基于高通量测序技术对山羊盲肠细菌多样性的分析

【背景】由于反刍动物特殊的生理结构,以往研究者主要集中对其瘤胃微生物的结构与组成进行了大量研究,严重忽略了盲肠微生物在营养物质消化和肠道健康方面发挥的重要作用。【目的】采用高通量测序技术分析山羊盲肠细菌的多样性及菌群结构。【方法】选用12只10月龄健康母羊,其平均体重为20.70±1.60kg,饲喂20d后,采集每只山羊的盲肠内容物,提取微生物总DNA,用细菌通用引物对细菌16S rRNA基因的高可变区进行PCR扩增,利用Illumina MiSeq平台对扩增子进行高通量测序,并用QIIME等软件对测序序列进行生物信息学分析。【结果】山羊盲肠微生物测序共获得813 496条有效序列与6 883个OTU,并且稀释曲线和Coverage指数反映此次测序结果比较全面的覆盖了山羊盲肠微生物群落。α多样性和β多样性分析表明,山羊个体之间盲肠微生物的多样性存在差异。在门水平,各样品的优势菌门均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);属水平,核心菌群由梭菌属(Clostridium)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)和6个未分类的细菌组成。PICRUSt基因预测表明,山羊盲肠微生物以代谢功能为主,主要包括:碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢和脂质代谢等。【结论】山羊盲肠与瘤胃细菌的多样性存在显著差异,与粪便微生物组成相似;与单胃动物相比,两者盲肠微生物的组成既有共性,也存在差异。     

常见SPF级小鼠和大鼠肠道菌群多样性研究

目的研究常见SPF级小鼠和大鼠的肠道菌群多样性。方法分别采集广东地区三家实验动物生产单位的C57BL/6、ICR、BALB/c小鼠和Wistar、SD大鼠的盲肠内容物样品,用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增V4-V5区域,采用Illumina Miseq 2×300 bp测序平台进行测序,使用生物信息学方法进行微生物群落分析、Alpha多样性分析与Beta多样性分析。结果对序列去杂优化后OTU聚类分析,稀释性曲线说明本次测序的数据量合理;实验小鼠和大鼠肠道菌群共分成八个门,其中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占据主要地位,属水平上主要是拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、Hungatella、副杆状菌属(Parabacteroides)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等;样品间差异性分析显示相同设施来源动物的菌群组成相似性较高;Alpha分析结果显示来源于同种设施的动物物种丰富度相近;Beta分析显示相同设施动物的肠道菌群差异较小,但品系对肠道菌群差异性有所影响。结论不同来源设施的饲养环境是动物肠道菌群多样性的主要影响因素,不同品系对肠道菌群多样性有一定影响。     

海南海口温泉真菌、细菌多样性及其环境影响因素分析

【目的】海南海口含有丰富的温泉资源,对温泉微生物多样性进行研究,有助于进一步开发和利用海南温泉微生物资源。【方法】本文采用Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序技术对海口3个温泉[海甸岛荣域温泉(S1)、火山口开心农场温泉(S2)和西海岸海长流温泉(S3)]水样中微生物ITS序列和16Sr RNA基因V3-V4区进行测序及生物信息学分析,探究海口市3个不同区域的温泉真菌多样性与细菌多样性。【结果】(1)α多样性分析表明,真菌群落中,S3(29)S1(29)S2,而在细菌群落中,S2(29)S1(29)S3。β多样性分析表明,3个温泉真菌群落和细菌群落组成差异皆显著。(2)分类分析表明,温泉真菌群落优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),细菌群落优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、Thermi、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。(3) CCA (Canonical correspondence analysis)分析表明,3个温泉的真菌群落主要影响因子是温度,细菌群落主要影响因子是总磷。【结论】海南省海口市温泉中含有丰富的微生物资源,其微生物群落组成受多种环境因子影响,且影响真菌和细菌的主要环境因子不同。     

