以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的小鼠肝炎病毒DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫原性

目的：构建以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的小鼠肝炎病毒DNA疫苗,研究该疫苗的免疫原性。方法：以小鼠肝炎病毒S1基因的重组真核表达质粒pVAX1—S1免疫BALB／c小鼠,ELISA检测其诱导抗体产生情况;再将重组质粒pVAX1—S1电转化到减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207中,构建运送S1基因的重组减毒沙门氏菌SL7207（pVAX1—S1）,口服免疫BALB／c小鼠,间接免疫荧光试验鉴定减毒沙门氏菌运送的DNA疫苗的免疫原性。结果：与pVAX1空载体对照组相比,重组真核表达质粒pVAX1—S1免疫组二免及三免后抗体水平分别存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）和极显著性差异（P〈0．01）。减毒沙门氏菌运送的DNA疫苗SL7207（pVAX1—S1）诱导小鼠产生了特异性的血清抗体。结论：构建的重组减毒沙门氏菌SL7207（pVAX1—S1）具有良好的免疫原性,可诱导小鼠产生特异性的体液免疫应答。这为进一步研制冠状病毒新型基因疫苗奠定了基础。     

减毒沙门氏菌介导的小鼠肝炎病毒S1基因DNA疫苗的免疫特性分析

根据GenBank公开序列自行设计一对引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出小鼠肝炎病毒的全长S1基因,并将其插入真核表达质粒pVAX1中,构建出重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-S1。将重组质粒转染COS-7细胞,采用间接免疫荧光检测出S1蛋白的体外表达。将重组质粒转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207中,构建出运送DNA疫苗的重组沙门氏菌SL7207(pVAX1-S1)。分别以5×108CFU、1×109CFU、2×109CFU剂量的重组菌口服接种6周龄BALB/c小鼠,试验结果表明,重组菌对小鼠具有良好的安全性。以1×109CFU剂量的重组菌口服免疫小鼠,抗体检测结果显示,在二免后两周和三免后两周,重组菌免疫组的血清抗体水平与SL7207(pVAX1)空载体免疫组间分别存在显著性差异(P<0.05)和极显著性差异(P<0.01)。在三免后两周重组菌免疫组出现了较高水平的肠黏膜抗体。     

减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌运送的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒s1基因DNA疫苗及其免疫效力研究

为研制鸡传染性支气管炎新型基因工程疫苗,构建和表达了运送鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)DNA疫苗的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。首先将鸡传染性支气管炎病毒M41株的全长s1基因插入到嵌合CpG DNA的真核表达质粒pVAX1中,构建出重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-S1-CpG。然后将重组质粒转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207,构建出运送DNA疫苗的重组减毒沙门氏菌SL7207(pVAX1-S1-CpG)。将重组菌SL7207(pVAX1-S1-CpG)分别以1×109CFU,5×109CFU,1×1010CFU的剂量滴鼻和口服接种4日龄雏鸡,2周内所有试验鸡均无任何不良反应,试验结果表明重组菌SL7207(pVAX1-S1-CpG)具有良好的安全性。在免疫后35 d,商品鸡体重测定结果表明重组菌免疫不影响鸡体增重。以5×109CFU重组菌滴鼻和口服两次接种4日龄商品代伊莎褐蛋鸡,二免3周后,血清抗体和小肠黏膜抗体测定结果表明,SL7207(pVAX1-S1-CpG)免疫组抗体水平与空白对照组、空载体对照组之间分别存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。攻毒试验结果表明,重组菌SL7207(pVAX1-S1-CpG)免疫组有较高的免疫保护效力,与灭活苗和减毒苗效力相当,显示出一定的应用前景。     

