崩岗生态修复不同人工林林下入侵植物和本土植物对群落稳定性的影响

探寻基于自然的崩岗生态修复群落构建方案,以广东三岭山国家森林公园崩岗区早期恢复阶段的4种(湿地松Pinus elliottii、尾叶桉Eucalyptus urophylla、大叶相思Acacia auriculaeformis和樟树Cinnamomum camphora)林分为对象,进行样方调查,以林下入侵植物和本土植物作为切入点,以物种多样性指数、生态位宽度、生态位重叠度、生态响应指数和种间联结指数探究不同林分的群落稳定性,优化林下植物配置。结果表明：(1)4种林分中共有林下植物104种,隶51科92属,其中菊科(Asteraceae)种类最多,有33种;其次是禾本科(Poaceae),有24种。林下本土植物数目为湿地松>尾叶桉>樟树>大叶相思,林下入侵植物数目为湿地松=樟树>大叶相思>尾叶桉。与其他三种林分相比,尾叶桉林的林下入侵物种数目、多样性指数和生态位宽度均最少,同时入侵植物与本土植物的生态位重叠度也最小。(2)林下植物群落未来发展趋势最佳的是湿地松林,其次是尾叶桉林、樟树林,最差为大叶相思林,且除大叶相思林外,其它3种林分正向发展的平均速率大...     

遮荫处理对梅叶冬青叶片形态、光合特性和生长的影响

为了解遮荫环境对梅叶冬青(Ilex asprella)生长和光合特性的影响,采用遮荫网的方法模拟85%、56%和全光照等3种光照环境,研究了遮荫对其生长、光合参数以及生物量等的影响。结果表明,经一年遮荫处理后,梅叶冬青的叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总量都随着遮荫强度的增加而显著增高,胡萝卜素含量则显著降低。与对照相比,56%遮荫处理显著提高梅叶冬青的最大净光合速率和光饱和点,分别提高了17.6%和25.2%,但是85%遮阴处理则显著降低最大净光合速率和光饱和点,分别降低了18.2%和24.1%,两种遮荫处理均显著降低了光补偿点。叶长、叶宽、比叶面积、单片叶面积和叶片含水量均随着遮荫强度的增加而显著增加,而叶片厚度则显著减小。遮荫处理明显抑制整株生物量增长,减小根冠比,但是株高、冠幅和径向生长随遮荫处理时间不同而有所变异。因此,梅叶冬青有耐荫偏阳的特性,在林下种植时需及时调控乔冠层的透光率,一般应大于44%。     

接种促生菌对尾巨桉—降香黄檀混作幼苗光合生理特性和生长的影响

该试验以盆栽尾巨桉和降香黄檀幼苗为材料,设置BM处理(尾巨桉接种巨大芽孢杆菌,降香黄檀不接种)、RJ处理(降香黄檀接种大豆根瘤菌,尾巨桉不接种)以及对照组(CK,尾巨桉和降香黄檀均不接菌),探究接种2种促生细菌对尾巨桉-降香黄檀混作幼苗的光合生理、生长和生物量积累及分配的影响,明确在混交体系中接种促生菌对促进植物生长的优势。结果显示:(1)BM处理显著降低尾巨桉的叶绿素含量(P<0.05),BM和RJ处理均提高了尾巨桉和降香黄檀的苗高、地径以及叶片的氮素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,但降低了胞间CO_(2)浓度。(2)RJ处理显著提高了尾巨桉及降香黄檀叶片和全株生物量,BM处理仅显著提高降香黄檀根、茎、叶、全株的生物量和尾巨桉叶的生物量(P<0.05)。(3)各接菌处理条件下2种植物幼苗叶片净光合速率与其生物量呈显著正相关。研究表明,接种大豆根瘤菌和巨大芽孢杆菌均促进尾巨桉-降香黄檀混作幼苗的生理代谢,2种促生菌能通过增强光合作用来促进植株生物量的累积;从植株生物量变化来看,接种菌株的利他作用更明显。     