中国林蛙蝌蚪肠道及皮肤微生物多样性分析

肠道及皮肤微生物群落对宿主的健康有着至关重要的影响。本研究使用16S rRNA基因测序技术研究中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)Gosner38期蝌蚪肠道和皮肤共生微生物群落组成之间的差异。在门水平上,林蛙蝌蚪肠道中的优势门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),皮肤中的优势门为拟杆菌门、变形菌门和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)。此外,显著性检验结果显示,肠道中厚壁菌门和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的丰度显著偏高,皮肤中拟杆菌门的丰度显著偏高。肠道微生物群落多样性高于皮肤,而肠道和皮肤的物种丰富度之间无显著差异。在对KEGG通路的丰度进行比较时,结果显示肠道"环境信息处理"功能的丰度显著高于皮肤,而皮肤中"遗传信息处理"及"新陈代谢"功能显著偏高。本研究提示林蛙蝌蚪肠道及皮肤微生物群落组成之间存在显著差异。     

大兴安岭典型永久冻土土壤细菌群落组成和多样性

【背景】土壤微生物是土壤生物中的重要成分,参与了土壤生态系统中关键的生物化学循环过程。但是关于寒温带多年冻土土壤微生物的研究还比较薄弱。【目的】探究大兴安岭多年冻土土壤中微生物的多样性和种群结构。【方法】利用MiSeq高通量测序技术对黑龙江大兴安岭地区呼中保护区落叶松冻土和樟子松林冻土土壤样品进行测序。【结果】在落叶松冻土和樟子松林冻土土壤中,相对丰度最高的优势菌群的组成基本一致,在门水平有疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、Parcubacteria、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)10个细菌门类,其中,疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)在樟子松林土壤中的相对丰度较多,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在落叶松林土壤中的相对丰度较多。通过α多样性分析可知,落叶松冻土土壤微生物的群落多样性高于樟子松林冻土,而且两者的细菌群落组成与结构差异性较大。【结论】为深入认识大兴安岭多年冻土区的土壤微生物群落结构组成以及影响因素提供数据支撑。     

成年与未成年圈养林麝粪便菌群多样性的比较

本研究旨在解析林麝未成年组(n=10)和成年组(n=10)之间的菌群差异。收集林麝新鲜粪便,提取总DNA,利用带标签的通用引物扩增16S rRNA V3-V4区,使用Illumina Miseq 300PE测序平台对扩增产物进行Miseq双端测序,通过计算ACE和Shannon等多样性指数,以及微生物组成成分和距离聚类分析,揭示组成结构与差异。α多样性分析表明成年组微生物的多样性丰富度略高于未成年组,但不存在显著差异性(P>0.05)。未成年组和成年组均是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)所占的比例较高。成年组Proteobacteria比例明显高,而Firmicutes比例较低。LEfSe分析表明有12个显著差异的细菌分类。两组在Firmicutes门存在显著差异的细菌较少,而在Proteobacteria上存在显著差异的细菌较多。本研究证明在不同年龄阶段,微生物的丰富度和多样性不存在显著差异,细菌的组成成分也相同。但是在组成比例上存在差异性,间接反映了不同年龄阶段营养吸收的不同需求。     

美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)肠道微生物多样性分析

【目的】分析美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)肠道微生物群落的组成。【方法】以美洲大蠊肠道微生物基因组为模板,Bact-27F和Univ-1492R为引物,PCR扩增16S rRNA基因,连接pGEM-T载体,构建肠道微生物16S rRNA基因文库,并对肠道微生物的组成及多样性进行分析。【结果】美洲大蠊肠道微生物主要包括变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria,66.4%),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,17.8%),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,14.5%),梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria,0.6%),以及未分类微生物(unclassified bacteria,0.6%)。系统发育分析显示,15%的美洲大蠊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因序列与亲缘关系较近的杂食蟑螂肠道微生物的16S rRNA基因序列聚于一支;59%的美洲大蠊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因序列与不同食性动物肠道微生物的16S rRNA基因序列聚于一支。另一方面,18%的美洲大蠊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因序列与潜在的微生物致病菌一致性高于99%,说明美洲大蠊是一类潜在的致病菌携带者。【结论】美洲大蠊肠道微生物群落组成多样,宿主系统进化以及杂食性生活方式对其肠道微生物的组成有较大影响。     