稳定携带H5亚型禽流感病毒候选DNA疫苗减毒沙门氏菌的构建及其免疫原性

采用PCR技术从重组质粒pVAX1-HA扩增出禽流感病毒JSGO(H5N1)株的血凝素(HA)基因,将其克隆入真核表达质粒pmcDNA3.1 中,获得重组表达质粒pmcDNA3.1-HA。通过电穿孔转化法将重组质粒转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207*,构建成功携带DNA疫苗的重组沙门氏菌SL7207*(pmcDNA3.1-HA)。经体内体外试验证实,重组质粒pmcDNA3.1-HA在沙门氏菌中的稳定性显著高于pcDNA3.1-HA。将重组菌SL7207*(pmcDNA3.1-HA)和SL7207*(pcDNA3.1-HA)分别以2×109CFU剂量两次口服免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫小鼠可产生针对禽流感病毒HA蛋白的黏膜抗体。重组菌以5×109CFU剂量两次口服免疫试验鸡,免疫鸡的小肠样品中可测到针对禽流感病毒HA蛋白的黏膜抗体,且SL7207*(pmcDNA3.1-HA)免疫组的抗体效价高于SL7207*(pcDNA3.1-HA)免疫组。免疫保护试验结果显示,SL7207*(pmcDNA3.1-HA)和SL7207*(pcDNA3.1-HA)免疫组的免疫保护率均与空载体组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),且SL7207*(pmcDNA3.1-HA)免疫组的保护率较SL7207*(pcDNA3.1-HA)免疫组提高了22.6%,说明稳定携带H5亚型禽流感病毒DNA疫苗的减毒沙门氏菌具有良好的免疫原性和免疫保护性。     

稳定携带新城疫病毒DNA疫苗减毒沙门氏菌的构建及其免疫原性

采用PCR技术从重组质粒pVAX1-F中扩增出新城疫病毒JS5株的融合蛋白(F)基因,将其克隆入真核表达质粒pmcDNA3.1 中,获得重组表达质粒pmcDNA3.1-F.通过电穿孔转化法将重组质粒转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207,构建成功携带DNA疫苗的重组沙门氏菌SL7207(pmcDNA3.1-F).体内、体外试验结果表明,重组质粒pmcDNA3.1-F在沙门氏菌中的稳定性显著高于pcDNA3.1-F.将重组菌SL7207(pmcDNA3.1-F)和SL7207(pcDNA3.1-F)分别以1×109 CFU剂量两次口服免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫小鼠可产生针对新城疫病毒F蛋白的血清抗体和黏膜抗体.重组菌以5×109 CFU剂量两次口服免疫4日龄SPF鸡,免疫鸡产生的针对新城疫病毒F蛋白的血清抗体和小肠黏膜抗体效价水平与空载体组之间存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).免疫保护试验结果显示,SL7207(pmcDNA3.1-F)和SL7207(pcDNA3.1-F)免疫组的免疫保护率均与空载体组之间存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),且SL7207(pmcDNA3.1-F)免疫组的保护率较SL7207(pcDNA3.1-F)免疫组提高了20.0%,说明稳定携带新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的减毒沙门氏菌具有良好的免疫原性和免疫保护性.     

携带新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌及其安全性与免疫效力

根据GenBank中发表的新城疫病毒(NDV)融合蛋白(F)基因序列,设计一对引物,通过RTPCR扩增出鹅源新城疫病毒分离株JS5F基因,测序确认后,将其克隆入真核表达载体pVAX1,获得重组真核表达质粒pVAX1F。将pVAX1F转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207,构建成携带DNA疫苗的重组沙门氏菌SL7207(pVAX1F)。重组菌以不同剂量口服免疫1日龄雏鸡,结果表明,细菌对雏鸡具有良好的安全性,且不影响鸡的增重。将SL7207(pVAX1F)分别以108CFU和109CFU的剂量3次口服免疫1日龄商品代伊莎褐蛋鸡,抗体检测结果显示,在三免后1周,SL7207(pVAX1F)109CFU剂量组的血清抗体效价与空载体组之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。重组菌两个剂量组在首免后2周开始出现粘膜抗体,并于二免后2周和3周达到较高水平。免疫保护试验结果显示,SL7207(pVAX1F)109CFU剂量组的保护率为77.27%,与空载体组之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。     

以减毒沙门氏菌运送的H5亚型禽流感病毒DNA疫苗的构建及其对小鼠的免疫原性

根据GenBank中已发表的H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列,设计一对引物,通过RTPCR扩增鹅源H5亚型高致病力禽流感病毒HA基因,测序确认后,将其克隆入真核表达载体pVAX1和asdpVAX1得到重组表达载体pVAX1HA和asdpVAX1HA。将重组质粒转染P815细胞,经间接免疫荧光试验证实,HA基因在细胞内得到了瞬时表达。进一步将重组质粒转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌X4550得到两种运送DNA疫苗的重组沙门氏菌X4550（pVAX1HA）和X4550（asdpVAX1HA）,以1×109CFU/只的剂量两次口服免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫小鼠不仅可以检测到HA特异性的血清抗体应答,而且还能抵抗稳定表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的P815肥大细胞瘤的攻击,说明该运送DNA疫苗的减毒沙门氏菌系统在体内能够成功释放所携带的质粒,并且能够刺激机体产生保护性免疫应答。     

