杜鹃花类菌根真菌对桃叶杜鹃幼苗光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究12株杜鹃花类菌根(Ericoid mycorrhiza,ERM)真菌对2 a生桃叶杜鹃无菌实生幼苗促生效应及叶片叶绿素、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】采用温室盆栽试验,ERM真菌菌株由野生桃叶杜鹃根系分离而得。【结果】表明接种苗侵染率较高。接种处理间在幼苗地上部分、地下部分干重与总生物量指标呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。与不接种对照相比,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率Pn、叶片气孔导度Gs和叶片蒸腾速率Tr显著提高,而叶片胞间CO2浓度Ci则降低。接种幼苗叶片中实际量子产量ΦPSⅡ除菌株TY19、TY24和TY34低于对照外,其余均显著增加;PSⅡ电子传递速率ETR、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm、潜在活性Fv/Fo和光化学淬灭qP均显著提高;非光化学淬灭NPQ除菌株TY29外其它均高于对照,并与对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。ΦPSⅡ与Pn、Gs的相关性大于Fv/Fm、qP、NPQ;ETR与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、NPQ、Pn、Tr的相关性大于qP和Gs;Pn与Gs的相关性大于Tr,与Ci显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】通过接种处理,提高了叶片光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数,增强了植株对有效光的利用,显著增加了幼苗生物量。从综合接种效应来看,TY18、TY29、TY35、TY02、TY07和TY12是培育桃叶杜鹃菌根苗优良备选菌株。     

盐胁迫对鸡爪槭幼苗生长及其叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以鸡爪槭幼苗为材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了不同盐浓度[0.042%(对照)、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%]对鸡爪槭幼苗生长的伤害和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果显示:当土壤NaCl含量为0.2%、0.4%和0.6%时,鸡爪槭幼苗分别表现为轻度、中度和重度盐害;叶片含水量、叶绿素a和b及叶绿素总含量均随盐浓度的增加而显著下降,花色素苷含量则表现为随盐浓度的增大而显著上升,分别比对照高出48.7%、280.3%和382.7%;叶片叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、潜在量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学量子产量(Yield)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均随着盐浓度的增大呈显著下降趋势,但非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)在低盐胁迫时则较对照显著提高,0.2%NaCl处理时比对照显著增加33.3%,而高盐胁迫下则显著下降。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了鸡爪槭幼苗叶片叶绿素合成和光合作用进行,而幼苗叶片在低盐胁迫下则可能通过增加PSⅡ反应中心非辐射热能量耗散来保护光合机构不受损害,从而表现出一定的耐盐胁迫能力。     

模拟干旱和盐分胁迫对沙枣幼苗PSⅡ活力的影响

通过PEG-6000和NaCl模拟实验研究了干旱和盐分胁迫对沙枣幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活力的影响。结果显示:PEG胁迫使沙枣幼苗叶片PSⅡ在300μs时相对于FJ-Fo的可变荧光比值(Wk)升高,却降低了单位反应中心密度(RC/CSo)和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),导致效能指数(PIABS)随水势降低而显著下降,阻碍了电子传递链中供体和受体侧的电子传递,也抑制了叶绿素的合成,从而全面抑制PSⅡ的活力;NaCl胁迫对沙枣叶片PSⅡ活力没有显著影响。比较两种处理等渗溶液下的结果发现,盐离子对沙枣叶片PSⅡ活力具有正效应,它抵消了渗透效应对沙枣叶片PSⅡ活力的抑制作用,这可能与盐离子进入叶片细胞,减轻了渗透胁迫有关。     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和从枝菌根真菌对月季幼苗生理特性及光合荧光参数的影响

本试验旨在探究100mol/L盐胁迫下根际施用褪黑素(MT)、接种近明球囊霉属AMF幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum)及其复合处理对月季幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数、激素代谢及抗氧化系统的影响,以探明两者缓解月季盐胁迫的机制。结果发现,盐胁迫下月季幼苗生长受到抑制,株高、茎粗以及生物量等显著下降;施用MT可以促进AMF侵染,提高侵染率、丛枝着生率、泡囊数和侵入点数。100mol/L盐处理下,与对照(CK)处理相比,AMF+MT处理的叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b分别增加46.2%和67.2%;叶绿素荧光参数中PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、PSII有效光化学量子效率(Fv’/ Fm’)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)分别增加4.9%、51.0%、175.0%、168.7%和92.5%,NPQ的下降幅度为42.7%;此外,盐胁迫下,月季叶片中玉米素核苷(ZR)、赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)含量下降,而脱落酸含量(ABA)增加,AMF+MT处理后ZR、GA、IAA分别增加146.9%、116.9%、35.7%,ABA下降21.1%;同时AMF+MT处理能够激活抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性,降低超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率和H2O2累积。结论认为,接种AMF、添加MT或者AMF+MT处理均可以提高叶绿素含量,保护叶绿素荧光系统,维持植物内源激素的平衡,激活SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性以及降低脂质过氧化和H2O2累积,以减轻盐胁迫对月季幼苗的伤害,促进月季生长,其中以AMF+MT处理下月季幼苗的抗盐性效果更佳。     

NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸途径对叶绿素含量及其荧光特性的影响

以菜豆幼苗作为试验材料,分析了NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸对叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光特性变化特征的影响,以探讨交替呼吸途径在逆境下的生理学作用以及植物在盐胁迫下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的调节作用机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度(0、100、200、300mmol/L)的增高,菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]和光化学荧光猝灭(qP)与对照相比均显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)较对照组显著增加,同时交替呼吸容量在NaCl胁迫下也显著上升。(2)与单独NaCl胁迫相比,在NaCl胁迫下施加交替呼吸的抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)会导致菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)和qP进一步显著下降、NPQ进一步显著增加。研究认为,NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率下降和光能耗散增加,交替呼吸途径可有效缓解NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶绿素含量的减少以及光系统Ⅱ光化学反应效率的下降。     

盐胁迫对山葡萄叶绿素荧光参数及超微结构的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl(0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)处理山葡萄品种‘左山二’幼苗,于盐胁迫20d时测定叶绿素荧光参数,盐胁迫25d时对0(CK)和0.3%NaCl溶液处理的植株进行叶片超微结构观察,以探讨山葡萄品种的耐盐机理。结果表明:(1)中度(0.3%)或重度(0.5%)盐胁迫下,山葡萄叶初始荧光(F0)显著升高,PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和电子传递效率(ETR)显著降低,表明叶片PSⅡ反应中心破坏,PSⅡ受体侧电子传递受害,通过热耗散散失过剩激发能的能力减弱。(2)中度盐胁迫条件下,叶绿体超显微结构较对照发生明显变化,其外形明显皱缩变短呈不规则球形,大的淀粉粒消失,质壁分离明显,基粒和基质片层界限模糊不清,被膜破损或解体,叶绿素内部质体小球增多,表明其形态结构已受到严重损伤。(3)盐胁迫处理下,山葡萄线粒体嵴排列紊乱,线粒体膜结构模糊不清或溶解,但未见明显的破裂现象,说明线粒体受害程度较叶绿体小,线粒体较叶绿体对NaCl相对不敏感。(4)盐处理下细胞核形态较对照发生改变,核膜溶解或消失,但未完全崩解,说明盐胁迫对细胞核造成了一定损伤。     

硫对成熟期烤烟叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通通过液培试验,研究了硫浓度(0.01-32 mmol/L)对成熟期烤烟叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,成熟期烤烟叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随硫浓度的升高而逐渐增加,但各处理差异未达到显著水平。在2-32 mmol/L处理之间,烤烟叶片的有效量子产量（EQY）、最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）随硫浓度增加而降低,非光化学猝灭（NPQ）、非光化学过程中的基本量子产量（Fo/Fm）、PSⅡ水裂解端失活程度（Fo/Fv）和PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度（1-qP）随硫浓度增加而升高,2 mmol/L处理的质体醌库（Fv/2）低于4 mmol/L处理外,但其它处理的均随硫浓度升高而降低。0.01 mmol/L处理烤烟叶片的EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR低于2-8 mmol/L处理,但高于16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理,其NPQ、Fo/Fm、Fo/Fv和1-qP变化趋势则与之相反;0.01 mmol/L处理的Fv/2低于4 mmol/L处理的,但高于2 mmol/L及8-32 mmol/L处理;低硫处理烤烟EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR的降低可能不是由Fv/2引起的,而是由于1-qP升高引起的。但16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理Fv/Fm 、ETR、EQY降低可能是1-qP与 Fv/2共同作用的结果。     

控释肥对菊花叶片叶绿素荧光特性及观赏品质的影响

以切花菊品种‘白马’为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了控释肥对菊花叶片叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素和养分含量及观赏品质的影响.结果表明:未施肥处理(对照)的菊花叶片PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)与施肥处理相比显著下降;两种普通复合肥CCFA(N∶P∶K=20∶8∶10)和CCFB(N∶P∶K=14∶14∶14)处理的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ在前期(30~60 d)比两个控释肥CRFA(N∶P∶K=20∶8∶10)和CRFB(N∶P∶K=14∶14∶14)处理有所增高,但在中后期(75~120 d)比两个控释肥处理显著下降.CRFA处理的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和光化学猝灭系数(qP)比CRFB处理有所增高.两种控释肥处理的非化学猝灭系数(NPQ)与对照和两种普通复合肥处理相比显著下降.各处理叶绿素含量变化规律与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ基本一致.切花采收期CRFA和CRFB处理的叶片N、P、K含量以及花梗长、花梗粗、花径、花鲜质量和干质量均高于CCFA、CCFB和对照,而且CRFA处理的花鲜质量和干质量比CRFB处理显著增高.表明控释肥可以通过提...     

