骨顶鸡日行为活动对游憩干扰的反应

近年来,湿地生态旅游在我国各地逐渐兴起,水鸟作为湿地生态系统的重要成分,其行为是否因游憩活动而改变成为了重要的研究内容。本文以黑龙江省安邦河自然保护区为研究区,调查了骨顶鸡(Fulica atra)对湿地游憩活动的行为反应,用瞬时扫描取样法分别观察了码头区、游船区和对照区骨顶鸡成鸟及幼鸟的日行为活动。结果表明,码头区成鸟比对照区取食时间显著减少,隐藏的时间明显增加,游走和整理活动显著降低;游船区成鸟比对照区出现更多的攻击和隐藏行为。游憩区幼鸟与对照区的取食、隐藏和躲避时间有显著差异。游憩干扰还表现在码头区成鸟的取食节律片段化,成鸟和幼鸟隐藏频率较高的时段与游人的活动高峰相一致。研究认为,游船区干扰对骨顶鸡的影响较码头区小,幼鸟比成鸟对干扰的适应能力更强。由于高强度的游憩干扰对骨顶鸡等水鸟种群秋迁前的能量蓄积不利,因此建议增加码头路边隔离绿化带,在游船与骨顶鸡领域间设置浮标隔离带,加强对游憩活动的管理。     

骨顶鸡等游禽对不同人为干扰的行为响应

分别于2008年4月至6月和2009年4月至6月,采用目标动物取样法在黑龙江省安邦河湿地和大庆龙凤湿地研究了骨顶鸡等水鸟对人为干扰的行为响应.结果表明:骨顶鸡对行人和机动车辆两种干扰的反应距离类似,但耐受程度有所不同,骨顶鸡对机动车辆干扰的耐受性要好于行人干扰.在以游客等行人干扰为主的安邦河湿地,骨顶鸡以及其他游禽对干扰产生行为反应的比例要高于以机动车辆干扰为主的龙凤湿地,说明相对于行人干扰骨顶鸡对机动车辆更容易耐受;在安邦河湿地,骨顶鸡对划船的反应距离以及反应程度要大于人行走,说明骨顶鸡对于侵入性的干扰更为敏感.此外,对凤头鹛鹏(Podicepscristatus)、黑颈鹏鹧(Podiceps nigricollis)、小鹏鹏(Tachybaptus ruficoUis)、黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)、红头潜鸭(Aythya ferina)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyneha)、绿翅鸭(Arias crecca)、白眉鸭(Anasquerquedula)、赤颈鸭(Ariaspenelope)、琵嘴鸭(Anas clypeata)等游禽对人为干扰的反应距离、耐受距离以及遭受干扰时的反应比例进行了研究,结果显示3种鹛鹧对干扰的耐受距离差异不显著,12种鸭类中红头潜鸭对人为干扰的敏感性要小于其他鸭类,斑嘴鸭和绿头鸭则相对敏感.     

东方白鹳繁殖期行为时间分配及日节律

2009年3—6月,采用扫描取样法对在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区内繁殖成功的4对东方白鹳的行为活动进行了观察,同时对东方白鹳在繁殖期的行为时间分配和日节律进行了研究。结果表明:繁殖期各行为时间所占比例依次是繁殖22.17%±21.69%(其中孵化19.75%±20.71%,晾卵1.31%±2.16%,育幼1.00%±1.01%,交配0.11%±0.32%),静栖19.09%±13.94%,修巢6.40%±5.92%,警戒3.94%±4.88%,理羽3.11%±2.31%,其他行为45.27%±11.08%;在繁殖不同时期各行为差异显著(P0.01)。东方白鹳在繁殖期不同阶段行为活动存在一定节律,并且不同阶段日节律明显不同。此外,温度与晾卵(r=0.810,P0.01)、孵化(r=-0.518,P0.01)行为显著相关;车辆数与警戒(r=0.745,P0.01)、静栖(r=0.612,P0.01)行为显著相关。     

贵州草海越冬斑头雁日间行为模式及环境因素对行为的影响

2011年12月至2012年2月,在贵州省威宁县草海国家级自然保护区,采用瞬时扫描取样法对越冬斑头雁(Anser indicus)种群进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究.结果表明,斑头雁越冬期间的主要行为是取食和静息,分别占50.48％和43.79％,并呈现出早上和傍晚的双取食高峰,中午的静息高峰.各时间段的取食、静息和饮水行为存在显著差异.对不同生境中斑头雁行为的统计结果表明,在陆地生境中的主要行为是取食,在浅水沼泽生境中的主要行为是静息,推测食物丰富度和干扰水平是影响不同栖息地行为模式的主要因素.利用偏相关分析环境温度和湿度对斑头雁行为的影响表明,气温是影响斑头雁日间行为模式的主要因素.气温升高时,斑头雁增加静息行为减少取食行为;气温降低时则减少静息行为增加取食行为.     