连栽桉树人工林生产力和植物多样性及其相关性分析

对不同连栽代次的尾巨桉人工林进行长期定位观测,研究林分各组成部分生物量及林下植物多样性的变化,并采用趋势面分析方法分析生物量与植物多样性之间的关系.结果表明:(1)第1、2、3代7年生尾巨桉人工林的群落生物量基本相同,分别为102.22、105.11、102.66 t/hm2,其中乔木层林分生物量随着连栽代次呈增加趋势,第1代到第3代林分分别为81.48、88.36、92.28 t/hm2,平均净生产力分别为11.64、12.62、13.18 t/hm2·a,林分各器官生物量分配无明显差异,但在各生长年份,随着代数增加也呈增加趋势.(2)尾巨桉林下植物及枯落物生物量明显下降,第1、2、3代灌木层生物量分别为8.47、6.89、3.09 t/hm2,草木层生物量分别为1.93、1.21、0.35 t/hm2,枯落层生物量分别为10.34、8.64、6.94 t/hm2.(3)连栽尾巨桉人工林植物多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数随着连栽代次的增加而明显下降,即林下植物多样性随连栽代次的增加而减少,物种生态优势度增加.(4)采用趋势面分析方法结果表明,不同连栽代次尾巨桉林地植物多样性增加则林地根系生物量和林下植物生物量显著增加,而对林分总生物量及其它器官生物量影响不大.     

华南地区野牡丹、桃金娘和金合欢对檀香幼苗的护理效应研究

在檀香幼苗的野外栽植过程中, 光照和寄主选择是限制其幼苗存活的重要因素。植物护理效应是指护理植物能够在其冠幅下改善微气候, 辅助或保育其他物种生长发育的现象。作为一种新的造林方法, 护理植物技术不仅会产生护理效应, 而且还可减少水土流失, 保持生态系统的物种多样性。因此近年来这种技术被应用于植被恢复与造林中。野牡丹、桃金娘和豆科植物金合欢是亚热带地区的常见先锋植物, 但这些物种是否具有作为檀香护理植物的特征, 尚未有这方面研究。以这三种植物为研究对象, 通过野外定位实验测定了三种植物冠幅下的微环境特以及檀香幼苗的生长特性。结果表明: 桃金娘和野牡丹能通过冠幅有效改善檀香幼苗周围的环境因子, 缓解檀香幼苗叶片光系统II的午间光抑制, 提高檀香幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、株高、地径和存活率, 因此这两种植物适宜作为檀香的护理植物。金合欢虽然在初期能提高檀香的存活率, 但由于其生长迅速, 冠幅过大, 容易造成过度荫蔽的环境而不利于檀香的生长和存活, 因而光照可能成为其冠幅下檀香幼苗生长的限制因子。     

香港桃金娘灌木群落植物生物量 和净第一性生产量

本文研究香港桃金娘灌木林植物生物量和净第一性生产量。结果表明(1)桃金娘茎的直径与高度与各组分的生物量有明显的相关关系。(2)桃金娘叶子占地上部活植物生物量的20.2%,花和果如果以它的峰值计算,其占地上部活植物生物量的9.6%,茎和枝占70.4%。(3)地上部和地下部活植物生物量分别为1553g*m     

香港桃金娘灌木群落植物生物量和净第一性生产量

本文研究香港桃金娘灌木林植物生物量和净第一性生产量。结果表明：（１）桃金娘茎的直径与高度与各组分的生物量有明显的相关关系。（２）桃金娘叶子占地上部活植物生物量的２０．２％,花和果如果以它的峰值计算,其占地上部活植物生物量的９．６％,茎和枝占７０．４％。（３）地上部和地下部活植物生物量分别为１５５３ｇｍ－２和１４０８ｇｍ－２,其中桃金娘分别占８５％和８２％。（４）桃金娘叶子生物量在研究期间的波动较大,但没有以年为周期的季节变化。花和果的变化则较有规律,花蕾通常于３或４月开始形成,到７月底达到峰值,然后开始下降。（５）桃金娘的净生产量为８２０ｇｍ－２ａ－１,其中,花和果占１５．２％,茎和枝占１８．８％,根和叶分别占２１．３％和４３．７％。灌木林的净第一性生产量为１０１０ｇｍ－２ａ－１。（６）由于未考虑草食和根系的枯死损失,本研究所得的净第一性生产量（尤其是根的生产量）可能偏低。     

