荒漠草原区弃耕地植被演替过程中植物群落生物量及土壤养分变化

采用空间变化代替时间变化的方法,以荒漠草原区不同年限(1、4、9、12和20年)弃耕地为对象,研究弃耕演替过程中植物群落生物量与土壤养分的变化特征.结果表明： 随弃耕年限的增加,弃耕地植物群落地上生物量呈先减少后增加的趋势,0～60 cm土层的土壤全氮、全磷和有机碳含量及碳密度均呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势,4年和20年弃耕地的土壤全氮、全磷含量达到峰值.弃耕演替过程中土壤全氮和有机碳含量对植物群落生物量的影响大于土壤容重和土壤全磷.     

巫山高山移民迁出区不同弃耕年限对植物物种多样性的影响

以典型高山移民迁出区耕地(A1)、弃耕1a(A2)、弃耕5a(A3)、弃耕8a(A4)、弃耕5a生长大量白花银背藤(R1)为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,比较不同弃耕年限植物重要值(P)、Margalef丰富度指数(R)、Shannon多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J_w)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Jaccard相似性指数(C_j)、Sorenson相似性指数(C_s)及多样性阈值(D_v),旨在探究不同退耕年限对植物物种多样性和群落结构的影响。结果显示,随弃耕年限增加,群落结构从草本+灌木转变为草本+灌木+乔木,群落优势物种由喜阳的一年生或多年生草本转变为耐阴的多年生草本;草本层和灌木层植物物种多样性随着演替年限的延长而增长,在演替的中后期达到最大值;A2与A3间群落的相似性指数最大;对不同弃耕年限样地植被群落多样性进行评定,都未达到"较好Ⅲ"级别,还需长期的恢复。恢复过程中注意对白花银背藤的监测,防止植物入侵。     

镜泊湖岩溶台地不同植被类型土壤微生物群落特征

为了探讨不同演替阶段植被类型土壤微生物群落特征,分别选取镜泊湖岩溶台地草本、矮灌木、高灌木、小乔木与灌木混生(简称混生)群落、落叶阔叶林及针阔混交林6种典型植被类型,进行植物群落调查和对土壤微生物生物量、群落结构和多样性指标、土壤物理化学性质的测定。结果表明：从土壤微生物量、土壤微生物群落组成、土壤微生物代谢动力学过程和代谢功能多样性的角度来看,各种植被类型土壤微生物群落具有明显的差异。演替前期的草本群落土壤微生物量碳氮、细菌生物量、真菌生物量,代谢活性及丰富度指数均最低,但Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数显著(P<0.05)高于其他植被类型。矮灌木土壤微生物群落组成显著受植被类型的影响。高灌木群落和混生(小乔木与灌木混生)群落具有极强的相似性, 但在碳源利用类型上两者表现出一定的差异。落叶阔叶林代谢活性最高,碳源利用能力最强,能利用BIOLOG微孔板中的所有31种碳源,这与其具有较高的微生物量碳氮和细菌生物量一致,其代谢功能丰富度最高。演替后期的针阔混交林下的土壤pH最低,真菌比例升高,在碳源丰富的条件下具有极强的竞争优势(仅次于落叶阔叶林),但在碳源贫瘠的条件下其利用碳源能力较弱(仅高于草本)。植被可能主要通过土壤全磷和有机质影响土壤微生物代谢功能多样性。     

西南地区草地群落灌木植物盖度对生态系统碳库的影响

中国西南地区草地主要为暖性及热性草丛、灌草丛,约占全国草地面积的1/10,分析灌木植物盖度与草地碳库及其构成的关系对于准确评估尚处于次生演替阶段的南方草地碳储量具有重要意义。该研究基于野外实地调查,将西南地区不同地貌类型的41个代表性草地样地依据灌木植物盖度划分为3种类型:无灌木植物草地群落(灌木植物盖度为0)、低灌木植物盖度草地群落(灌木植物盖度0–10%)和高灌木植物盖度草地群落(灌木植物盖度10%–30%),测定了群落地上、地下生物量和凋落物生物量以及植物和土壤碳含量,计算碳密度。结果表明:随着草地群落灌木植物盖度增大,生态系统植被碳密度从0.304 kg·m~(–2)增加到1.574 kg·m~(–2),其中根系和凋落物碳库也呈增长趋势;土壤碳密度从7.215 kg·m~(–2)增加到9.735 kg·m~(–2),生态系统碳密度从7.519 kg·m~(–2)增加到11.309 kg·m~(–2)。草地碳库构成中,低灌木植物盖度草地群落的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库比例最小。草地群落灌木植物盖度增加改变了草地生态系统碳库构成并导致生态系统碳库增加,建议在估算草地生态系统碳库时,需要统筹考虑并兼顾南方地区草地群落灌木植物盖度变化。     