汾河入黄口夏季微生物群落结构分析

【背景】河流交汇区日益成为流域生态治理的焦点和热点之一。【目的】探明汾河入黄口微生物群落结构及其主要环境影响因子。【方法】应用16S rRNA基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了汾河入黄口夏季微生物群落结构,并利用典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)了解影响微生物群落的主要环境因子。【结果】多样性指数分析表明该区域微生物群落多样性较高。微生物多样性分析发现优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);在属分类水平上,相对丰度最高的菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),其次为乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和hgcI_clade。Spearman相关性分析及典范对应分析表明环境因子对水体微生物群落结构具有显著影响。【结论】汾河与黄河微生物群落组成具有一定的差异,不同环境因子对不同微生物的影响程度不同,p H和溶解氧(Dissolved oxygen,DO)是汾河入黄口微生物群落结构的主要影响因子。     

基于高通量测序分析盐角草根部内生细菌多样性及动态规律

【目的】探讨盐角草根部内生细菌群落多样性特征,揭示内生细菌群落结构在宿主关键发育期动态变化规律。【方法】通过罗氏454高通量测序获得内生细菌16S r RNA片段,然后进行生物信息分析。【结果】共获得20363条16S r RNA基因序列。各样品中可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs)在552–941之间。根部内生细菌群落主要包括4个门,其中Proteobacteri门占主导地位,其余依次是Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes。在Proteobacteria门中,Gammaproteobacteria是第一大纲,其后是Betaproteobacteria纲。宿主5个发育时期共同拥有7个细菌属,包括Azomonas,Serratia,Pantoea,Serpens,Pseudomonas,Halomonas,Kushneria。整体上看,Gammaproteobacteria纲在宿主5个发育时期呈现增长趋势。优势菌属在5个发育期存在差异,分别为Delftia,Kushneria,Serratia,Pantoea,Erwinia。所有文库总共含2108个特异OTUs,共同拥有5个相同OTUs。花期OTUs数量最多,结种期内生细菌多样性降低。在宿主的5个发育时期中,土壤p H、月均温和土壤盐含量这3个环境因子组成的集合对其内生细菌群落变化具有显著影响。【结论】盐角草内生细菌群落多样性丰富,宿主发育期决定了内生细菌群落结构。     

高通量测序技术解析中学校园细菌群落的特征组成

中小学校园是具有人口密度大、微生物传播和交流活跃等特点的特殊人居环境。校园微生物群落组成及其传播是影响青少年健康微生物组形成和发育的重要因素。以某中学校园为研究对象,探究校园不同场所的微生物群落结构,力图初步阐明校园微生物群落及其特征分布。采集教学楼扶手、实验楼扶手门和把手、体育馆扶手、食堂门把手等人体最易接触到的物体微生物样品,采用Illumina HiSeq平台对采集的样品进行细菌16S rRNA基因V4区高通量测序,分析各样品的细菌群落特征。结果显示,不同场所细菌群落存在着不同的特征组成。尽管各场所物体表面的微生物主要属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等的栖水菌属(Enhydrobacter),链球菌属(Streptococcus),葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)等属,但其相对丰度存在着显著的差异。例如,从食堂样品中检测到的丰度较高的不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和气球菌属(Aerococcus),在教学区域场所中未发现这两类微生物。体育馆楼梯扶手表面物种多样性显著高于其他场所设施表面物种多样性。通过对校园不同场所细菌组成的初步分析,发现了细菌群落具有按场所用途进行区分的特征,推测这些特征分布应与不同类型教学与生活活动密切相关,为后续研究校园环境对青少年身体健康的影响提供了实践参考。     