半圈养条件下东北虎繁殖期的行为时间分配

1998年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 10月在黑龙江东北虎林园 ,采用随机取样法和瞬时扫描取样法对繁殖期东北虎的行为进行了研究。结果表明 ,在繁殖期的不同阶段东北虎的行为发生较大的变化。在发情交配期雌雄虎的时间分配相似 (P >0 0 5 ) ,均将最多的时间用于运动 ,用于休息的时间较少 ,用于发情交配和其它行为的时间较多。雌虎在妊娠期较多的时间用于休息和运动 ,取食、站立、社会和其它行为的时间均较少 ;产仔期最多的时间用于休息 ,其次是运动 ,用于产仔和其它行为的时间较多 ,用于取食的时间最少 ;哺乳期最多的时间用于休息 ,其次是哺乳和运动 ,用于取食和其它行为的时间较少。活动规律方面 ,各种行为在强度、出现和持续的时间上存在较大差异。单因素方差分析表明 ,在繁殖期的不同阶段雌性东北虎的休息和运动存在极显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1) ,取食存在显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,只有其它行为不存在显著差异(P >0 0 5 )。 10 0日龄内幼虎用于休息的时间最多 ,其次是运动和取食 ,其它行为的时间最少。     

夏季可可西里雌性藏原羚行为时间分配及活动节律

2005和2010两年的6—8月,在可可西里采用目标动物观察法记录藏原羚的行为时间分配和活动节律。所有行为被划分为觅食、警戒、躺卧、移动和其它5种类型。研究结果表明,觅食和躺卧是藏原羚的主要行为类型,分别占总行为时间的(42.02±2.22)%和(31.21±2.71)%,警戒、移动和其它3种行为类型时间比例依次减少。藏原羚的集群大小为1—10和12只,随着集群规模的增加,藏原羚的觅食时间增加,警戒时间减少,但其余3种行为类型与集群规模无显著相关性。与无羔藏原羚个体相比,有羔藏原羚的移动行为所占比例较高,而躺卧比例较低,觅食、警戒和其它3种行为类型差异不显著。一天中,藏原羚的觅食行为存在3个高峰,分别为8:00—8:59,10:00—12:59和16:00—19:59;躺卧行为的变化趋势与觅食行为相反;警戒行为仅有1个高峰,为14:00—14:59。5种行为类型在各时段间均存在显著差异。     

北戴河朱鹮野化种群非繁殖期日间活动时间分配和行为节律

于2019年7月-2020年1月对北戴河朱鹮野化种群非繁殖期的日间活动时间分配和行为节律进行了分析。结果表明,休息（41.8%）、觅食（39.7%）和理羽（13.3%）是北戴河朱鹮非繁殖期的主要行为。在行为节律上,有3个觅食高峰、2个休息高峰和2个理羽高峰。成鸟和幼鸟行为分配相似,但成鸟的警戒和社群等其他行为比例显著较高。与野生种群相比,北戴河野化种群的觅食时间显著较少,主要原因是野生个体需要花费较多时间搜寻食物,且飞行等活动的能耗较高。朱鹮在冬季的休息和理羽行为比例高于夏秋季,觅食行为则相反,这样可以在低温和大风天气降低能耗,是对北戴河气候环境的有效适应。为了提高朱鹮对多种气候环境的适应能力,为今后北戴河朱鹮的再引入奠定基础,我们建议在冬季要确保朱鹮有充足的适宜觅食地,同时在野化网笼中进行必要的环境丰容,如在网笼内增加常绿树种和阔叶树种,部分侧网上安装防风板,或在网笼中设置防风避寒的伞棚等设施,以供朱鹮进行选择。     

