林业活动对区域森林生物量碳源汇格局的影响——以南平市为例

林业活动在一定程度上影响着区域森林的时空分布格局和碳汇/源功能。明确并量化林业活动对区域森林碳汇功能的影响与空间分布，对于区域森林碳汇提升和实现区域"碳中和"具有重要意义。以国家级生态示范区福建省南平市为例，以多期森林资源规划调查数据为基础，采用IPCC材积源-生物量法，基于土地利用类型的时空变化和林业活动类型划分，分类分析了南平市森林碳源和碳汇的空间分布特征，并量化了不同林业活动（一直保持为森林、人工造林、自然恢复、毁林和森林退化）对森林碳汇和碳源的影响。研究结果表明，2013年南平市森林碳储量总量为80.84Tg C，2020年森林碳储量总量增加至89.87Tg C，年均变化量为1.29Tg C/a （或4.73Tg CO₂/a）。平均胸径、公顷蓄积等林分因子是当前主要影响森林碳储量的因素。在其他影响因素中，暗红壤分布区的森林生物质碳密度较高而在水稻土分布区则较低；此外，高海拔、中等立地质量土地上的森林碳密度较高。对于不同林业活动，2013-2020年南平市一直保持为森林（森林经营）、自然恢复增加的天然林和人工造林分别使森林生物质碳储量增加了0.34Tg C/a、0.85Tg C/a和1.05Tg C/a，同期因毁林和森林退化导致森林生物质碳储量分别减少0.75Tg C/a和0.42Tg C/a，森林生物质碳储量净增加1.09Tg C/a （或3.98Tg CO₂/a），明显低于2013-2020森林碳储量净增量。对于土地利用变化较剧烈的区域，本文基于土地利用变化且区分林业活动路径的方法，能更准确地反映森林的碳汇和碳源及时空格局。2013-2020年间南平市一直保持为森林的生物质碳密度仅增长0.22Mg C hm^-2 a^-1，成熟林、过熟林面积占比增加使森林平均生长速率下降可能是主要原因。而同期通过自然恢复和人工造林使森林生物质碳密度分别增长4.00Mg C hm^-2 a^-1和4.10Mg C hm^-2 a^-1。优化龄组结构提升森林生长量、减少毁林和防止森林退化可以作为该区域未来森林增汇减排的有效举措。     

黄土丘陵区两种主要退耕还林树种生态系统碳储量和固碳潜力

黄土丘陵区是中华文明的起源地,而原有植被却遭受严重破坏。因此,自20世纪70年代末开始的三北防护林工程、退耕还林工程和天然林保护工程等大型生态恢复工程,在本区均有大面积分布。这些工程已经对生态恢复起到重要作用,并将对全球碳素循环起到积极作用。以黄土丘陵区的主要造林树种--油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)为研究对象,共设置样方28个,测定森林乔木、灌木、草本生物量及凋落物碳储量;钻取并分析土样516份,获得土壤有机碳储量。结合文献数据和农田碳储量数据,建立0-86年生油松林和0-56年生刺槐纯林生态系统碳储量-林龄序列;在此基础上分析造林对生态系统碳储量和固碳潜力的影响。结果表明,造林后的油松林和刺槐林生态系统的植被、凋落物及土壤碳储量逐渐增加;在没有人为干扰的情况下,19、27、36、86年生油松林生态系统碳储量分别为70.76、143.43、167.30、271.23-332.26 Mg/hm²;8、17、39年生刺槐林生态系统碳储量分别为80.37、94.08、140.77 Mg/hm²。受间伐干扰、45\,52年生油松林生态系统碳储量分别为136.42\,168.56 Mg/hm²,相对于没有人为干扰的油松林,其植被碳储量明显下降,而土壤碳储量保持稳定甚至升高。受乱砍滥伐干扰的71年生油松林和56年生刺槐林的生态系统碳储量分别为118.87\,76.99 Mg/hm²,相对于没有人为干扰的森林,其植被碳储量和土壤碳储量均呈明显下降趋势。种植油松林之后的86a时间内,其生态系统固碳潜力为211.61-272.64 Mg/hm²;而种植刺槐林、在39a时间内的生态系统固碳潜力为81.15 Mg/hm²。     