基于高通量测序技术研究水貂远端肠道细菌群落组成

【目的】研究水貂远端肠道微生物群落组成及其多样性。【方法】通过高通量测序技术研究水貂远端肠内容物细菌的组成和多样性。【结果】从10只健康水貂远端肠道内容物样品中得到146 287高质量序列代表17个菌门、167个细菌属。水貂肠道细菌以厚壁菌门(59.99%)、拟杆菌门(16.2%)、梭杆菌门(11.5%)、放线菌门(5.9%)和变形菌门(5.3%)为主,其中厚壁菌门最为丰富。厚壁菌门中的梭菌目是最丰富的目,而梭菌目中的链球菌占有50%以上的OTUs,是最大的细菌属。【结论】水貂肠道内存在复杂的微生物区系,这对进一步研究水貂对营养物质吸收利用提供了理论基础。     

Metagenomic characterization of oyster shell dump reveals predominance of Firmicutes bacteria

Metagenomic analyses were conducted to evaluate the biodiversity of oyster shell bacteria, under storage conditions, on the basis of 16s rDNA sequences. Temperature was recorded during a one year storage period, and the highest temperature (about 60 degrees C) was observed after five months ofstorage. Bacterial diversity was greatest in the initial stage sample, with 33 different phylotypes classified under seven phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and unclassified bacteria), with 42.22% ofphylotypes belonging to Proteobacteria. The lowest diversity was found in the high temperature (fermentation) stage sample, with 10 different phylotypes belonging to Firmicutes (78.57%) and Bacteroidetes. In the final stage sample, bacteria were found belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, and some were unclassified bacteria. Of the bacteria constituting the final stage metagenome, 69.70% belonged to Firmicutes. Our results show that bacteria belonging to phylum Firmicutes were predominant during fermentation, and during the final stages of oyster shell storage, which suggests that these bacteria supposed to be the key players for oyster shell biodegradation.     

Bacterial Communities in Central European Bumblebees: Low Diversity and High Specificity

Recent studies on the microbial flora of the honeybee gut have revealed an apparently highly specific community of resident bacteria that might play a role in immune defence and food preservation for their hosts. However, at present, very little is known about the diversity and ecology of bacteria occurring in non-domesticated bees like bumblebees, which are of similar importance as honeybees for the pollination of agricultural and wild flowers. To fill this gap in knowledge, we examined six of the most common bumblebee species in Central Europe from three locations in Germany and Switzerland for their bacterial communities. We used a culture-independent molecular approach based on sequencing the 16S rRNA gene from a selection of individuals and examining a larger number of samples by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles. The gut flora was dominated by very few and mostly undescribed groups of bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. This core set of bacteria was present in all of the examined bumblebee species. These bacteria are similar to, but distinct from, bacteria previously described from the honeybee gut. Significant differences were observed between the communities of bacteria in the different bumblebee species; the effect of sampling location was less strong. A novel group of Betaproteobacteria additionally shows evidence for host species-specific genotypes. The gut flora of bumblebees therefore is apparently composed of relatively few highly specialized bacteria, indicating a strong interaction and possibly important functions with their hosts.     

