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栖息地毁坏既有时间异质性,也有空间异质性,而以往的研究往往只关注其中的一种。将两种不同的异质性共同引入到元胞自动机中,模拟了集合种群动态对栖息地毁坏时空异质性的响应。发现,在随机离散的栖息地毁坏下,由于物种的迁移繁殖力受栖息地毁坏的影响很大,迁移繁殖力弱而竞争力强的物种先灭绝。在连续的栖息地毁坏下,物种的迁移繁殖力受栖息地毁坏的影响较小,物种的灭绝由竞争力和迁移繁殖力共同决定:在有绝对优势种的群落里,种间竞争显著,弱物种先灭绝,而在没有绝对优势种的群落里,种间竞争较小,则以强物种先灭绝。因此,随机毁坏不利于强物种续存,而连续毁坏则不利于具有绝对优势种群的群落里的弱物种续存。在实际开发某一栖息地时,根据集合种群结构和被保护的对象采取相应的开发模式。 相似文献
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人类活动所引起的栖息地毁坏已成为当前物种多样性丧失的最主要的原因之一。空间显含模型相对于空间隐含模型来说,更加接近于现实,因此,通过元胞自动机,模拟了物种多样性对万年、千年、百年时间尺度人类活动所引起的栖息地毁坏的响应。研究结果表明:万年时间尺度上,物种是由强到弱的灭绝;而在千年时间尺度上,物种灭绝的序受集合种群结构的影响较大;在百年时间尺度上。物种由于栖息地毁坏过于剧烈和迅速,来不及作出响应。在栖息地完全毁坏时集体灭绝。因此,物种灭绝序不只是受竞争-侵占均衡机制的影响,还受不同时间尺度(不同速率)栖息地毁坏的影响。以及集合种群结构的影响。 相似文献
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物种多样性对栖息地毁坏时间异质性的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
栖息地毁坏是物种多样性丧失最重要的因素之一.通过多物种竞争共存的非自治动力模型,利用香农多样性指数,研究并比较了不同结构集合种群群落的物种多样性对不同程度和不同速度的栖息地毁坏时间异质性的响应.结果表明:在栖息地瞬间毁坏下,物种多样性先快速下降,之后得到一定程度的恢复,最终在下降中走向平衡;在栖息地持续完全毁坏下,栖息地毁坏速度对物种多样性随累积栖息地毁坏率变化的影响,只有在最强物种多度 (q)较小时比较明显,而在q较大时较小;对于栖息地持续部分毁坏,栖息地毁坏速度只影响物种多样性振荡的幅度,而不影响其变化的最终结果,并且速度越快,物种多样性振荡幅度越大,越不利于群落的稳定. 相似文献
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Allee效应与种群的灭绝密切相关,其研究对生态保护和管理至关重要。Allee效应对物种续存是潜在的干扰因素,濒危物种更容易受其影响,可能会增加生存于生境破碎化斑块的濒危物种的死亡风险,因此研究Allee效应对种群的动态和续存的影响是必要的。从包含由生物有机体对环境的修复产生的Allee效应的集合种群模型出发,引入由其他机制形成的Allee效应,建立了常微分动力系统模型和基于网格模型的元胞自动机模型。通过理论分析和计算机模拟表明:(1)强Allee效应不利于具有生境恢复的集合种群的续存;(2)生境恢复有利于种群续存;(3)局部扩散影响了集合种群的空间结构、动态行为和稳定性,生境斑块之间的局部作用将会减缓或消除集合种群的Allee效应,有利于集合种群的续存。 相似文献
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集合种群的空间模式研究是当今生态学的核心问题之一。本研究利用常微分动力系统以及基于网格模型的元胞自动机模型对Allee效应、拥挤效应以及捕食作用集合种群的空间分布模式做了全面的模拟研究。Allee效应描述当种群水平低于某一阈值时会发生由生殖成功几率下降造成的种群负增长率,而拥挤效应是指当种群密度过高时引起的个体性为异常从而达到调节种群增长率的作用。文章组建了3个空间确定性模型:局部作用模型(CIM)、距离敏感模型(DSM)和集合种群捕食模型(MMP)。局部作用模型显示在一维生境中空斑块形成金字塔状,二维模型显示出明显的动态拟周期性以及由空间混沌所形成的异质性。距离敏感模型可导致由迁移个体中密度制约强度决定的集合种群大小复杂动态与种群密度的双峰分布。这些结果说明动态行为的复杂性,不仅可用于表征研究物种的特性,而且可以表明该物种的续存能力与灭绝风险。集合种群捕食模型是概率转换空间模型,利用该模型得出了依赖于模型参数和生境尺度的白组织种群概率空间分布模式。模拟的结果表明,系统的内在机制和这种白组织模式导致捕食者形成集团型不明显的“捕食小组”或“杀手小组”,并具有较高扩散力.但却包括侵占率低、灭绝率高的特点。而使猎物种群形成高集团性、高侵占率、低灭绝率、低扩散力的种群集团。这种特点又使捕食者种群在生境中处于中心地带,而使猎物种群形成在捕食者和生境边缘间的环状分布。这些结果还说明了尺度对于生态学的研究是至关重要的,不同的尺度将产生不同的系统模式。 相似文献
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已有似Levins的多物种模型,在研究生境毁坏的影响时,一方面主要集中在对瞬间毁坏影响的研究,另一方面主要研究生境毁坏对强物种影响的研究。在Tilman的多物种竞争共存模型的基础上,同时考虑了生境毁坏直接效应和生境毁坏时间异质性,提出了全新的普适的多物种竞争共存的非自治动力模式。通过模拟物种灭绝对不同速度的生境毁坏时间异质性的响应发现:(1)物种灭绝既存在强物种由强到弱的灭绝,也存在弱物种由弱到强的灭绝。同时,弱物种灭绝机制进一步分为弱物种瞬间集体灭绝,以及较长时间由弱到强的灭绝。(2)生境毁坏速度越快,物种灭绝的时间越短,弱物种灭绝的越多,因此,生境毁坏速度越慢,越有利于弱物种的长期续存。(3)最强物种的多度越大,强-强物种抵御生境毁坏的能力越强,而弱-弱物种抵御生境毁坏的能力越弱,集体灭绝的弱-弱物种就越多。最强物种的多度大的群落(如温带森林),主要发生的是弱-弱物种灭绝,而最强物种多度小的群落(如热带雨林)同时发生强-强和弱-弱物种的灭绝。因此,争对不同结构的集合种群,不同的保护对象,应采取不同的管理策略。 相似文献
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为了讨论单一物种在异质性景观中的空间传播,将平均场近似模型和偶对近似模型的结果进行对比研究.本研究选择了有代表性的四邻域和八邻域时物种的传播情况,首先运用细胞自动机建立了理想模型,对偶对近似模型和平均场近似模型在全局密度和局域密度固定时随着出生率与死亡率比值变化的结果比较,以细胞自动机模型结果为依据,判断偶对近似与平均场近似哪个结果更加接近细胞自动机模型的结果.通过分析得到四邻域时在近似细胞自动机模型结果时偶对近似的结果优于平均场近似的结果,但是在八邻域时三个模型之间的差异性不再那么明显,偶对近似依然能够很好的预测细胞自动机模型的结果. 相似文献
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生境变化对集合种群系统生态效的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过大量的数值模拟发现:生境恢复或扩展将导致集合种群的强弱序由自然数的顺序规律演变为奇数种群强-偶数种群弱,同时集合种群里的最优秀种群将迅速扩张,发展为更为强大的最优势种,而当生境遭受到破坏(毁坏),集合种群里的最优秀种群将迅速地伦为最弱者,如果栖息地的毁坏率大于集合种群优势种对栖息地的占有率,不仅集合种群里的优势种群将不可避免地灭绝,伴随最优秀种群走向灭绝的种群依次还有第二、第三、第四强等的种群。同时将导致集合种群的强弱序由自然数的顺序规律演变为偶数种群强-奇数种群弱。 相似文献