骨顶鸡等游禽对不同人为干扰方式的响应

分别于2008年4月至6月和2009 年4月至6月, 采用目标动物取样法在黑龙江省安邦河湿地和大庆龙凤湿地研究了骨顶鸡等水鸟对人为干扰的行为响应。结果表明:骨顶鸡对行人和机动车辆两种干扰的反应距离类似,但耐受程度有所不同,骨顶鸡对机动车辆干扰的耐受性要好于行人干扰。在以游客等行人干扰为主的安邦河湿地,骨顶鸡以及其他游禽对干扰产生行为反应的比例要高于以机动车辆干扰为主的龙凤湿地,说明相对于行人干扰骨顶鸡对机动车辆更容易耐受;在安邦河湿地,骨顶鸡对划船的反应距离以及反应程度要大于人行走,说明骨顶鸡对于侵入性的干扰更为敏感。此外,对凤头(Podiceps cristatus)、黒颈(Podiceps nigricollis)、小(Tachybaptus ruficollis)、黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)、红头潜鸭(Aythya ferina)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)、绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)、白眉鸭(Anas querquedula)、赤颈鸭(Anas penelope)、琵嘴鸭(Anas clypeata)等游禽对人为干扰的反应距离、耐受距离以及遭受干扰时的反应比例进行了研究,结果显示3种对干扰的耐受距离差异不显著,12种鸭类中红头潜鸭对人为干扰的敏感性要小于其他鸭类,斑嘴鸭和绿头鸭则相对敏感。     

宁夏中卫沙坡头国家级自然保护区白尾海雕越冬期的行为特征

2021年11月—2022年4月,在宁夏中卫沙坡头国家级自然保护区利用生态网络监控系统对白尾海雕Haliaeetus albicilla的种群数量、活动范围及在巢期间的日间行为特征进行调查。结果显示,白尾海雕主要在保护区内的湖泊和鱼塘活动,越冬种群数量约为10只。在巢日间行为可划分为6类20种,各行为在越冬不同时期和日间不同时段的时间分配存在差异,警戒是最主要的行为,并在越冬后期的时间最长;成体间的警戒、理巢等行为时间分配存在显著差异。白尾海雕的警戒、保养、休息等行为日间变化存在节律性,警戒行为在08∶00—09∶00均较为活跃,保养行为在10∶00—13∶00较活跃。相关性结果表明,警戒行为与湿度呈负相关,但与温度和风速呈正相关;风速也显著影响在巢的休息和觅食行为。这表明白尾海雕越冬期的日间在巢行为以警戒和保养为主,其特征和节律性与环境和个体本身有关。本研究为白尾海雕越冬期的保护和管理提供了科学数据。     

繁殖期高原鼠兔的行为时间分配与后代存活率的关系

2002年4-8月份,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站附近,采用标志流放、直接观察法和解剖法对青藏高原特有的植食性小哺乳动物———高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)的行为时间分配、繁殖特征和后代存活率等方面进行了研究。结果表明,雌、雄成体平均地面活动时间占总时间的比例分别为88.67%和89.88%,在不同的繁殖时段,成体的各种行为时间分配存在显著的变化,并影响后代的存活率。幼体从出生到15d的存活率和雌、雄性成体的每次移动距离以及雌性成体的地面活动强度都显著的正相关;从15d到45d的存活率和雄性成体的地面活动强度、观望强度显著的正相关。在相同的观察时期,高原鼠兔雌、雄成体的一些行为时间分配存在显著差异,如雄性成体地面移动距离、频次在繁殖前期显著的高于雌性成体;雄性成体的观望强度在6、7月份显著高于雌性成体。说明雄性成体在领域防卫中较雌性成体承担更多的责任,雌、雄成体在育幼活动中的繁殖投入存在互补性。     

骨顶鸡的种内巢寄生现象及其抵御机制初探

在2008～ 2009年2个繁殖季节对黑龙江省安邦河湿地自然保护区和大庆龙凤湿地自然保护区的骨顶鸡( Fulica atra)种群进行了调查.结果发现,骨顶鸡具有很高比例的种内巢寄生现象,平均巢寄生比例达38.55％;且发现骨顶鸡具有类似于同属的美洲骨顶鸡(F.americana)的拒卵方式,主要包括埋卵、逐出和啄破....     