黄土高原退耕还草地植物群落动态对生态系统碳储量的影响

退化农地通过植被恢复能够提高生态系统的固碳能力,但是植被恢复中植物群落特征如何影响生态系统碳储量仍存在不确定性。以农田为对照,选取自然恢复8、15、25、35 a草地为对象,探讨退耕还草地植物群落特征对生态系统碳储量的影响。结果表明：群落盖度随着恢复年限的增加而显著增加,恢复35 a时达到最大值（64.0%）,优势种从达乌里胡枝子、赖草、茵陈蒿演变为长芒草、铁杆蒿;禾草类、多年生草本和灌木逐渐成为优势种。Shannon-Weiner指数、Patrick指数均呈先上升后下降的趋势,均在第15年达到最大值。地上植被碳储量和地下植被碳储量在恢复期间呈直线增加的趋势,且均在35 a达最大值,分别为0.83 Mg C/hm²、1.49 Mg C/hm²,而凋落物碳储量在第25年达到最大值,为0.40 Mg C/hm²。土壤碳储量与有机碳含量总体呈先下降后上升的趋势,在第8年达到最低值,在第35年恢复到农田水平之上,占生态系统碳储量的93.3%-99.6%;表层0-10 cm土壤碳储量占0-30 cm碳储量的38.9%-50.3%,呈表聚现象。生态系统碳储量与土壤碳储量趋势一致,即恢复到第8年最低,为24.32 Mg C/hm²,恢复到第35年最高,为43.70 Mg C/hm²。群落盖度、地上生物量、凋落物生物量、禾草、豆科以及多年生植物的重要值与生态系统碳储量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,杂草和一年生植物重要值与生态系统碳储量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。研究表明植被群落组成的动态变化通过增加植被碳储量和土壤碳储量实现生态系统碳储量的增加,而多年生植物、杂草与禾草的重要值和地下生物量与凋落物生物量是影响生态系统碳储量的重要植被因子。     

2004-2013年山东省森林碳储量及其碳汇经济价值

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,其林分碳储量及其碳汇经济价值的估算是全球碳循环研究的热点和重要内容。基于2004-2008年和2009-2013年山东省森林资源清查数据以及实测样地数据改进的生物量蓄积量转换参数,利用生物量转换因子连续函数法,估算2004-2013年山东省森林碳储量及其碳汇经济价值动态。研究结果表明,2004-2013年山东省森林面积、碳储量和碳密度分别从2004-2008年的156.12×10⁴hm²、34.75Tg C和22.26Mg C/hm²增加到2009-2013年161.44×10⁴hm²、43.98Tg C和27.24Mg C/hm²。人工林是森林面积、碳储量和碳密度增加的主要贡献者,人工林和天然林对森林生物量碳汇的贡献分别为97.3%和2.7%。两次森林清查期间,杨树和硬阔软阔类森林的碳储量之和分别占全省总量的70.2%和69.6%,杨树的碳储量和碳密度增加最为显著。各龄组森林碳储量由大到小依次为：幼龄林 > 中龄林 > 成熟林 > 近熟林 > 过熟林。森林碳汇经济价值从2004-2008年的243.37亿元增长到2009-2013年的253.42亿元,年均增长2.01亿元,杨树的碳汇经济价值占全省所有森林类型的60%,赤松单位面积碳汇经济价值最强为2.08万元/ha。     