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生境毁坏与生物入侵是造成生物多样性降低的两大重要原因, 二者结合研究是当前生物入侵研究的前沿和热点。通过外来种入侵干扰模型分析了外来种在生境完好、生境瞬间部分毁坏和生境持续部分毁坏下的入侵动态及其对土著种群的影响, 得出如下结论: 1)生境完好的情况下, 不同迁移能力的外来种会出现四种不同的入侵结果: 入侵失败、归化、震荡共存和入侵成功; 2)无论生境瞬间部分毁坏或是生境持续部分毁坏, 当外来种的迁移率较弱时, 生境毁坏抑制入侵; 反之, 生境毁坏促进入侵成功; 3)生境毁坏从无-慢-快的变化过程中, 外来种的时滞时间表现出长-短-长的变化动态。当生境完好时, 外来种本身特征及种间竞争决定了时滞时间的长短, 当生境毁坏时, 干扰程度越强, 时滞时间越长, 外来种越需要较长的时间稳定种群。 相似文献
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Influence of aquatic macrophyte habitat complexity on invertebrate abundance and richness in tropical lagoons 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
SIDINEI M. THOMAZ ERIC D. DIBBLE LUIZ R. EVANGELISTA JANET HIGUTI LUIS M. BINI 《Freshwater Biology》2008,53(2):358-367
1. Aquatic plants are a key component of spatial heterogeneity in a waterscape, contributing to habitat complexity and helping determine diversity at various spatial scales. Theoretically, the more complex a habitat, the higher the number of species present. 2. Few empirical data are available to test the hypothesis that complexity increases diversity in aquatic communities (e.g. Jeffries, 1993 ). Fractal dimension has become widely applied in ecology as a tool to quantify the degree of complexity at different scales. 3. We investigated the hypothesis that complexity in vegetated habitat in two tropical lagoons mediates littoral invertebrate number of taxa (S) and density (N). Aquatic macrophyte habitat complexity was defined using a fractal dimension and a gradient of natural plant complexities. We also considered plant area, plant identity and, only for S, invertebrate density as additional explanatory variables. 4. Our results indicate that habitat complexity provided by the different architectures of aquatic plants, significantly affects both S and total N. However, number of individuals (as a result of passive sampling) also helps to account for S and, together with plant identity and area, contributes to the determination of N. We suggest that measurements of structural complexity, measured through fractal geometry, should be included in studies aimed at explaining attributes of attached invertebrates at small (e.g. plant or leaf) scales. 相似文献
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使用元胞自动机模型,对具有捕食偏爱、不同栖息地破坏比例和不同空间破坏格局条件下的捕食-食饵系统中各物种的变化动态进行了模拟分析。在捕食者和两猎物物种共存时:栖息地破坏比例、栖息地破坏的聚集度对猎物物种间强弱关系产生相反的作用,若增加栖息地破坏比例不利于某一猎物生存,则提高聚集度对其有利;适当提高适宜栖息地的聚集度,对所有物种都有利,若聚集度过高,效果相当于减少了栖息地的破坏比例,可能对某些猎物物种不利,但对整体系统有利;被破坏栖息地的聚集度发生变化时,捕食者的反应更敏感;在一定条件下,增强弱势种群的捕食偏爱会有助于其生存。 相似文献
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We applied individual-based simulations to study the effect of physiological integration among ramets in clonal species that live in patchy habitats. Three strategies were compared: (1) Splitter, in which the genet was fragmented into independent ramets; (2) Transient Integrator, where only groups of ramets were connected; and (3) Permanent Integrator, in which fragmentation did not occur, and the whole genet was integrated. We studied the dynamics of spatial spreading and