柿果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分代谢和超微结构的变化

柿果实采后果胶酯酶活性迅速上升,其活性与果实硬度的下降呈明显的负相关。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性增加缓慢,但其活性与果实硬度的下降无明显相关性。β-半乳糖苷酶活性迅速增加,其活性与果实硬度的下降呈明显的负相关。纤维素酶活性呈逐渐上升趋势,与果实硬度的下降也呈明显的负相关。伴随着细胞壁水解酶活性的增加,果实原果胶和纤维素含量迅速下降,而水溶性果胶含量则迅速上升。柿果刚采收时细胞壁结构完整,3d后细胞壁中胶层基本被溶解,甚至初生壁也局部发生降解。     

桃儿七种子休眠解除过程中细胞壁代谢及种皮超微结构的变化

为探究低温层积过程中桃儿七种子细胞壁代谢及种皮超微结构与休眠解除的内在联系,该研究通过低温层积解除桃儿七种子休眠,分析休眠解除过程中种子不同部位细胞壁组分及相关代谢酶的变化,同时利用扫描电镜对种皮的超微结构进行观察。结果表明,(1)桃儿七种皮主要由角质层、栅状石细胞层及海绵组织层3层构成,在层积过程中,种皮内部的海绵组织逐步疏松膨胀,种皮表面破损加剧;(2)种子不同部位的细胞壁组分具有明显差异,整个层积过程中,种胚、种皮和胚乳中的纤维素含量均在层积中期(45 d和60 d)降至最低,3个部位的纤维素酶活性在层积中期对应升高;种胚和种皮内的半纤维素含量均在层积中期显著下降,种皮中甘露聚糖酶活性和木糖苷酶活性在层积中期时相应达到最大;3个部位的果胶含量均在层积后期(75 d和90 d)时显著下降,而种皮和胚乳中多聚半乳糖醛缩酶活性也在层积后期相应升高;(3)种胚和胚乳内过氧化物酶活性在层积75 d和90 d时明显下降,而SOD活性在此时显著上升。(4)种子不同部位3种木质素单体的组成比例具有明显区别,同时3种木质素单体含量均随层积时间的延长而显著降低,且胚乳和种皮中的S-木质素含量对种子萌发存在显著的负向影响关系。研究认为,在低温层积过程中,桃儿七种子内细胞壁组分纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的逐步酶解,活性氧作用下的细胞壁松弛以及海绵组织层的疏松膨胀和种皮的破裂,破坏了细胞壁的刚性结构,促使种子机械束缚力降低,吸水性能提高、胚根生长能力增强,最终导致其休眠解除。     

棉纤维发育过程中基因表达的研究进展

棉纤维发育过程中基因表达的研究进展陈松周宝良（江苏省农业科学院经济作物研究所,南京２１００１４）吴敬音（江苏省农业科学研究院生物遗传生理研究所,南京２１００１４）前言棉纤维是由胚珠表皮细胞经过分化、伸长、次生壁加厚等一系列过程发育形成的,其发育过程...     

果实成熟过程中细胞壁组成的变化

果实成熟是一个复杂的过程。Ｂｒａｄｙ[1 ] 认为成熟是一个由遗传决定的器官分化协调一致的过程 ,因此人们普遍把成熟的调控作为植物发育的一个模型来研究。果实成熟时呈现出许多生理生化变化 ,除呼吸上升、乙烯合成、色素转变和风味物质形成外 ,软化也是许多果实成熟时相伴的重要现象。已公认这些质地上的变化是细胞壁结构上的改变引起的[2 ] 。本文介绍植物细胞壁的结构模型、果肉细胞壁组分间的交联、成熟过程中细胞壁组分变化及对质地的影响 ,旨在更好地理解果实的质地及其在成熟过程中的变化基础。1　果肉细胞壁的结构与组分间的交联…     

橄榄果实发育过程中细胞壁物质和相关酶活性变化

为了解橄榄(Canarium album)果实质地差异形成的原因,以鲜食型橄榄‘清榄1号’和加工型橄榄‘长营’为材料,对果实发育过程中细胞壁物质含量和相关酶活性进行了测定。结果表明,随着橄榄果实的成熟,‘清榄1号’较‘长营’维持较高的果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性,促进了果胶的水解,离子型果胶(ISP)含量较高而共价型果胶(CSP)含量较低。2个橄榄品种纤维素含量均较高,‘清榄1号’果实的半纤维素含量低于‘长营’。‘清榄1号’木质素含量低于‘长营’,较高的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性促进了木质素含量的增加。因此,ISP、CSP、半纤维素和木质素含量的不同可能是2个橄榄品种果实质地差异形成的原因。     

