黄色小长椿在美国籽粒苋上的发生及防治

黄色小长蝽除危害苋科外,还危害菊科,禾本科等作物,该虫在嘉兴１年发生４－５代,夏季高温,成虫寿命长,若虫、卵历期短,世代重叠,为害重;秋季转凉,若虫、卵历期长,为害轻。防治上采用农业与药剂防治相结合,效果良好。     

灰巴蜗牛的防治试验

灰巴蜗牛Bradybaena ravida ravida是湖南为害蔬菜的蜗牛优势种。作者(1989)曾发表其生物学特性研究结果及其发生与环境的关系。本文报道灰巴蜗牛生活习性及其防治试验。1 生活习性灰巴蜗牛卵产于疏松表土层内。它们畏光怕热,喜生活在阴暗潮湿、多腐殖质的环境。     

黄色小长蝽在美国籽粒苋上的发生及防治

黄色小长蝽除危害苋科外,还危害菊科、禾本科等作物。该虫在嘉兴1年发生4～5代。夏季高温,成虫寿命长,若虫、卵历期短,世代重叠,为害重;秋季转凉,若虫、卵历期长,为害轻。防治上采用农业与药剂防治相结合,效果良好。     

低旋巴蜗牛胚胎发育的初步研究

对低旋巴蜗牛（ Ｂｒａｄｙｂａｅｎａ ｂｒｅｖｉｓｐｉｒａ） 的胚胎发育过程进行了研究。在２３—２５ ℃气温下, 从卵产出到孵化需３６４ 小时, 直径可增长２０ 倍。胚胎发育全过程可分为７ 个时期： 卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、面盘幼虫期、幼螺形成期和孵化期。对各期的外部特征进行了描述, 并绘制了各发育时期的形态特征图。     

浙江稻田稻秆潜蝇为害损失与防治指标研究

2000-2004在浙江较系统地研究了山区和半山区稻田稻秆潜蝇的种群动态与为害损失的关系,组建了田间自然种群生命表。结果表明：自然条件下,1、2代稻秆潜蝇的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫死亡率分别为42.7%、14.5%、4.4%、12.6%和32.8%、16.5%、18.9%、15.6%。水稻秧苗期、大田期稻秆潜蝇卵（虫）量与株为害率、为害损失率的关系分析表明,随着卵（虫）量增加,株为害率上升,产量损失率加大,两者呈显著正相关。成虫盛发至卵孵盛期为防治适期,稻秆潜蝇防治指标为秧苗期平均每百株有卵10粒,株为害率1%以上;大田期平均每丛水稻有卵1粒,株为害率3%～5%。     

谈水稻病虫综合防治新技术

据研究,农业生态系统在自然情况下,具有很强的互抵性和互补性。有害生物的侵染力与自然天敌及作物自身的补偿力（包括为害减产的不足补偿、为害不减产的完全补偿、为害增产的超越补偿）处于平衡态,一般不发生灾害性的病虫害。然而,在人工栽培农作物和防治有害生物,并以籽粒收获为生产目的的情况下,由于籽粒期作物补偿力衰退,天敌控害作用减弱,使上述平衡态遭到破坏,通常,病虫为害会造成籽粒产量损失20％以上,这就是为什么要开展病虫综合防治的生态背景。从当前国内外综合防治实践来看,水稻病虫综合防治技术大体可分以F3个层次…     

浙江陆生贝类区系及其生态分布分析

1978、1979、2002年先后对浙江省20个县、市和地区进行了陆生贝类的初步调查,获得一批陆生贝类标本,经整理鉴定得43种和亚种,分隶13科,26属和亚属。同型巴蜗牛B．（B．）similaris similaris（Fernssac）、灰尖巴蜗牛B．（Acusta）ravida ravida（Benson）、野缨蛞蝓D．（A．）agreste（Linne）为广分布种类。根据本地区的地理条件及陆生贝类区系组成,东洋界为其主要成分,古北界少数种类渗入到本地区。其动物地理学分布基本上与中国动物地理划分相吻合。     