Polymorphic microsatellites identified by cross-species amplifications in the European Coot Fulica atra

We tested the cross-amplification of 26 microsatellites developed for passerines and an additional three developed for Gallinula species in eight European Coots from two populations. Sixteen microsatellite markers successfully amplified, of which nine were polymorphic with 2–6 alleles (mean 3.7 alleles) and an expected heterozygosity (H _e) ranging from 0.375 to 0.805 (mean H _e = 0.589). On average, we found 2.22 alleles/locus and a mean H _e of 0.440 in one nest, and 2.56 alleles/locus and a mean H _e of 0.494 in the other one. These nine polymorphic markers could be of potential use in studies of genetic variability, population structure and reproductive strategy of European Coots.     

旅游干扰的水质模拟对繁殖前期中国大鲵夜间活动节律的影响

动物的日活动节律是它们对各种环境条件昼夜变化的综合适应。研究旅游干扰对繁殖前期中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的夜间活动节律影响,有助于探明旅游干扰是否以及如何影响大鲵繁殖行为的机理。前期研究发现旅游干扰程度与水中溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)含量显著负相关。在大鲵繁殖前期,通过控制大鲵生态繁育池水中的进水量(主要影响DO含量)来模拟重度与轻度旅游干扰下大鲵水环境,通过监测大鲵夜间出洞与进洞时间、水温(Water Temperature,WT)、DO和大肠菌群的动态变化,比较不同旅游干扰强度下大鲵夜间活动节律的差异,以明确旅游干扰导致的水质变化对大鲵夜间活动节律的影响。结果表明,雌/雄鲵出洞时间在模拟重度旅游干扰水质下显著晚于轻度水质中,雌鲵分别为19:10±0:22与18:53±0:24,雄鲵分别在18:29±0:20与18:13±0:18。重度干扰导致水质变化分别推迟了雌/雄大鲵出洞时间约17 min与16 min。但是,雌雄大鲵进洞时间在模拟重度与轻度旅游干扰水质下,差异不显著,雌鲵分别为24:10±0:13与24:18±0:17,雄鲵分别为6:...     

High altitude tissue adaptation in Andean coots: capillarity,fibre area,fibre type and enzymatic activities of skeletal muscle

Capillarity, fibre types, fibre area and enzyme activities of different skeletal muscles (pectoralis, extensor digitorum longus), tibialis anterior, plantaris and the myocardium were compared in Andean coot (Fulica americana peruviana) native to high altitude (Junín, Perú, 4200 m) and the same species nesting at sea level. Numbers of capillaries per square millimeter were higher in all high-altitude muscles when compared with sea-level muscles (P<0.0001). Moreover, values for capillaries per fibre and capillaries in contact with each fibre were higher in digitorum and tibialis high-altitude muscles. Muscle fibres were classified as Type I, Type IIA or Type IIB on the basis of their myofibrillar ATPase pH lability. Pectoralis muscle of high-altitude and sea-level coots presented only fibres of Type IIA. In contrast, all the leg muscles studied showed a mosaic pattern of the three fibre types. Fibre areas were determined using a Leitz Texture Analysis System. Significant differences in fibre area were observed (P<0.01) between high-altitude and sea-level muscles. Mean muscle fibre diameters were also lower in the high-altitude group than in the sea-level group. The enzyme activities studied were hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase. The oxidative capacity, as reflected by citrate synthetase and hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activities, was greater for myocardial and pectoralis than for leg muscles. However, analysis of maximal enzyme activities showed that there were no significant differences between the glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities of high-altitude and sea-level coots. These results suggest that in Andean coots genetically adapted to high altitude, changes in muscle capillarity and fibre size, in addition to high haemoglobin O₂ affinity and low haemoglobin concentration, are sufficient to allow adequate energy production without increases in enzymatic activities.Abbreviations BSA bovine serum albumin - C:F ratio Capillaries per fibre - CAF Capillaries in contact with each fibre - CD capillary density (mm^-2) - CS citrate synthetase - EDL muscularis digitorum longus - fra fraction reduction area - HA high altitude - HAD hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase - HK hexokinase - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - P ₅₀ PO₂ at which hemoglobin is half saturated with O₂ - P _aO₂ arterial partial pressure of oxygen - PAS periodic acid-schiff - PEC muscularis pectoralis - PLA muscularis planaris - P _tO₂ mean tissue oxygen pressure - P _vO₂ mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen - SD standard deviation - SL sea level - TA muscularis tibialis anterior - TAS texture analysis system     