发育过程中田菁根瘤超微结构的变化

有人作过木本的大花田菁根瘤的显微观察。近来对毛里塔尼亚田菁茎瘤形成和结构也有报道。在我国栽种比较广泛的普通田菁(Sesbania canabina)根瘤的超微结构尚缺乏详细资料。β-多羟基丁酸盐(pH B)颗粒在很多细菌、放线菌和蓝绿藻中均有发现,在根瘤菌和固氮拟菌体内也大量存在。关于 pH B 的生理作用,大多数认为与固氮时所需能     

玉竹生殖细胞壁在发育中的变化

应用光镜细胞化学和电镜方法,研究了玉竹生殖细胞发育过程中壁的结构和性质,证明了生殖细胞在刚形成时分隔它与营养细胞的壁是含胼胝质和纤维素的,从生殖细胞行将与内壁脱离开始,直至完全游离在花粉粒的营养细胞质中的发育时期,壁变薄和不显示苯胺蓝和荧光增白剂的荧光,但对ＰＡＳ是正反应的,当生殖细胞进入花粉管后和在有丝分裂前,细胞具有弱的ＰＡＳ正反应的包被,在结构形态上与曾在精细胞中描周质相似。研究结果证明玉竹     

棉纤维超微结构的研究

应用X射线衍射技术研究了棉纤维的超微结构,其结果是：棉纤维细胞壁微晶区沿纤维轴方向的长度为12．7nm,垂直于纤维轴方向的宽度为6．6nm;沿纤维轴方向的畸变为0．69％,垂直于纤维轴方向的畸变为3．28％。棉纤维在生长过程中其细胞次生壁S2层的平均微原纤螺旋角随花生长天数的增加逐渐减小;纤维素微晶粒间的取向度逐渐增加;花后5－14天结晶度缓慢增加;14－17天陡然增加,17天后极缓慢地趋向稳定值。微原纤螺旋角随果枝位变化自下而上略有增加,随果节位变化由里向外略有增加;微晶取向度随果枝位变化自下而上略有减小,随果节位变化由里向外略有减小。研究表明：棉纤维的宏观品质性状和微观取向参数存在着显著的相关性或呈强相关,并建立了它们间的相关式。棉纤维的品质性状差异主要由取向参数的差异决定。     

影响棉纤维分化和发育的因素

影响棉纤维生长发育的主要因素是：基因型、激素、温度、水分、光照、授粉受精状况等。基因型决定棉纤维分化发育方式,内源或外源激素调控纤维分化、伸长、次生壁形成等发育过程。温度对纤维分化发育也有很大程度的影响。离体纤维生长发育除了受上述因素影响外,还受微量元素、维生素、ＮＨ４＾＋、ＣＯ２浓度等影响。     

棉纤维发育的分子生理机制

本文综述了棉纤维分化、发育的分子生理机制的研究现状,着重讨论了棉纤维细胞膨压的产生、细胞壁的松弛、结构分子的合成和加入、次生壁增厚的启始信号、纤维素的生物合成和细胞骨架系统控制纤维素沉积等机制。进而对本领域的研究前景提出了看法。     

棉花离体培养纤维的研究进展

从试管棉纤维的诱导条件、影响试管棉纤维分化和伸长的因子以及其发育机制等方面进行了综述.试管棉纤维主要是通过胚珠及愈伤组织诱导形成,其影响因子主要是植物生长调节物质及外界环境.同时总结了目前棉花离体培养纤维中存在问题,并展望了棉花离体培养的前景和应用价值.     

棉纤维品质性状差异形成机制的研究

应用ＨＶＩ９００ 测试系统和Ｘ 射线计算机多峰分离方法分别测量了棉纤维品质性状和取向参数,研究表明两者存在着显著的相关性,并建立了它们间的相关关系式。棉纤维品质性状的差异主要是由其超分子结构参数－ 微原纤螺旋角和微晶取向离散角决定的。     

PEG和表面活性剂对棉纤维细胞合成葡聚糖的影响

以陆地棉岱字-15号棉纤维细胞为材料,用3H-葡聚糖示踪方法测定β-1,3-葡聚糖和纤维素的合成。PEG4000促进β-1,3-葡聚糖和纤维素的合成,对刺激纤维素的合成更有效;随着非离子型表面活性剂 Trion X-100和Tween 20浓度的升高,抑制β-1,3-葡聚糖和纤维素的合成程度也增加,但抑制纤维素的合成更为强烈;而阴离子表面活性剂SDS则有所不同,在较高浓度下,又出现对β-1,3-葡聚糖合成抑制的减弱,这可能与SDS载负电荷的缘故有关。结果提示,完整的细胞膜有利于纤维素的合成,细胞膜损伤则利于β-1,3-葡聚糖的合成。     

Cloning and characterization of a gene for an LRR receptor-like protein kinase associated with cotton fiber development

Cotton fiber is an ideal model for studying plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis, but the genes that are critical for the regulation of fiber development are largely unknown. We report here the cloning and characterization of a receptor-like kinase gene (designated GhRLK1), expression of which is induced during the period of active secondary wall synthesis in the cotton fiber cells. We demonstrate that GhRLK1 is located in the plasma membrane and shows dual specificity as both a serine/threonine kinase and a tyrosine kinase. Our results suggest a possible role of GhRLK1 in the signal transduction pathway that is involved in the induction and maintenance of active secondary wall formation during fiber development.     