长期封育对不同类型草地碳贮量及其固持速率的影响

基于4个长期封育草地,采用成对取样方法(封育-自由放牧草地)分析了长期封育和自由放牧草地地上生物量、地表凋落物、0-100 cm根系和土壤的碳氮贮量,探讨了长期封育草地的碳固持速率。实验结果表明:长期封育显著提高了草地碳氮贮量;经30a围封处理后,草地碳固持量为1401-2858 g C m^-2,平均2126 g C m^-2;草地碳固持速率为46.7-129.2 g C m^-2 a^-1,平均84.2 g C m^-2 a^-1。长期封育草地氮固持速率为2.8-14.7 g N m^-2 a^-1,平均7.3 g N m^-2 a^-1。封育草地碳和氮固持速率表现为:针茅草地＜羊草草地＜退化羊草草地＜补播黄花苜蓿+羊草草地。长期封育草地0-40 cm土壤碳固持速率相对较高,但下层土壤对草地碳固持的贡献也比较大,因此,未来的相关研究应给予下层土壤更大关注。内蒙古典型草地具有巨大的碳固持潜力,长期封育(或禁牧)是实现其碳固持效应最经济、最有效的途径之一。     

四川人工林生态系统碳储量特征

利用森林资源清查资料和标准地实测数据估算了四川人工林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量及分配特征.结果表明:四川人工林生态系统平均碳密度为161.16 Mg C·hm^-2,各层碳密度从大到小排序为土壤层(141.64 Mg C·hm^-2)＞乔木层(17.95 Mg C·hm^-2)＞枯落物层(1.06 Mg C·hm^-2)＞灌草层(0.52 Mg C·hm^-2).四川人工林生态系统总碳储量为573.57 Tg C,其中乔木层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层分别为63.88、1.836、3.764和504.09 Tg C,分别占总碳量的11.14%、0.32%、0.66%和87.88%.不同人工林生态系统的碳储量和碳密度差异较大,分别介于1.21～99.44 Tg C和75.50～251.74 Mg C·hm^-2之间,其空间分配也表现为土壤层最大、灌草层最小.但四川省人工林生态系统乔木层碳密度较低,幼、中龄林分比重大,如果对现有人工林加以更好的管理,碳吸存潜力较大.从生态系统水平监测人工林生态系统的碳储量有助于提高森林碳吸存估算的精度.     

中国农田施用化学氮肥的固碳潜力及其有效性评价

按照2003年氮肥施用情况和农业专家对不同作物提出的推荐施肥量,设定了“氮肥施用现状”和“按推荐量施肥”两个情景,在搜集和整理全国典型的农业长期定位实验站数据的基础上,将全国划分为4个农业区,分析了两种情景下我国农田土壤的固碳潜力;同时根据我国生产氮肥的化石能源消耗以及施用氮肥的数据,采用国内以及IPCC提供的相关参数,计算了施用化肥导致的温室气体泄漏,并提出“有效固碳潜力”的概念作为评价固碳潜力有效性和固碳措施可行性的标准.我国农田土壤在两种情景下的固碳潜力分别为21.9和30.2 Tg C·a^-1;但两种情景下生产和施用化学氮肥的温室气体泄漏量分别达到了72.9和91.4 Tg C·a^-1,使两种情景下有效固碳潜力分别为-51.0和-61.1 Tg C·a^-1;而“按推荐量施肥”还将增加10.1 Tg C·a^-1的温室气体净排放.因此,施用氮肥在我国农田土壤不具备有效固碳潜力,作为固碳措施不可行.鉴于施用化肥是我国粮食安全的基本保障,建议在保证粮食生产的前提下,提高氮肥利用率,适当减少氮肥施用量,以利于温室气体的减排.     