干旱和盐胁迫对草地早熟禾草坪质量及其叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过干旱、盐、盐 干旱3种胁迫处理对草地早熟禾草坪质量及叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行测定分析.结果显示,(1)与对照草地早熟禾草坪相比,3种处理均随胁迫时间的延长草坪质量持续下降,且叶片细胞膜完整性、净光合速率(Pn),光合色素含量以及叶片叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转换效率(Fv'/Fm')、PsⅡ反应中心非环式光合电子传递效率(фPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均呈下降趋势,但不同胁迫处理的下降程度不同,总体表现为:干旱 盐胁迫>干旱胁迫>盐胁迫.(2)随着3种胁迫处理时间的延长,早熟禾叶片非光化学猝灭(NPQ)均有增加,但盐胁迫下变化不显著,而干旱和盐 干旱胁迫下变化显著.结果表明,0.3%的NaCl胁迫对早熟禾的草坪质量、叶片细胞膜完整性以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响较小,而干旱、特别是盐 干旱胁迫的影响较大.     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下(3 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化.结果发现:脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累.经过3 d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP 和 NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP 和 NPQ值只有部分恢复.说明脱水的牛耳草离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用.     

混合盐胁迫对栾树光合生理指标的影响

该研究以2年生栾树扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽实验方法,设置梯度为0(CK)、100(S100)、200(S200)、300(S300)、400(S400)和500(S500)mmol·L-1的摩尔质量比1∶1配制成的NaC1和NaHCO3混合盐溶液,分析混合盐胁迫对栾树幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以探讨栾树对混合盐...     

Rapid,nondestructive measurement of chlorophyll content in leaves with nonuniform chlorophyll distribution

A practical microcomputerized video image analysis method is described for quantifying leaf chlorophyll content without extraction. Chlorophyll concentration is estimated from densimetric measurements of whole, intact leaves. Direct comparison with conventional extraction measurements on Epipremnum aureum, a variegated species, verified the image analysis technique's accuracy. The inherent advantages with regard to the nondestructive and convenient nature of the measurement, and suitability for leaves with irregular chlorophyll distribution, are discussed.     

Minor but key chlorophylls in Photosystem II

A ‘metal-free’ chlorophyll (Chl) a, pheophytin (Phe) a, functions as the primary electron acceptor in PS II. On the basis of Phe a/PS II = 2, Phe a content is postulated as an index for estimation of the stoichiometry of pigments and photosystems. We found Phe a in a Chl d-dominant cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina, whereas Phe d was absent. The minimum Chl a:Phe a ratio was 2:2, indicating that the primary electron donor is Chl a, accessory is Chl d, and the primary electron acceptor is Phe a in PS II of A. marina. Chl d was artificially formed by the treatment of Chl a with papain in aqueous organic solvents. Further, we will raise a key question on the mechanisms of water oxidation in PS II.     

Effect of Polyamines on Chlorophyll and Protein Contents, Photochemical Activity, and Energy Transfer in Detached Wheat Leaves during Dark Incubation

Spermine as compared to putrescine or spermidine retarded the loss of chlorophyll and protein contents to a greater extent in wheat primary leaves during dark incubation. Activities of whole chain electron transport, photosystem (PS) 1 and PS2, and absorbed excitation energy distribution in favour of PS 1 were protected by these amines in valency dependent manner during 72-h dark incubation.     

Quest for minor but key chlorophyll molecules in photosynthetic reaction centers – unusual pigment composition in the reaction centers of the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina

A short overview, based on our own findings, is given of the minor pigments that function as key components in photosynthesis. Recently, we found the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d′ and pheophytin a as minor pigments in the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Yellow lupin cytoplasmic tRNAGlu is not a cofactor in chlorophyll biosynthesis

Yellow lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus) cytoplasmic tRNA^Glu was isolated and the primary structure was determined to be: pUCCGUUGUAGUCAGDDGGDCAGGAUAUUCGGCUCUCACCCGAAAGACm⁵CCGGGTCAm¹ AGU CCCGGCGACGGAACCA_OH. It is 76 nucleotides long and contains 8 modified nucleosides: 2 residues of pseudouridine, ribothymidine, 3 dihydrouridines, 5-methylcytosine and 1-methyladenosine. This tRNA^Glu assayed in -aminolevulinic acid synthesis was shown to be inactive. Its structural festures are discussed.     