烤田对白背飞虱的控制作用

农业防治中的烤田措施,由于改善了农田生态环境,不仅有利水稻生长与天敌种群的稳定,且能有效地控制白背飞虱的危害。田间调查表明,烤田区比非烤田区白背飞虱平均卵量低13.85％,卵孵率低14.8％,缨小蜂寄生率高4.5％。温州市7月与9月是白背飞虱猖獗为害时期,早稻在6月中旬采取烤田措施,于6月下旬复水后配合施药,晚稻在8月中旬采取烤田措施,于9月初复水后配合施药,可以减少化学防治频次,简化防治程序,获得良好的防治效果。     

新乡地区第一代粟灰螟的药剂防治适期

一、第一代粟灰螟卵的发生期 粟灰螟在华北地区年生三代,其中以第一代为害最重,第二代个别年份严重,第三代一般不造成为害。实践证明:掌握卵的发生期是药剂防治此虫的关键所在。粟灰螟在新乡地区三代产卵时期分别在5月中旬至6月中旬,7月中、下和8月中、下两旬。由于第二、三代产卵量少而分散,为害也不严重。因此,主要介绍有关第一代产卵的习性与时期(表1),这对掌握有利时期适期进行喷药防治,关系十分密切。     

农业活动及转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响

农田生物多样性是生态系统生物多样性的重要组成部分,但较少受到关注.近50年来,由于农业活动引起的环境污染、生境破碎和单一化种植等严重威胁着农田生物多样性.为了了解各因素对农田生物多样性的影响程度,优化农田管理措施,以提高农作物产量并降低环境影响,本文综述了种植方式、地膜覆盖、农药和化肥使用等农业活动及转基因作物对我国农田生物多样性的影响.农药和化肥的过度使用对农田生物多样性的影响最大;而转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响受诸多因素影响,如携带的转基因性状等.需要加强转基因作物生态环境影响评价研究,特别是对农田生物多样性的潜在影响.农业生产活动应当与农田生物多样性保护密切结合,不仅有利于提高农作物产量,同时也可减少对环境的负面影响.     

The population density effects on the reproductive biology of the snail Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

The influence of population density on some aspects of the reproductive biology of the snail Bradybaena similaris was studied. Molluscs were maintained under 0.2 (isolated), 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.3 and 1.7 snail/m(2) densities. The animals maintained under 0.3 and 0.6 snail/m(2) showed the lowest numbers of eggs laid/snail, being the highest value observed to the 1.7 snail/m(2). The hatching of the snails maintained under 0.3 snail/m(2) density, begun at the 21st day after laying, and the maximum time required to the hatching was 36 days was observed to the eggs came from snails maintained under the densities 0.6, 1.0, 1.3 snail/m(2), respectively. The highest percentage hatchability (55.56%) was observed to isolated snails. The galactogen content in the albumen gland did not seem to accompany the alterations occurred in the reproduction of B. similaris in response to the different population densities.     

Natural parasitism of Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) by Postharmostum gallinum Witenberg, 1923

A total of 4,298 snails Bradybaena similaris were collected from the rural area of Rio de Janeiro County and from the Counties of Paracambi and Itaguai, State of Rio de Janeiro. Two thousand and five of these snails had metacercariae in their pericardial cavity. The collecting was done between October 1983 and September 1986. The annual average prevalences were: 42.89% (1st year), 43.42% (2nd year) and 55.86% (3rd year). Experimental infection in chicks allowed the identification of these metacercariae as Postharmostomum gallinum. The small variation in size observed among metacercariae from the same host indicates that recruitment does not occur on a continuous basis. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the snail size and the number of metacercariae in the pericardical cavity, and that the snail mortality observed in the laboratory was due to the parasitic infection.     

Gut bacterial communities in the giant land snail Achatina fulica and their modification by sugarcane-based diet

The invasive land snail Achatina fulica is one of the most damaging agricultural pests worldwide representing a potentially serious threat to natural ecosystems and human health. This species is known to carry parasites and harbors a dense and metabolically active microbial community; however, little is known about its diversity and composition. Here, we assessed for the first time the complexity of bacterial communities occurring in the digestive tracts of field-collected snails (FC) by using culture-independent molecular analysis. Crop and intestinal bacteria in FC were then compared to those from groups of snails that were reared in the laboratory (RL) on a sugarcane-based diet. Most of the sequences recovered were novel and related to those reported for herbivorous gut. Changes in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were observed when the snails were fed a high-sugar diet, suggesting that the snail gut microbiota can influence the energy balance equation. Furthermore, this study represents a first step in gaining a better understanding of land snail gut microbiota and shows that this is a complex holobiont system containing diverse, abundant and active microbial communities.     

