、生产力降低甚至死亡,以及地力衰退等状态.国内外研究表明,森林采伐/毁林是造成森林面积减少的最主要原因,有关森林采伐/毁林引起的森林退化研究主要集中在森林退化的后果、国家/国际政策的影响、加强全球性合作以及寻求解决途径等方面.森林衰退原因可归纳为：工、农业污染,自然胁迫/致衰因子,林分动态发生变化,森林衰退病或生态病,人工纯林以及纯林连栽导致的地力、生产力衰退等.中国的森林退化/衰退现状与世界各地森林退化基本一致,但由于历史原因,中国森林退化又有其自身特点：近一个世纪的强烈人为干扰,使大部分原始天然林退化为次生林;中国拥有世界上最多的人工林,且多数人工林均具有质量差、功能低等衰退特征.本文在综述森林退化/衰退研究与实践基础上,提出中国现代森林退化/衰退的的主要原因,给出中国森林退化/衰退的基本对策.     

Recent decline of high altitude coniferous growth due to thermo-hydraulic constrains: evidence from the Miyaluo Forest Reserve,Western Sichuan Plateau of China

Tree growth decline has been reported in many places around the globe under the context of increasingly warming climate, and strengthening drought intensity is detected to be the primary factor for such decline, particularly in northern forest sites, as well as arid and semi-arid areas. Yet, the forest growth decline in high altitude, high mountain sites certainly merits investigation. Here, we reported faxon fir (Abies fargesii var. faxoniana) forest growth decline (slope = -0.64) at the tree line (4150 m above sea level) in Miyaluo Forest Reserve (MFR) at the Western Sichuan Plateau, southwestern China since 2000. We investigated the cause of tree growth decline by applying dendrochronological approaches. We took tree-ring samples from fir trees at the tree line and developed tree-ring width (TRW) chronology. The tree growth – climate relationship analysis showed that maximum temperature (Tmax) was the primary factor limiting the radial growth of fir trees in the investigated area. The moving correlation analysis indicated the strengthening positive influence of Tmax, spring precipitation, and cloud cover during winter and monsoon period on radial growth since 2000s. Our results have shown that both thermal and hydraulic constrains accounted for the radial growth decline of fir trees at the tree line of MFR in the western Sichuan Plateau.     

采伐迹地恢复阔叶林与人工栽杉土壤肥力变化差异的初步研究

本文连续3a分析比较了采伐迹地恢复阔叶林和人工种植杉木林土壤肥力变化的差异。结果表明:在人工栽杉3a内,杉木林土壤水分含量和有效水含量下降,土壤干湿交替变化增大,水分物理性状变差,土壤水稳性团聚体含量降低,结构体破坏率增大,而阔叶林则呈上升趋势。杉木林下土壤微生物数量在造林3a内呈不断下降趋势,而阔叶林则呈增加趋势;杉木林土壤氧化还原酶活性弱于阔叶林,水解酶活性强于阔叶林,两种酶系活性在3a内阔叶林增强,杉木林减弱;阔叶林土壤养分在3a内不断提高,杉木林土壤不断下降。     

The Origin and Dynamics of Subalpine White Spruce and Balsam Fir Stands in Boreal Eastern North America

Associations among the few tree species in the North American boreal landscape are the result of complex interactions between climate, biota, and historical disturbances during the Holocene. The closed-crown boreal forest of eastern North America is subdivided into two ecological regions having distinct tree species associations; the balsam fir zone and the black spruce zone, south and north of 49°N, respectively. Subalpine old-growth stands dominated by trees species typical of the balsam fir forest flora (either balsam fir or white spruce) are found on high plateaus, some of which are isolated within the black spruce zone. Here we identified the ecological processes responsible for the distinct forest associations in the subalpine belt across the eastern boreal landscape. Extensive radiocarbon dating, species composition, and size structure analyses indicated contrasted origin and dynamics of the subalpine forests between the two ecological regions. In the black spruce zone, the subalpine belt is a mosaic of post-fire white spruce or balsam fir stands coexisting at similar elevation on the high plateaus. With increasing time without wildfire, the subalpine forests become structurally similar to the balsam fir forest of the fir zone. These results concur with the hypothesis that the subalpine forests of this area are protected remnants of an historical northern expansion of the fir zone. Its replacement by the fire-prone black spruce forest flora was caused by recurrent fires. In the subalpine belt of the fir zone, no fire was recorded for several millennia. Harsh climate at high altitude is the primary factor explaining white spruce dominance over balsam fir forming a distinct subalpine white spruce belt above the balsam fir dominated forest.     

Pollen-derived history of timber exploitation from the Roman period onwards in the Romanche valley, central French Alps

The history of forestry in the Romanche river valley, south-east of Grenoble, France, is reconstructed for the past ca. 3000 years on the basis of detailed pollen analysis and AMS¹⁴C dating. Three deforestation phases are recorded during the last two millennia, each phase showing different features and also contrasting woodland succession in the post-clearance period. The first major deforestation is recorded at the Roman time whenAbies alba (fir) was selectively exploited, presumably for use by peoples living downstream of the site. Apart from the deforestation, there appears to have been little human activity in the vicinity of the site at this time. After the clearance fir gradually, and more or less fully, recovered. The second deforestation phase occurred in ca. the 5^th and 6^th century A.D. when there is also substantial evidence for local farming. At this time, both fir and beech (Fagus sylvatica) were non-selectively exploited and probably used locally. Beach subsequently recovers but there is no further regeneration of fir. The third deforestation phase in ca. the 12^th century A.D. is similar to the preceding phase but this time beech does not recover. With the decline in human activity, secondary forest that included spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus), developed. Forest dynamics were controlled by local human activity and also the economic relationships between the local area and the wider region and especially the region downstream from the site.     