A comparison of the three isoforms of the light-harvesting complex II using transient absorption and time-resolved fluorescence measurements

In this article we report the characterization of the energy transfer process in the reconstituted isoforms of the plant light-harvesting complex II. Homotrimers of recombinant Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 and monomers of Lhcb3 were compared to native trimeric complexes. We used low-intensity femtosecond transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved fluorescence measurements at 77 K and at room temperature, respectively, to excite the complexes selectively in the chlorophyll b absorption band at 650 nm with 80 fs pulses and on the high-energy side of the chlorophyll a absorption band at 662 nm with 180 fs pulses. The subsequent kinetics was probed at 30–35 different wavelengths in the region from 635 to 700 nm. The rate constants for energy transfer were very similar, indicating that structurally the three isoforms are highly homologous and that probably none of them play a more significant role in light-harvesting and energy transfer. No signature has been found in the transient absorption measurements at 77 K for Lhcb3 which might suggest that this protein acts as a relative energy sink of the excitations in heterotrimers of Lhcb1/Lhcb2/Lhcb3. Minor differences in the amplitudes of some of the rate constants and in the absorption and fluorescence properties of some pigments were observed, which are ascribed to slight variations in the environment surrounding some of the chromophores depending on the isoform. The decay of the fluorescence was also similar for the three isoforms and multi-exponential, characterized by two major components in the ns regime and a minor one in the ps regime. In agreement with previous transient absorption measurements on native LHC II complexes, Chl b → Chl a energy transfer exhibited very fast channels but at the same time a slow component (ps). The Chls absorbing at around 660 nm exhibited both fast energy transfer which we ascribe to transfer from ‘red’ Chl b towards ‘red’ Chl a and slow transfer from ‘blue’ Chl a towards ‘red’ Chl a. The results are discussed in the context of the new available atomic models for LHC II.     

Light-regulated pigment interconversion in pheophytin/chlorophyll-containing complexes formed during plant leaves greening

Upon illumination of etiolated maize leaves the photoconversion of protochlorophyllide Pchlide 655/650 into chlorophyllide Chlide 684/676 was observed. It was shown that chlorophyllide Chlide 684/676 in the dark is transformed into pheophytin Pheo 679/675 and chlorophyll Chl 671/668 by means of two parallel reactions, occurring at room temperature: Chlide 684/676. The formed pheophytin Pheo 679/675 was unstable and in the dark was transformed into chlorophyll Chl 671/668 in a few seconds: Pheo 679/675 Chl 671/668. The last reaction is reversed by the light: Chl/668 Pheo 679/675. Thus, on the whole in the greening etiolated leaves this process occurs according to the following scheme:The observed light-regulated interconversion of Mg-containing and Mg-free chlorophyll analogs is activated by ATP and inhibited by AMP.Abbreviations Chl- chlorophyll - Chlide- chlorophyllide - Pchlide- protochlorophyllide - Pheo- pheophytin - PS II RC- Photosystem II reaction centres. Abbreviations for native pigment forms: the first number after the pigment symbol corresponds to the maximum position of the low-temperature fluorescence band (nm), the second number to the maximum position of the longwave absorption band     

Chlorophyll breakdown in oilseed rape

Chlorophyll catabolism accompanying leaf senescence is one of the most spectacular natural phenomena. Despite this fact, the metabolism of chlorophyll has been largely neglegted until recently. Oilseed rape has been used extensively as a model plant for the recent elucidating of structures of chlorophyll catabolites and for investigation of the enzymic reactions of the chlorophyll breakdown pathway. The key reaction which causes loss of green color is catalyzed in a two-step reaction by pheophorbide a oxygenase and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase. In this Minireview, we summarize the actual knowledge about catabolites and enzymes of chlorophyll catabolism in oilseed rape and discuss the significance of this pathway in respect to chlorophyll degradation during Brassica napus seed development. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Benzylaminopurine on Rehydration of Bean Plants after Water Stress

The possibility of improving the recovery of plant photosynthesis after water stress by cytokinin-induced stimulation of stomatal opening or delay of leaf senescence was tested. The 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in concentrations 1 and 10 M was applied to the substrate (sand + nutrient solution) or sprayed on primary leaves of 14-d-old Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants sufficiently supplied with water or water-stressed for 4 d. The later ones having relative water content decreased to 69 % were fully rehydrated during the following three days. Parameters of photosynthesis and water relations were measured in primary leaves of 7-, 10-, 14-, and 17-d-old plants. Application of 1 M BAP slightly delayed leaf senescence: in 17-d-old control plants, net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and chlorophyll (Chl) content, and when sprayed on leaves also some of Chl a fluorescence kinetic parameters of BAP-treated leaves were slightly higher than those of untreated leaves. Both types of application of 1 M BAP slightly improved recovery of plants during rehydration after water stress in terms of increased g_ad, g_ab and P_N, i.e., parameters which were markedly decreased by mild water stress. However, contents of Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids and parameters of Chl a fluorescence kinetic were not markedly affected by mild water stress and after rehydration were not stimulated by 1 M BAP. 10 M BAP had mostly negative effects on the parameters measured.