氮素添加和刈割对内蒙古弃耕草地土壤氮矿化的影响

以内蒙古多伦县恢复生态学试验示范研究站弃耕10余年的草地为研究对象,于2006年起分别设置对照、氮素添加、刈割和氮素添加+刈割4种处理,每种处理6次重复,研究弃耕草地氮素添加和刈割对土壤氮矿化的影响,结合土壤理化性质和植被地上生产力的动态变化,分析弃耕草地土壤氮矿化对植被恢复的响应,为当地草地恢复与重建提供理论依据和数据支持。实验结果表明:1氮素添加显著增加了植物地上净初级生产力(ANPP)和土壤无机氮库,与对照相比分别提高115%和196%,同时显著提高了土壤总硝化速率;但是氮素添加对总氨化速率、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)、微生物呼吸(MR)以及呼吸熵(q CO2)均无显著影响;2总氨化速率和硝化速率对刈割处理的响应均不显著,但是刈割处理显著降低了土壤MR(P0.05);3氮素添加+刈割处理5—7a后,土壤总氨化和硝化速率均无显著变化;但是氮素添加+刈割处理显著增加了ANPP、土壤无机氮库和q CO2,同时显著降低了MBC和MBC/MBN。这说明在弃耕草地适应性管理中,氮素添加可以显著提高草地生产力,但是长期的氮添加对土壤微生物氮的转化是否有利还值得我们进一步研究。     

鄂尔多斯高原弃耕农田恢复过程中土壤物理性质和生物结皮的变化

在鄂尔多斯高原软梁、硬梁弃耕农田上选取一系列不同时限的弃耕农田,研究弃耕演替过程中地表凋落物、生物结皮,以及不同土层土壤容重、机械组成、含水量的动态变化.结果表明: 软梁弃耕农田表层(0～10 cm)物理环境随弃耕年限增加明显改善,土壤黏粒含量、地表凋落物随弃耕年限增加明显增加,土壤容重明显降低,土壤含水率略微升高;中层(10～30 cm)土壤物理环境随弃耕年限增加稍显恶化,土壤黏粒含量升高,土壤含水量略微降低;深层(30～50 cm)土壤物理性质变异较大.硬梁弃耕农田土壤表面凋落物盖度、生物结皮盖度、生物结皮厚度随弃耕年限增加而增加,表层(0～10 cm)土壤容重、黏粒含量、含水量随弃耕年限变化总体变化不显著,深层(10～40 cm)土壤物理性质变异较大.地表凋落物和土壤黏粒物质的累积导致软梁弃耕农田土壤水分浅层化,可能是20年内浅根性多年生草本植物群落取代半灌木油蒿群落的关键因素.硬梁弃耕农田在演替过程中未见油蒿入侵,可能与较高的浅层含水量和生物结皮发育有关.     

陕北“三北”防护林下草本群落特征及其与林分结构和土壤养分的关系

林下草本层是人工林生态系统的基础功能层,对维护人工林生态系统的健康、稳定和功能具有重要意义。了解陕北“三北”防护林建设对林下草本群落特征的影响,并解析林下草本群落发育与林分结构和土壤养分变化的响应关系,对合理评估防护林建设工作和指导未来生态建设具有重要价值。为此,调查了陕北典型风沙区和黄土区不同造林阶段防护林下草本地上生物量和物种多样性的变化,并分析其与林分结构和土壤养分的关系。结果表明：（1）风沙区不同造林阶段人工林下草本平均地上生物量（23.64 g/m2）显著低于黄土区（44.53 g/m2）。随造林年限增加,风沙区林下草本地上生物量和物种多样性逐渐升高,而黄土区林下草本地上生物量和物种多样性则逐渐降低。（2）风沙区人工林土壤有效氮和有机碳随造林年限的增加逐渐升高,而黄土区人工林下土壤有效氮和有机碳则无明显变化趋势。（3）风沙区早期林下草本地上生物量和物种多样性升高主要得益于土壤养分的提升。而黄土区早期林下草本生物量和物种多样性降低主要是人工林郁闭度增加所致。风沙区防护林的建设促进了林下草本的发育,而黄土区早期人工林下草本出现退化现象。建议对风沙区进行防护林建设,而黄土区以自然恢复为主。     