巨尾桉工业原料林下植物群落学分析

基于群落调查方法,对巨尾桉林下植物进行群落学分析。结果表明:巨尾桉林下植物共有维管束植物57科、124属、154种及变种,以禾本科和菊科的种类占优势;林下植物物种组成较为分散,优势属不明显;种子植物53科划分为6个分布区类型和2个变型,以热带分布科为主;种子植物120个属有14个分布区类型和7个变型,以热带分布属为主,植物区系成分较为复杂。林下植被可分为灌木层和草本层,但是分层现象不明显,草本层植物占优势,偶见有少量的层间植物分布。林下物种丰富度表现为草本层>灌木层;而Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数则表现为灌木层>草本层,生境空间异质性及人为干扰活动影响了巨尾桉林下植物组成及分布。     

Community analysis of undergrowth vegetation in industrial plantation of Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla

基于群落调查方法,对巨尾桉林下植物进行群落学分析.结果表明:巨尾桉林下植物共有维管束植物57科、124属、154种及变种,以禾本科和菊科的种类占优势;林下植物物种组成较为分散,优势属不明显;种子植物53科划分为6个分布区类型和2个变型,以热带分布科为主;种子植物120个属有14个分布区类型和7个变型,以热带分布属为主,植物区系成分较为复杂.林下植被可分为灌木层和草本层,但是分层现象不明显,草本层植物占优势,偶见有少量的层间植物分布.林下物种丰富度表现为草本层>灌木层;而Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数则表现为灌木层>草本层,生境空间异质性及人为干扰活动影响了巨尾桉林下植物组成及分布.     

不同水肥处理对尾叶桉苗木生长及生物量分配的影响

为筛选适宜不同水肥条件的尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）优良无性系,以34个尾叶桉无性系为研究对象,采用2因素（水分、养分）3水平完全随机区组设计,对不同水肥处理下18个月的尾叶桉苗木生长和各器官生物量进行方差分析和遗传参数评估。结果表明：除少数性状外,尾叶桉生长（树高、地径）和生物量（主干、侧枝、根）在不同区组、水分、养分、水分×养分互作及无性系的差异间均达到显著或极显著水平,表明水分、养分和无性系会影响尾叶桉生长和各器官生物量大小。在水分和养分组合处理下,尾叶桉生长和各个器官生物量在组合33（高水高肥）和组合32（高水中肥）处理下表现较好。全株总鲜质量在组合32处理最大,与组合11处理相比增加了135.70%。主干、根、叶和总生物量的鲜质量与干质量相关系数最高,相关系数在0.90以上。无性系在树高、地径和生物量的方差分量为4.28~31 255.80,大部分性状的单株重复力在0.15以上,且都达到了显著水平。以15%无性系入选率,采用BLUP预测的尾叶桉无性系基因型值筛选出ZQUB39和ZQUC23尾叶桉在水分和养分梯度较低的土壤环境中生长较好,UD42、LDUC1和ZQUA3在水分和养分梯度较高的土壤环境中生长较好。这些优良无性系可能在多种立地进行推广种植。     

Substrate,Hormone, Winnowing,and Stratification Influence the Seed Germination of <i>Ilex asprella</i> (Hook. et Arn.) Champ. ex Benth

Ilex asprella (Hook. et Arn.) Champ. ex Benth is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines in southern China. The seeds of Ilex asprella usually have extremely low germination due to their dormancy characteristics, which severely impacts the efficiency of seedling raising and increases labor costs. In this study, to improve the seed germination of I. asprella, the effects of germination substrate, hormone, winnowing, and stratification treatments on the seed germination of I. asprella were investigated. The results of the germination matrix showed that the highest germination percentage of 45.2% was achieved under the 20°C/10°C day/night temperature and vermiculite germination medium conditions. The results of hormone treatments revealed that 100–400 mg/L of gibberellin (GA) and 50–100 mg/L of salicylic acid (SA) were found to be effective in releasing the dormancy of I. asprella seeds. Moreover, winnowing could effectively eliminate unsaturated seeds and impurities, thus improving the seed germination of I. asprella. Furthermore, warm temperature (15°C) stratification could expand the temperature range of I. asprella’s seed germination, which was beneficial for seed germination of I. asprella and for seed nursery at room temperature in production practice. The present study obtained a method to break dormancy and increase seed germination in I. asprella, thereby forming a groundwork for improving the efficiency of large-scale planting of I. asprella.     