The primary walls of cotton fibers contain an ensheathing pectin layer

Summary Cotton fiber walls (1–2 days post anthesis) are distinctly bilayered compared to those of nonfiber epidermal cells, with a more electron-opaque outer layer and a less electron-opaque, more finely fibrillar inner layer. When probed with antibodies and affinity probes to various saccharides, xyloglucans and cellulose are found exclusively in the inner layer and de-esterified pectins and extensin exclusively in the outer layer. Ovular epidermal cells that do not differentiate into fibers have no pectin sheath, but are labelled throughout with antixyloglucan and cellulase-gold probes. Middle lamellae between adjacent cells were clearly labelled with the antibodies to de-esterified pectins, however. Similarly, cell walls of leaf trichomes have a bilayered wall strongly enriched in pectin, whereas other epidermal cells are not bilayered and are pectin poor. These data indicate that one of the early markers of fiber and trichome cells from other epidermal cells involves the production of a pectin layer. The de-esterified pectins present in the ensheathing layer may allow for expansion and elongation of the fiber cells that does not occur in the other epidermal cells without such a sheath or may even be a consequence of the elongation process.     

Ultrastructural localization of ATPase activity in cotton fiber during elongation

Summary The ultrastructural distribution of potassium chloride stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity was investigated in the outer integument of a linted cultivar of cotton and a lintless (naked seed) mutant from one day preanthesis to eight days postanthesis by using a heavy metal simultaneous capture reaction technique. No enzyme activity other than in mitochondria was observed in the lintless mutant. In the linted cultivar no ATP-specific enzyme activity was seen in non-elongating epidermal cells, subepidermal cells of the outer integuments or any controls. As fiber initials started elongating, enzyme activity gradually appeared on the tonoplasts of enlarging vacuoles. Heavier lead phosphate deposits were observed on the membrane of small vacuoles compared to the tonoplast. This activity continued at least to eight days postanthesis. The enzyme inhibitor, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibited, while KCl stimulated, tonoplast ATPase activity. The gradual increase of ATPase activity on the tonoplast of expanding fibers, but not on the tonoplasts of non-fiber cells, suggests the active transport of osmotically active compounds, presumably potassium and malate, into the vacuoles of expanding fibers. Fusion of smaller vacuoles with the large central vacuole indicates that these structures contribute additional membrane components along with their enzyme activity to the tonoplast of expanding fibers. The occurrence of ATPase activity, of ER-derived vesicular structures, and the organized pattern of deposition of these structures on the tonoplast indicate ER-originated ATPase activity. This study supports the theory of osmoregulation in cotton fiber where ATPase provides the energy for active accumulation of osmotically active compounds, (K⁺, malate) into the vacuoles, thereby generating and maintaining the turgor pressure required for fiber expansion.Abbreviations ATPase Adenosine triphosphatase - DCCD N,N-Di-cyclohexylcarbodiimide - EM Electron microscope - ER Endoplasmic reticulum - GP -Glycerophosphate - LC Lead citrate - PEP-Case Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase - UA Uranyl acetate     

The effects of microtubule and microfilament disrupting agents on cytoskeletal arrays and wall deposition in developing cotton fibers

Summary The effects of various cytoskeletal disrupting agents (cholchicine, oryzalin, trifluralin, taxol, cytochalasins B and D) on microtubules, microfilaments and wall microfibril deposition were monitored in developing cotton fibers, using immunocytochemical and fluorescence techniques. Treatment with 10^–4 M colchicine, 10^–6 M trifluralin or 10^–6 M oryzalin resulted in a reduction in the number of microtubules, however, the drug-stable microtubules still appear to influence wall deposition. Treatment with 10^–5 M taxol increased the numbers of microtubules present within 15 minutes of application. New microtubules were aligned parallel to the existing ones, however, some evidence of random arrays was observed. Microtubules stabilized with taxol appeared to function in wall organization but do not undergo normal re-orientations during development. Microtubule disrupting agent had no detectable affect on the microfilament population. Exposure to either 4×10^–5 M cytochalasin B or 2×10^–6M cytochalasin D resulted in a disruption of microfilaments and a re-organization of microtubule arrays. Treatment with either cytochalasin caused a premature shift in the orientation of microtubules in young fibers, whereas in older fibers the microtubule arrays became randomly organized. These observations indicate that microtubule populations during interphase are heterogeneous, differing at least in their susceptibility to disruption by depolymerizing agents. Changes in microtubule orientation (induced by cytochalasin) indicate that microfilaments may be involved in regulating microtubule orientation during development.