population growth in these strategies separately and in competition. Various habitat types were modeled by changing the density of favorable habitat patches. We found that the spatial pattern of good patches significantly influenced the growth of the populations. When the resource patches were scarce, a large proportion of the carrying capacity of the habitat was not utilized by any of the strategies. It was the Splitter that proved to be the most severely dispersal-limited. But at the same time, it could compete for the good patches most efficiently. The balance between these two contradictory effects was largely determined by the proportion of favorable to unfavorable areas. When this proportion was low or intermediate (up to ca. 50% good), integration was more advantageous. At higher proportions, fragmentation became beneficial. Fragmentation into groups of ramets (Transient Integration) was not sufficient, only radical splitting could ensure a significant selective advantage. Transient Integrators got fragmented according to the spatial pattern of ramet mortality. It was interesting that the enrichment of the area in good sites did not lead to larger fragment sizes. It merely raised the number of fragments. Nevertheless, these small fragments were more similar to integrated genets (in the Permanent Integrator) than to solitary ramets (in the Splitter) in terms of dispersal and competitive ability. This suggests that even a slightly integrated clonal species can be ecologically considered as an integrator. 相似文献
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Resource transport between ramets alters soil resource pattern: a simulation study on clonal growth 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Clonal plants spread horizontally, and can transport nutrients between ramets. Decaying biomass feeds back nutrients into the soil, but importantly, the place of deposition may differ from the place of uptake. To our knowledge, the present model is the first attempt to couple population dynamics with resource dynamics with the consideration of lateral transport. The simulations start from various initial resource patterns. Six types of clonal plants are compared, which differ in the birth and survival rates of ramets. Size of the ramet population and the amount of translocated resource are recorded over time. In addition, we consider the pattern of gaps in the canopy of the clonal plant from the aspect of two colonizer species: a strong and a weak competitor. The results suggest that the most important factor determining the impact of a clonal plant on its environment is ramet survival; the rate of ramet production is only secondary. Phenotypic plasticity in the production of ramets does not appear to be important: it has only minor effect on resource translocation and on the availability of colonizable gaps. 相似文献
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In a critique of our recent review on measuring habitat complexity in ecology, Madin et al. (2023) advocate the use of fractal dimension in ecology and defend their geometric constraint theory of habitat complexity. We explain the flaws in their arguments and highlight points where they misinterpreted our statements. 相似文献