Trematode communities in snails can indicate impact and recovery from hurricanes in a tropical coastal lagoon

In September 2002, Hurricane Isidore devastated the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. To understand its effects on the parasites of aquatic organisms, we analyzed long-term monthly population data of the horn snail Cerithidea pliculosa and its trematode communities in Celestún, Yucatán, Mexico before and after the hurricane (February 2001 to December 2009). Five trematode species occurred in the snail population: Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Euhaplorchis californiensis, two species of the genus Renicola and one Heterophyidae gen. sp. Because these parasites use snails as first intermediate hosts, fishes as second intermediate hosts and birds as final hosts, their presence in snails depends on food webs. No snails were present at the sampled sites for 6 months after the hurricane. After snails recolonised the site, no trematodes were found in snails until 14 months after the hurricane. It took several years for snail and trematode populations to recover. Our results suggest that the increase in the occurrence of hurricanes predicted due to climate change can impact upon parasites with complex life cycles. However, both the snail populations and their parasite communities eventually reached numbers of individuals and species similar to those before the hurricane. Thus, the trematode parasites of snails can be useful indicators of coastal lagoon ecosystem degradation and recovery.     

Carnivore mollusks as natural enemies of invasive land flatworms

There are several records of the carnivorous behaviour of land flatworms, considered to be top‐predators in their micro‐habitats, by preying upon various species of invertebrates. However, there is little knowledge of predators on land‐flatworms. The possible impact of invasive land flatworms on prey populations has caused widespread concern, when considering their predatory behaviour, combined with recent human influence on the distribution of certain species. This work is the first record of predation on land flatworms by a carnivorous snail. Various‐sized land flatworms of 10 native species of the subfamily Geoplaninae, as well as the exotic species Bipalium kewense (subfamily Bipaliinae), were offered to Rectartemon depressus (Gastropoda, Streptaxidae), which accepted all. The predator also fed on the snail Bradybaena similaris. The snails were maintained in laboratory for an average period of 12 months based on a mixed diet of flatworms and B. similaris, suggesting that the snail is a polyphagous predator. Because certain land‐flatworm species have been described as invasive species which may have a potential impact on prey populations in native and man‐made ecosystems, it is proposed that carnivorous snails of other native species, as potential predators of flatworms, should be tested for possible use in biological control programmes of these invasive planarians.     

Environmental factors influencing the occurrence of freshwater snails in woodland water bodies

Studies were carried out in eight woodland water bodies that are situated in an urbanised area of Southern Poland (Upper Silesia). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of auto- and allochthonous plant detritus and exposure to sunlight on the structure of snail communities in woodland ponds. Among some physico-chemical water parameters, pH influenced the occurrence of snails, whereas sunlight caused an increase in diversity of the snail communities. In the total snail collection, 72.1% of specimens were gathered in sun-exposed sites. By the same degree of insolation more preferred by snails were the sites with allochthonic detritus. The snail fauna of subsidence ponds located inside a forest area differs from those occurring in urban agglomerations. The most conspicuous difference is the high numbers in three woodland ponds of Hippeutis complanatus (L.), which is rare in this area.     

Larval development of Fasciola hepatica in experimental infections: variations with populations of Lymnaea truncatula