莱州湾滨海柽柳林湿地植被碳储量的分布特征及其影响因素

莱州湾南岸的柽柳林湿地是我国北方现存面积最大的柽柳林滨海湿地,也是我国“南红北柳”生态工程的重要组成部分.本文基于2014年8月在昌邑海洋生态特别保护区的调查资料,研究了该湿地植被生物量、碳储量的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 该湿地植被生物量为949.0 g·m^-2,植被碳储量为393.1 g·m^-2,基本呈中部高、东西部低的分布特征;植被各部分生物量、碳储量均表现为:地上部>地下部>凋落物.该区域主要有柽柳、碱蓬2个单优群落和4个混生群落,植被碳储量以柽柳群落最高,混生群落居中,碱蓬群落最低.受北部潮间带防潮坝的影响,表层土壤的含水量和电导率均不高,土壤盐分不是植被碳储量的主控因子,植被碳储量主要受土壤的营养盐状况(全氮和全磷)和粒径结构(粉粒含量)的影响.土壤水文条件的改变造成了植被群落的演替,在由耐盐群落(盐地碱蓬群落)向轻耐盐群落(茵陈蒿群落、狗尾草群落等)的演替过程中,植被碳储量增大.     

浙江天童森林砍伐对土壤养分库和氮矿化-硝化特征的影响

揭示不同砍伐频率对森林土壤养分库和氮周转的影响,对于理解森林养分循环的干扰响应具有重要意义。本研究以浙江天童常绿阔叶林为对象,选择了3个具有不同砍伐频率的群落比对组,分析各组内土壤有机碳和氮磷养分库,以及氮素矿化、硝化速率的变化。结果表明:3组群落中,重复砍伐群落的土壤总氮和总有机碳储量显著减小(P0.05),而土壤总磷、铵态氮和硝态氮储量、土壤容重显著增加(P0.05)。土壤氨化速率和氮矿化速率在比对组间无显著差异(P0.05),但硝化速率在重复砍伐后显著增加(P0.05)。本研究表明,土壤养分库和氮转化对森林重复砍伐的响应方式不同。森林重复砍伐后,土壤有机碳库和氮库含量降低,磷库和无机氮库含量增加,氮素矿化和氨化速率变化不显著,硝化速率显著提高。     

山西太岳山不同林龄华北落叶松林土壤微生物特性!

本文以山西太岳山3个林龄(18、35和51年生)华北落叶松林为对象,研究其土壤微生物生物量、土壤真菌群落结构多样性特征,并利用通径分析,探讨土壤和凋落物养分含量对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:随着华北落叶松林年龄的增加,土壤微生物生物量碳逐渐增加,微生物生物量碳占其与可溶性有机碳之和的比例也逐渐增加;土壤微生物生物量碳/氮比在51年生华北落叶松林中最大(13),约为其他两个林龄华北落叶松林的1.6倍;土壤微生物碳熵在35年生华北落叶松林中最低(1.5%),在18年生华北落叶松林中最高(2.8%)。土壤微生物生物量氮、真菌Shannon指数、土壤和凋落物碳/氮比在不同林龄华北落叶松林中的变化趋势均为35年生18年生51年生。通径分析结果表明,真菌群落结构多样性对土壤微生物生物量碳有较大的直接作用,凋落物自身化学组成对土壤微生物生物量氮有显著影响,土壤碳/氮比和微生物生物量碳/氮比是调控真菌群落结构多样性的直接因素。总的来说,35年生华北落叶松林的土壤有机碳活性最小,土壤碳库稳定性较好,养分状况优于另外两个林龄华北落叶松林。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。