携带HCV核心蛋白原核表达质粒与真核表达质粒的减毒伤寒沙门菌诱导小鼠免疫应答之比较

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心蛋白是丙肝疫苗的重要候选抗原,然而,该蛋白因具有免疫调控作用而影响免疫应答的诱导。构建了HCV核心蛋白的两种表达质粒,一种是体内激活型原核表达质粒pZW-C,另一种是真核表达质粒pCI-C。将该两种质粒转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌SL7207,得到重组菌SL7207/pZW-C和SL7207/pCI-C,分别将重组菌口服接种小鼠,检测小鼠的免疫应答,结果发现：① SL7207/pCI-C免疫鼠的CD3⁺CD4⁺ T细胞持续降低,而SL7207/pZW-C免疫鼠的CD3⁺CD4⁺ T细胞无明显改变;② SL7207/pCI-C免疫只诱导低水平抗HCV核心蛋白抗体,加强免疫对抗体阳转率及抗体水平无明显影响,而SL7207/pZW-C免疫组所有小鼠均产生较高水平的抗核心蛋白抗体。③ SL7207/pCI-C免疫鼠脾细胞的体外增殖活性、细胞毒性T细胞活性以及加强免疫对细胞免疫应答的增强作用均明显不及SL7207/pZW-C免疫鼠。结果提示：携带真核表达质粒pCI-C的沙门菌因在小鼠细胞内表达天然形式（结构以及磷酸化修饰）的HCV核心蛋白,可能通过对T细胞的免疫抑制作用而弱化免疫应答。而以携带原核表达质粒pZW-C的沙门菌免疫可避免这一问题,并具有接种方便,成本低廉等优点,从而可望作为基于HCV核心蛋白为靶抗原的HCV疫苗的候选免疫方式。     

山羊痘口服疫苗构建及其安全性、稳定性检测

目的:探索山羊痘新型疫苗.方法:将山羊痘病毒P32基因插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+),转化至减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207(aroA-);重组菌以不同浓度灌暇小鼠进行安全性检测,同时进行稳定性检测.结果:重组减毒沙门氏菌质粒PCR鉴定与预期大小(986bp、1 134bp)一致,完成山羊痘口服疫苗构建;安全性试验结果表明除1010CFU剂量组小鼠呈现轻微反应外,其它组别小鼠均健康存活;体外连续培养10代菌能检测到目的基因,以109CFU剂量灌服小鼠,在第1d、第3d肠内容物和第5d脾脏中分离到重组菌.结论:成功构建了以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的山羊痘口服疫苗,且具有良好的安全性和稳定性,为山羊痘新型疫苗的进一步深入研究奠定了基础.     

携带HCV核心蛋白原核表达质粒与真核表达质粒的减毒伤寒沙门菌诱导小鼠免疫应答之比较

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)核心蛋白是丙肝疫苗的重要候选抗原,然而,该蛋白因具有免疫调控作用而影响免疫应答的诱导。构建了HCV核心蛋白的两种表达质粒,一种是体内激活型原核表达质粒pZW-C,另一种是真核表达质粒pCI-C。将该两种质粒转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌SL7207,得到重组菌SL7207/pZW-C和SL7207/pCI-C,分别将重组菌口服接种小鼠,检测小鼠的免疫应答,结果发现:①SL7207/pCI-C免疫鼠的CD3 CD4 T细胞持续降低,而SL7207/pZW-C免疫鼠的CD3 CD4 T细胞无明显改变;②SL7207/pCI-C免疫只诱导低水平抗HCV核心蛋白抗体,加强免疫对抗体阳转率及抗体水平无明显影响,而SL7207/pZW-C免疫组所有小鼠均产生较高水平的抗核心蛋白抗体。③SL7207/pCI-C免疫鼠脾细胞的体外增殖活性、细胞毒性T细胞活性以及加强免疫对细胞免疫应答的增强作用均明显不及SL7207/pZW-C免疫鼠。结果提示:携带真核表达质粒pCI-C的沙门菌因在小鼠细胞内表达天然形式(结构以及磷酸化修饰)的HCV核心蛋白,可能通过对T细胞的免疫抑制作用而弱化免疫应答。而以携带原核表达质粒pZW-C的沙门菌免疫可避免这一问题,并具有接种方便,成本低廉等优点,从而可望作为基于HCV核心蛋白为靶抗原的HCV疫苗的候选免疫方式。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.