A retrospective study was undertaken on 70 French populations of Lymnaea truncatula experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica to determine whether or not susceptibility of snails to infection influenced redial and cercarial production. Results were compared with those obtained from two control populations, known for prevalences higher than 60% when experimentally infected with F. hepatica. In the 70 other populations examined, the prevalences ranged from 2 to 75%. In 55 of these populations, where the prevalence was more than 20%, a high proportion (50.1-56.8%) of snails died after cercarial shedding, whereas in the other groups (non-shedding snails with the most differentiated larvae being free cercariae, rediae containing cercariae, immature rediae, or sporocysts, respectively), snail death was significantly less. In 11 populations, where the prevalence values were 5-19%, only 14% of snails died after cercarial shedding, whereas snails with free cercariae, rediae with cercariae, or immature rediae showed significant increases in snail mortality. In the remaining four snail populations, with prevalences of less than 5%, the most differentiated larval forms were only immature rediae and/or sporocysts. Overall, the number of rediae containing cercariae significantly decreased with decreasing prevalence values. The low prevalence of experimental infection in several populations of snails might be explained by the occurrence of natural infections with miracidia originating from a mammalian host other than cattle, and/or by genetic variability in the susceptibility of snails to infection.     

The direct cost of traumatic secretion transfer in hermaphroditic land snails: individuals stabbed with a love dart decrease lifetime fecundity

Several taxa of simultaneously hermaphroditic land snails exhibit a conspicuous mating behaviour, the so-called shooting of love darts. During mating, such land snail species transfer a specific secretion by stabbing a mating partner''s body with the love dart. It has been shown that sperm donors benefit from this traumatic secretion transfer, because the secretions manipulate the physiology of a sperm recipient and increase the donors'' fertilization success. However, it is unclear whether reception of dart shooting is costly to the recipients. Therefore, the effect of sexual conflict and antagonistic arms races on the evolution of traumatic secretion transfer in land snails is still controversial. To examine this effect, we compared lifetime fecundity and longevity between the individuals that received and did not receive dart shooting from mating partners in Bradybaena pellucida. Our experiments showed that the dart-receiving snails suffered reduction in lifetime fecundity and longevity. These results suggest that the costly mating behaviour, dart shooting, generates conflict between sperm donors and recipients and that sexually antagonistic arms races have contributed to the diversification of the morphological and behavioural traits relevant to dart shooting. Our findings also support theories suggesting a violent escalation of sexual conflict in hermaphroditic animals.     

几种因子对灰尖巴蜗牛翻身习性的影响

将蜗牛身体倒置并记录其恢复原状的时间来研究灰尖巴蜗牛的翻身习性,并研究蜗牛体重、环境温度、光照强度、饥饿和取食等因素对翻身时间的影响。结果表明,翻身时间随体重、光照强度和饥饿时间增加而增加,随温度升高和取食时间增加而减少。体重组Ⅳ(体重0.7～0.9g)、Ⅴ(体重0.9～1.2g)的翻身时间极显著长于体重组Ⅰ(体重0.1～0.3g)、Ⅱ(体重0.3～0.5g)、Ⅲ(体重0.5～0.7g)(P<0.01),体重组Ⅰ的翻身时间显著短于体重组Ⅲ的(P<0.05);3体重组(Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ)在较高温度和低白炽灯光照强度(204lx)下的翻身时间显著短于较低温度和强白炽灯光照强度(493lx)下的;体重组Ⅰ、Ⅴ在长饥饿时间下的翻身时间均显著长于短饥饿时间。体重组Ⅲ、Ⅴ取食较长时间后的翻身时间都显著短于取食较短时间。     

FOOD PREFERENCES AND DIETARY OVERLAP BY TERRESTRIAL SNAILS IN LOGOS AREA (EDESSA, MACEDONIA, NORTHERN GREECE)

Among the five coexisting species of snail in Edessa (N. Greece),Bradybaena fruticum and Helix lucorum dominated in density andbiomass in comparison with Xeropicta arenosa, Monacha cartusianaand Cepaea vindobonensis. Resting places of each species inrelation to plant cover and diet preferences are examined seasonallyand throughout a year. Discriminant analysis for the annualdata showed that 83% of the snail group species could be differentiatedby the plants on which they were attached. Each snail specieswas usually found sitting on one of the most abundant plants.Cepaea preferred to sit on and eat senescent material even inspring time and Bradybaena green material. In spring, the snailsdid not consume plant material in proportion to the occurrenceof those plants but they usually did so in summer and in autumn.Hedera helix was not consumed even when it was abundant. Inspring and autumn the snails had consumed plants to which theywere found attached, but in summer they did not. (Received 9 August 1993; accepted 14 February 1994)