Broad Diversity and Newly Cultured Bacterial Isolates from Enrichment of Pig Feces on Complex Polysaccharides

One of the fascinating functions of mammalian intestinal microbiota is fermentation of plant cell wall components. Eight-week continuous culture enrichments of pig feces with cellulose and xylan/pectin were used to isolate bacteria from this community. A total of 575 bacterial isolates were classified phylogenetically using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Six phyla were represented in the bacterial isolates: Firmicutes (242), Bacteroidetes (185), Proteobacteria (65), Fusobacteria (55), Actinobacteria (23), and Synergistetes (5). The majority of the bacterial isolates had ≥97 % similarity to cultured bacteria with sequences in the RDP, but 179 isolates represent new species and/or genera. Within the Firmicutes isolates, most were classified in the families of Lachnospiraceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Clostridiaceae I. The majority of the Bacteroidetes were most closely related to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and B. xylanisolvens. Many of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes isolates were identified as species that possess enzymes that ferment plant cell wall components, and the rest likely support these bacteria. The microbial communities that arose in these enrichment cultures had broad bacterial diversity. With over 30 % of the isolates not represented in culture, there are new opportunities to study genomic and metabolic capacities of these members of the complex intestinal microbiota.     

秸秆蓝藻混合发酵产沼气过程中微生物群落分析

采用实验室自制秸秆蓝藻混合厌氧反应装置进行沼气发酵实验,利用16S rRNA基因克隆文库的方法,对不同产气阶段的细菌和古菌的优势菌群进行多样性研究。结果表明:(1)不同产气阶段细菌优势种类存在差异,供试秸秆沼气反应器阶段细菌种类较为丰富,分属于6个门:产气初始阶段优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),相对丰度为51.76%;产气高峰阶段优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),相对丰度为47.13%;产气结束阶段优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),相对丰度为28.89%;此外,还包括绿弯菌门、螺旋体门、绿菌门的细菌。(2)古菌种类明显少于细菌,均属于甲烷微菌纲(Methanomicrobia)、甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria)和热原体纲(Thermoplasmata)。秸秆蓝藻沼气系统微生物群落结构的阐明具有一定的意义,可为秸秆沼气工程调控提供科学依据。     

Comparison of gut-associated and nest-associated microbial communities of a fungus-growing termite (Odontotermes yunnanensis)

Abstract The digestion of cellulose by fungus-growing termites involves a complex of different organisms, such as the termites themselves, fungi and bacteria. To further investigate the symbiotic relationships of fungus-growing termites, the microbial communities of the termite gut and fungus combs of Odontotermes yunnanensis were examined. The major fungus species was identified as Termitomyces sp. To compare the micro-organism diversity between the digestive tract of termites and fungus combs, four polymerase chain reaction clone libraries were created (two fungus-targeted internal transcribed spacer [ITS]– ribosomal DNA [rDNA] libraries and two bacteria-targeted 16S rDNA libraries), and one library of each type was produced for the host termite gut and the symbiotic fungus comb. Results of the fungal clone libraries revealed that only Termitomyces sp. was detected on the fungus comb; no non-Termitomyces fungi were detected. Meanwhile, the same fungus was also found in the termite gut. The bacterial clone libraries showed higher numbers and greater diversity of bacteria in the termite gut than in the fungus comb. Both bacterial clone libraries from the insect gut included Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Nitrospira, Deferribacteres, and Fibrobacteres, whereas the bacterial clone libraries from the fungal comb only contained Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteris.     

秦岭地区野生细鳞鲑肠道微生物多样性及产酶活性分析

为探究秦岭地区野生细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)肠道细菌组成多样性,筛选出产胞外酶菌株,利用传统分离培养并分子鉴定的方法和基于16S r RNA基因克隆的现代分子生物技术相结合测定秦岭野生细鳞鲑肠道细菌菌群多样性并构建系统发育树,利用淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶及脂肪酶4种胞外酶筛选培养基筛选出产上述酶的细菌。细菌传统分离培养并分子鉴定法从细鳞鲑肠道获得18个属的细菌类群,分别归属于变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门,其中,气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为优势菌群。基于16S r RNA基因克隆的现代分子方法获得22个属的细菌类群,分别归属于变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门,其中,鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势菌群。4种胞外酶筛选获得53株细菌产胞外酶,其中21株可在低温(10℃)环境下产胞外酶。结果表明,传统分离培养法与基于16S r RNA基因克隆的现代分子生物技术相结合能够更有效全面地分析细鳞鲑鱼肠道微生物的多样性,并且细鳞鲑肠道微生物具有一定的产酶活性。     