Identification of Geotrichum candidum at the species and strain level: proposal for a standardized protocol

In this study, the M13 primer was used to distinguish Geotrichum candidum from the anamorphic and teleomorphic forms of other arthrospore-forming species (discriminatory power = 0.99). For intraspecific characterization, the GATA4 primer showed the highest level of discrimination for G. candidum among the 20 microsatellite primers tested. A molecular typing protocol (DNA concentration, hybridization temperature and type of PCR machine) was optimized through a series of intra- and interlaboratory trials. This protocol was validated using 75 strains of G. candidum, one strain of G. capitatum and one strain of G. fragrans, and exhibited a discrimination score of 0.87. This method could therefore be used in the agro-food industries to identify and to evaluate biodiversity and trace strains of G. candidum. The results show that the GATA4 primer might be used to differentiate strains according to their ecological niche.     

The shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa acts as a nurse plant for seedlings differing in shade tolerance in degraded land of South China

Questions: What are the nurse effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in degraded land of South China? Are canopy or soil factors responsible for the main nurse effect? Do facilitative effects increase with the shade tolerance of the target species? Location: Degraded shrubland in South China. Methods: Seedlings of three native climax woody species (Schima superba, Michelia macclurei, Castanopsis fissa) that differ in shade tolerance were subjected to four treatments by transplantation: (1) under the canopy of R. tomentosa shrubs; (2) in open interspaces without vegetation cover (control); (3) under the canopy of R. tomentosa from which canopies had been removed; and (4) in open interspaces without vegetation but covered by branches and leaves of R. tomentosa. Results: At low soil nutrient levels, increased canopy shade, soil porosity and soil moisture under the canopy of R. tomentosa increased seedling survival of the climax tree species S. superba, C. fissa and M. macclurei, and shoot height of S. superba. The nurse effect (a form of facilitation) of R. tomentosa depended more on canopy shade than on soil amelioration. The magnitude of facilitation or nurse effect was positively correlated with shade tolerance of the target species. Conclusions: Use of nurse plants in restoration differs from traditional reforestation (clearing and/or burning to reduce interspecific competition between target tree species and non‐target species) because it focuses on positive interactions between nurse plants and target plants that increase establishment of target species and reduce time required for restoration. Because nurse effects of R. tomentosa shrubs tended to be larger on target species with greater shade tolerance, shade‐tolerant plants are suggested as target species to accelerate restoration.     

Tree regeneration responses in a lowland Nothofagus-dominated forest after bamboo dieback in South-Central Chile