The incidence of mistletoe (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Viscum album</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">abietis</Emphasis>) on silver fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies alba</Emphasis>) in Croatia

The research on incidence of mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis) on silver fir (Abies alba) was carried out in natural fir stands in Croatia. In the area of Gorski Kotar 32.8 % of the examined dominant fir trees were infected with mistletoe. The mistletoe incidence was presented according to the damage degrees of silver fir from 0 (healthy trees) to 4 (dead trees), rated by the crown defoliation and needle discoloration. With the increase of incidence, mistletoe spreads more onto more vital, i.e. less damaged trees. In the Dinaric Alps 28.6% of the examined fir trees were infected, this percentage amounting to 27.1% for the mountainous regions between the Sava and Drava rivers. The site and stand parameters (exposure, elevation, site quality, forest community and crown closure) were analysed in order to establish whether there was a correlation between these parameters and mistletoe incidence. There was a negative correlation between the elevation and mistletoe incidence. Among the compartments with a closed stands there were considerably less compartments with higher mistletoe incidence than among compartments with a sparsely closed and understocked stands. The other analysed site and stand parameters individually had no significant influence on mistletoe incidence. The correlation of silver fir mortality in 2004 and mistletoe incidence in 2002/03 was analysed, and their strong correlation was established. Mistletoe could be considered as a bioindicator of silver fir decline, and probably a significant contributor to that decline. In the areas where mistletoe incidence is great it can be presumed that silver fir is significantly damaged.     

Conifer decline in the north-east of France: Characteristic changes in chloroplast protein pattern and absence of anti-oxidative defense capability point to an involvement of ozone

A method yielding intact and biologically active chloroplasts from needles of mature spruce ( Picea abies L. cv. Karsten) or fir ( Abies alba Mill.) growing in the field is presented. Using this method, chloroplasts were prepared from yellow and green needles of declining spruce and fir from two forest areas of the Vosges mountains (north-east of France). Both quantitative and qualitative changes could be shown in the two-dimensional chloroplast protein pattern of yellowing needles, as compared to that of apparently healthy needles. We observed that an accumulation of photosystem II D1-protein in the thylakoids was associated with needle decline. Furthermore, a lack of resistance capability against free radical attack was observed in yellow needles. We have attempted to correlate our observations with pollutant levels and we propose that, in the forest areas studied, O₃ is one of the main factors involved in conifer decline. It also appears from our results that decline and senescence are distinct phenomena.     

Dynamics of the silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) natural regeneration in a mixed forest in the Central Apennine

The dynamics of the silver fir represent an important topic for researchers across Europe. Following its decline, which occurred in Europe after the last glaciation, the remaining relict areas became a very important laboratory for studying its conservation. The Central Apennine chain, particularly in Molise, represents one unique case where silver fir, Turkey oak and beech can be found within the same forest. This study focused on the forest structure of the Bosco Monteluponi where the closeness with Collemeluccio Man and Biosphere reserve has affected the diffusion of conifer within the forest. Consequently, the forest structure has shifted from even aged to uneven aged. The resulting complex forest structure offers new challenges for forest practitioners in the identification of silvicultural treatments, which identify and maintain the balance among the three species within the same forest. Particular importance was given to the silver fir natural regeneration in order to assess the forest suitability for conifer expansion. Results demonstrated that Monteluponi is strongly suitable for the in situ conservation of silver fir and offers a great opportunity for its diffusion.     

杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

采用氯仿熏蒸法、稀释平板法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)方法,分析了常绿阔叶林转变成杉木人工林后土壤微生物种群数量和群落结构的变化特征.结果表明:常绿阔叶林转变为杉木人工林后,林地土壤的微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数降低.杉木人工林地总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、真菌PLFAs比常绿阔叶林分别降低了49.4％、52.4％和46.6％,革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs远低于常绿阔叶林.杉木人工林根际土壤微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数显著高于杉木人工林林地土壤,根际土壤中总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs的含量也高于林地土壤,但真菌PLFAs和细菌PLFAs之比却低于林地土壤.对土壤微生物群落结构进行主成分分析发现,第1主成分和第2主成分共解释了土壤微生物群落结构变异的78.2％.表明常绿阔叶林与杉木人工林土壤的微生物群落结构间存在差异.     

峨眉冷杉林森林类型的研究

峨眉冷杉林分布于东亚两大植物亚区的交壤地带,但植物种类以中国—日本成分为主,组成我国亚热带湿润常绿阔叶林区西部边缘的山地暗针叶林类型。林区气候高湿多雨,相适应的森林类型的特征特性多不同于其以西的高山峡谷区。 文中分析了此类森林的林层结构、径级结构和年龄结构,表明为多世代的异龄性的单层纯林。根据群落外貌划分为三个林型组和六个林型,论及各林型间生产力的差异,并着重于动态观察,认为演替的途径、阶段和速度与林型本身特性有关,与采伐方式也很密切,但相对稳定的林型遭破坏后任其顺行发展,均能恢复为原来的林型。鉴于此类森林成熟过熟林多,病朽严重,而林区气候优越,植被恢复迅速,在确保水源涵养和生态环境的前提下,森林资源合理利用仍属必要,关键在于提高经营水平,应根据各林型特点和演替规律合理采伐,使可更新资源能永续利用。