Characteristics and nutrient function of intestinal bacterial communities in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae in livestock manure conversion

The potential utility of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to convert animal waste into harvested protein or lipid sources for feeding animal or producing biodiesel provides a new strategy for agricultural waste management. In this study, the taxonomic structure and potential metabolic and nutrient functions of the intestinal bacterial communities of BSFL were investigated in chicken and swine manure conversion systems. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the BSFL gut in both the swine and chicken manure systems. After the larvae were fed manure, the proportion of Proteobacteria in their gut significantly decreased, while that of Bacteroidetes remarkably increased. Compared with the original intestinal bacterial community, approximately 90 and 109 new genera were observed in the BSFL gut during chicken and swine manure conversion, and at least half of the initial intestinal genera found remained in the gut during manure conversion. This result may be due to the presence of specialized crypts or paunches that promote microbial persistence and bacteria–host interactions. Ten core genera were found in all 21 samples, and the top three phyla among all of the communities in terms of relative abundance were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The nutrient elements (OM, TN, TP, TK and CF) of manure may partly affect the succession of gut bacterial communities with one another, while TN and CF are strongly positively correlated with the relative abundance of Providencia. Some bacterial taxa with the reported ability to synthesize amino acids, Rhizobiales, Burkholderia, Bacteroidales, etc., were also observed in the BSFL gut. Functional analysis based on genes showed that intestinal microbes potentially contribute to the nutrition of BSFL and the high-level amino acid metabolism may partly explain the biological mechanisms of protein accumulation in the BSFL body. These results are helpful in understanding the biological mechanisms of high-efficiency nutrient conversion in BSFL associated with intestinal microbes.     

Dynamic changes in microbial community structure in farming pond water and their effect on the intestinal microbial community profile in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Water quality parameter dynamics, gut, sediment and water bacteria communities were studied to understand the environmental influence on the gut microbial community of a new strain of Huanghe common carp. A total of 3,384,078 raw tags and 5105 OTUs were obtained for the gut, water and sediment bacteria. The water quality had a stronger influence on the water bacteria community than gut and sediment bacteria communities. The ambient water quality parameters also significantly influenced the water and sediment bacteria communities. Comparing the gut, sediment, and water microbial communities, a relationship was found among them. However, gut bacteria were more closely related to sediment bacterial communities than to water bacteria communities. The results showed that the top three bacterial taxa were identical in gut and sediment samples in the early days of rearing. Interestingly, bacterial communities in the carp gut, water, and sediment had different adaptabilities to variations in environmental factors.     

Interspecific comparison of the fecal microbiota structure in three Arctic migratory bird species

The gut microbiota of birds is known to be characterized for different species, although it may change with feeding items. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota of birds with different feeding behaviors in the same habitat. We collected fecal samples from three Arctic species, snow buntings Plectrophenax nivalis, sanderlings Calidris alba, and pink‐footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus that are phylogenetically quite distant in different families to evaluate effects of diet on gut microbiota. Also, we characterized the prevalence of fecal bacteria using the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Our NMDS results showed that fecal bacteria of snow buntings and sanderlings were significantly distant from those of pink‐footed geese. Although all three birds were occupied by three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, dominant taxa still varied among the species. Our bacterial sequences showed that snow buntings and sanderlings were dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while pink‐footed geese were dominated by Proteobacteria. In addition, the bacterial diversity in snow buntings and sanderlings was significantly higher than that in pink‐footed geese. Our results suggest that insectivorous feeding diet of snow buntings and sanderlings could be responsible for the similar bacterial communities between the two species despite the distant phylogenetic relationship. The distinctive bacterial community in pink‐footed geese was discussed to be related with their herbivorous diet.