The bamboo Chusquea quila (Poaceae:Bambuseae) is the most abundant understory species ofNothofagus-dominated forests at low elevations inthe Chilean Lake District. Species of this genus strongly inhibit theestablishment and growth of tree species, especially those of the genusNothofagus. At intervals of many years, this bambooflowerssynchronously and dies, creating large-scale disturbances. The mainobjective of this study was to determine the influence of bamboo dieback ontreeregeneration, especially of shade-intolerant species. The forest studiedis a remnant stand of old-growth forest dominated by emergent individualsof N. obliqua and Eucryphiacordifoliawhich project about 10 m above a main canopy formed byAextoxicon punctatum, Laureliaphilippiana, and Podocarpus saligna. Treeseedlings that established prior to bamboo dieback were recorded in six gapsdensely covered by bamboo. After the dieback event in the early 1990's,recruitment, height growth and survivorship were monitored in four gaps duringtwo growing seasons. After the synchronous mass flowering and death ofChusqueaquila, both reorganization of advance regeneration and new seedlingrecruitment were observed in gaps. The advance regeneration consisted mainly ofthe shade-tolerant species A. punctatum,L. philippiana, and Amomyrtus luma.These species together with E. cordifolia accounted forover 90% of the total individuals in gaps. During the following twoseasons, c. 40% of the advance regeneration either died or was damaged.Root suckers of E. cordifolia and L.philippiana were taller and grew faster than the seedlings of otherspecies. Nothofagus obliqua was unable to establishadvanceregeneration in gaps formerly dominated by bamboo. New recruitment resulted inthe synchronized establishment of treeseedlings, especially less shade-tolerant species such as N.obliqua, Aristotelia chilensis,Rhaphithamnus spinosus, and E.cordifolia. These species recruited into the gaps almost entirelyduring the first season right after the bamboo dieback. However, by the end ofthe second season, these species had a lower density due to a combination oflower recruitment rate, shortened recruitment period, and greater mortalityratecompared to the shade-tolerant species. New bamboo seedlings grew fasterand were more abundant than tree seedlings, except for root suckers (bothnew establishment and advance regeneration) of E.cordifolia which is more likely to successfully recruit into thecanopy. Seedlings of N. obliqua compete poorly with bambooseedlings; its successful recruitment may require bamboo flowering coincidentwith a mast seed year for the tree species.     

Callus and cell suspension cultures of Rudgea jasminoides,a tropical woody Rubiaceae

Rudgea jasminoides is a woody Rubiaceae that produces phytoalexins in response to fungal inoculation, the response being dependent of the seasonal conditions. With the aim of studying phytoalexin induction under controlled conditions, callus cultures were established from petiole explants of R. jasminoides on a modified basal MS medium supplemented with picloram alone or in combination with kinetin. The highest frequency of callus formation was observed in solid medium containing 2.22 M kinetin and 2.07 M picloram. Development of fast-growing friable white callus was achieved in the absence of kinetin, in cultures supplemented only with 8.28 M picloram. Cell suspension cultures were established from this friable callus by transferring pieces directly to the same medium without agar. Preliminary experiments revealed that cell suspension cultures of R. jasminoides represent a useful system to analyse induced defensive metabolites produced by this Rubiaceae species.     

Differential sugar uptake by cell suspension cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rudgea jasminoides</Emphasis>, a tropical woody Rubiaceae

The primary utilization of carbohydrates by cell suspension cultures of Rudgea jasminoides, a native woody Rubiaceae from tropical forests, was investigated. Sucrose, glucose + fructose, glucose, or fructose were supplied as carbon sources. The growth curves of R. jasminoides cultured in glucose + fructose, glucose, or fructose showed similar patterns to that observed when sucrose was supplied to the cells, except that an increase in dry mass was observed at the beginning of the stationary growth phase in the media containing only one monosaccharide. The increase in hexose levels in the media during the early stages of the cultures indicated extracellular hydrolysis of sucrose, which was further supported by the increase in the activity of acid invertase bound to the cell wall. Glucose was preferentially taken up, whereas uptake of fructose was delayed until glucose was nearly depleted from the medium. Measurements of intracellular sucrose content and cytoplasmatic and vacuolar invertases indicate that the enzymatic activity seems to be correlated with a decrease in the hexose flux into the cells of R. jasminoides. Our results indicate that the behavior of cell suspension cultures of R. jasminoides regarding sugar utilization seems to be similar to other dicotyledonous undifferentiated cell suspension cultures.     

Light limitation creates patchy distribution of an invasive grass in eastern deciduous forests