Establishing the presence of a body temperature rhythm in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) using a tympanic membrane thermometer

Seven chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were trained to present their ears so that a tympanic nembrane thermometer could be inserted. Temperatures were collected from both ears of each subject every 3 hours for 72 consecutive hours. The presence of a body temperature rhythm, well documented in other mammals, was established. Each ear demonstrated its own rhythm, but the rhythms in both ears generally mirrored each other. Similarities in the temperature rhythms of cagemates were found. These data are the first evidence of a body temperature rhythm in chimpanzees, and they represent a non-invasive method of measuring the 24-hr rhythms in both human and non-human primates.     

Time budget of the green monkey,Cercopithecus sabaeus: Some optimal strategies

Members of a single group of green monkeys spent, on average, 44.8% of their waking time foraging, 46.7% resting, and 8.5% in social activities, over 1 year. There was significant variation in activity budgets over months (ranging from 35 to 55% of the time spent feeding). Diurnal rhythms of feeding and ranging were influenced by the daily cycle of temperature in predictable ways in different seasons: in the dry season, activity was reduced if it was too hot or too cold, while the temperature in the wet season did not affect activities. Feeding was also synchronized among individuals on a finer time scale, irrespective of the time of day. There was closer synchrony when feeding on less common foods. An ecological model of foraging time and energetics was tested, using estimates of the costs and benefits of foraging and predicting how these are optimally balanced in relation to the food density. Both feeding time and distance traveled increased as food availability increased. Costs and benefits were balanced over several days. Comparisons between populations of Cercopithecus aethiopswere made; differences in time budgets were compared with differences in the availability and quality of food. Insufficient comparative data are available for firm conclusions about the role of different energetic and nutritive strategies in population differences.     

Effects of experimental infection with Eimeria bovis on the balance of sodium, potassium and water in calves

Balance trials were performed to investigate the effects of experimental Eimeria bovis coccidiosis on the metabolism of water, sodium and potassium in calves. Non-infected pair-fed controls and controls fed according to plan were included in the study to allow differentiation between the effects due to infection and due to changes in feed intake. Primary infection with 5 × 10⁴ (group A) or 1 × 10⁵ (group B) oocysts caused mild diarrhoea in three out of four group A calves and mild to severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea in all five group B calves. Losses of sodium and potassium via faeces tended to increase in the infected calves during patency and apparent digestibility (AD) of these minerals was comparably low. In the urine of the infected calves the Na/K-ratio decreased due to a reduced urinary excretion of sodium. The retention (RT) of sodium was particularly high in the calves that had received the higher oocyst dose. Potassium RT did not underlie significant changes during the course of coccidiosis. In the infected calves the plasma level of sodium was reduced transiently while the level of potassium remained fairly stable. Infections with the higher oocyst dose caused a distinct reduction of fluid excretion via urine which compensated for the increased faecal water losses during severe diarrhoea. Reinfection of the group A calves with 1 × 10⁵ oocysts did not cause any significant metabolic impairment. The results of this study indicate that although acute sublethal bovine coccidiosis alters electrolyte and water metabolism the overall balance of electrolytes and water is largely maintained by physiologic adaptation.     

黑腹果蝇昼夜活动节律及行为时间分配

采用试验室单管观察记录的方法,对3,4,5日龄野生型黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigenw1118成虫每日活动节律进行研究。试验将果蝇活动划分为强活动(飞行和爬行)、弱活动(梳理、觅食等原地发生的运动)和静息(身体不发生移动的休息)3种类型。强活动和弱活动之和为总运动。研究结果显示,野生型黑腹果蝇w1118的昼夜活动表现为明显的双峰模态,晨峰和晚峰分别处于开、关灯前后;雌、雄果蝇总体活动无差异,关灯(18:30)前后雌蝇活动稍强于雄蝇,开灯(6:30)前后则相反;果蝇强活动的节律与总运动基本一致,而弱活动节律不明显;静息节律为单峰模式,其高峰期位于夜间1:00~5:00;雌蝇的静息活动显著多于雄蝇(P<0·05)。