Species interactions and their indirect effects on the availability and distribution of resources have been considered strong determinants of community structure in many different ecological systems. In deciduous forests, the presence of overstory trees and shrubs creates a shifting mosaic of resources for understory plants, with implications for their distribution and abundance. Determination of the ultimate resource constraints on understory vegetation may aid management of these systems that have become increasingly susceptible to invasions by non-native plants. Microstegium vimineum (Japanese grass) is an invasive annual grass that has spread rapidly throughout the understory of forests across the eastern United States since it was first observed in Tennessee in 1919. M. vimineum occurs as extensive, dense patches in the understory of eastern deciduous forests, yet these patches often exhibit sharp boundaries and distinct gaps in cover. One example of this distributional pattern was observed relative to the native midstory tree Asimina triloba (pawpaw), whereby dense M. vimineum cover stopped abruptly at the drip line of the A. triloba patch and was absent beneath the A. triloba canopy. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to test several hypotheses regarding the causes of this observed pattern of M. vimineum distribution, including allelopathy, seed dispersal, light limitations, and soil moisture, texture, and nutrient content. We concluded that light reduction by the A. triloba canopy was the environmental constraint that prevented establishment of M. vimineum beneath this tree. Whereas overstory tree canopy apparently facilitates the establishment of this shade-tolerant grass, the interaction of overstory canopy with midstory canopy interferes with M. vimineum by reducing the availability of sunflecks at the ground layer. It is likely that other midstory species influence the distribution and abundance of other herb-layer species, with implications for management of understory invasive plant species.     

When sex is not enough: ecological correlates of resprouting capacity in congeneric tropical forest shrubs

In moist tropical forests resprouting may be an important component of life history, contributing to asexual reproduction through the clonal spread of individuals derived from shoot fragments. However, in contrast to other ecosystems where resprouting is common, the ecological correlates of resprouting capacity in tropical forests remain largely unexplored. In this study we characterized shade tolerance, resprouting capacity and sexual reproductive success of eight co-occurring Piper species from lowland forests of Panama. In field experiments we found that shade-tolerant Piper species had a higher capacity to regenerate from excised or pinned stem fragments than light-demanding species in both gap and understory light conditions. In contrast, shade-tolerant species had lower recruitment probabilities from seeds, as a consequence of lower initial seed viability, and lower seedling emergence rates. All Piper species needed gap conditions for successful seedling establishment. Of 8,000 seeds sown in the understory only 0.2% emerged. In gaps, seed germination of light-demanding species was between 10 and 50%, whereas for shade-tolerant species it was 0.5–9.8%. We propose that the capacity to reproduce asexually from resprouts could be adaptive for shade-tolerant species that are constantly exposed to damage from falling litter in the understory. Resprouting may allow Piper populations to persist and spread despite the high rate of pre-dispersal seed predation and low seed emergence rates. Across Piper species, we detected a trade-off between resprouting capacity and the annual viable seed production per plant but not with annual seed mass produced per plant. This suggests that species differences in sexual reproductive success may not necessarily result from differential resource allocation. Instead we suggest that low sexual reproductive success in the understory may in part reflect reduced genetic diversity in populations undergoing clonal growth, resulting in self-fertilization and in-breeding depression.     

Bacterial effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza development as influenced by the bacteria, fungi, and host plant

Bacterial strains from mycorrhizal roots (three belonging to Comamonadaceae and one to Oxalobacteraceae) and from non-mycorrhizal roots (two belonging to Comamonadaceae) of Medicago truncatula and two reference strains (Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 and Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12) were tested for their effect on the in vitro saprophytic growth of Glomus mosseae BEG12 and on its colonization of M. truncatula roots. Only the Oxalobacteraceae strain, isolated from barrel medic mycorrhizal roots, and the reference strain P. fluorescens C7R12 promoted both the saprophytic growth and root colonization of G. mosseae BEG12, indicating that they acted as mycorrhiza helper bacteria. Greatest effects were achieved by P. fluorescens C7R12 and its influence on the saprophytic growth of G. mosseae was compared to that on Gigaspora rosea BEG9 to determine if the bacterial stimulation was fungal specific. This fungal specificity, together with plant specificity, was finally evaluated by comparing bacterial effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis when each of the fungal species was inoculated to two different plant species (M. truncatula and Lycopersicon esculentum). The results obtained showed that promotion of saprophytic growth by P. fluorescens C7R12 was expressed in vitro towards G. mosseae but not towards G. rosea. Bacterial promotion of mycorhization was also expressed towards G. mosseae, but not G. rosea, in roots of M. truncatula and L. esculentum. Taken together, results indicated that enhancement of arbuscular mycorrhiza development was only induced by a limited number of bacteria, promotion by the most efficient bacterial strain being fungal and not plant specific.