15000年以来若尔盖高原泥炭地发育及其碳动态

高海拔泥炭地是维护高原气候环境稳定的重要生态系统,由于其兼具高海拔和高寒的特点,对气候变化尤为敏感。若尔盖高原泥炭地是中国高海拔泥炭地集中分布区,碳储量丰富,由于方法学差异及数据缺乏,其碳储量估算仍存在一定程度的不确定性,对长时间尺度碳通量的模拟研究还较为匮乏。因此,以若尔盖高原泥炭地为研究对象,基于若尔盖高原泥炭地每千年的面积变化和碳累积速率重新评估若尔盖高原泥炭地碳储量,并利用泥炭分解模型和碳通量重建模型探讨了15000年以来若尔盖高原泥炭地碳通量动态。研究结果表明,若尔盖高原泥炭地约从15000年开始发育,发育高峰期在12000-10000年和7000-5000年,泥炭累积速率范围为0.22-1.31 mm/a,平均值为0.56 mm/a;碳累积速率范围为13.4-77.2 g C m^-2 a^-1,平均碳累积速率为33.5 g C m^-2 a^-1,3000年至今碳累积速率最高,7000-6000年是碳累积速率次峰值时期;15000年以来若尔盖高原泥炭地碳储存量达1.4 Pg（1 Pg=10¹⁵ g）,碳累积输入和碳累积释放分别为5.6 Pg和4.2 Pg;净碳平衡平均值为0.087 Tg（1 Tg=10¹² g）C/a,峰值出现在11000-10000年为0.295 Pg;在6000-2000年若尔盖泥炭地出现微弱碳源,最大值出现在5000-4000年,约为-0.034 Pg,净碳平衡在15000-11000年和4000年至今呈现上升趋势,而10000-4000年整体呈现下降趋势。总体而言,若尔盖高原泥炭地碳储量丰富,是青藏高原东部重要的陆地生态系统碳库和碳汇,本研究将为我国高海拔泥炭地碳库保育提供一定的理论和数据支撑。     

吊丝单竹林生态系统碳储量及其垂直空间分配特征

利用标准样方法研究了吊丝单竹(Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata)林的碳储量及其空间分布特征。结果表明,吊丝单竹不同器官的碳密度为0.4684~0.5092 g g^-1,依次为竹秆>竹蔸>竹根>竹枝>竹叶;碳储量在吊丝单竹不同器官中的分配以竹秆最大(达50.46%),其次为竹蔸(20.71%),竹叶的最小(仅5.01%)。整个吊丝单竹林生态系统碳库主要由乔木层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层4部分组成,总碳贮量为104.9321 t hm^-2,其空间分布为土壤层>乔木层>枯落物层>灌草层,其中土壤层占总碳储量的比例最大(59.74%);整个吊丝单竹林乔木层年固碳量为6.4460 t hm^-2a^-1,相当于每年同化CO₂的量为23.6353 t hm^-2a^-1,这略低于我国森林植被的平均年固碳量,表明吊丝单竹林还有较大的发展空间。     

1985-2030年江西泰和县森林植被碳储量的时空动态

根据第6次森林清查小班数据,运用生物量转换因子法和平均生物量法估算了2003年江西省泰和县森林植被的生物量和碳储量,采用空间替代时间的方法,利用Logistic方程拟合了泰和主要森林类型年龄与碳密度的曲线关系,并结合小班轮伐信息,估算了全县1985—2003年的植被生物量和碳储量,分析了期间的时空动态特征,并以2003年为基准年,假定到2020、2030年泰和县森林植被面积保持稳定、且不考虑轮伐期,推算了此情景下2020、2030年泰和县植被碳储量.结果表明：2003年,泰和县森林林分总面积15.74×10⁴ hm²,总生物量6.71 Tg,植被碳储量4.14 Tg C,平均碳密度26.31 t C·hm^{- 2}. 1985、1994、2003、2020、2030年泰和县森林植被碳储量分别为1.06、2.83、4.14、5.65和6.35Tg C,森林植被碳密度的空间分布由东西部向中部递减.人工造林使泰和县林分面积大幅增加,全县森林植被的固碳能力明显增强.     

耕作方式转变对小麦/玉米两熟农田土壤固碳能力的影响

采用大田试验、室内分析与生产调研相结合的方法,研究了耕作方式对农田生态系统固碳能力的影响.结果表明：少、免耕以及秸秆还田等保护性耕作措施有利于土壤有机碳的累积;免耕秸秆还田（NTS）方式0～5 cm土层土壤有机碳累积量比传统耕作（CTA）方式高18.0%,旋耕秸秆还田（RTS）0～5和5～10 cm土层比CTA分别高17.6%和25.0%,而翻耕秸秆还田（CTS）方式10～30 cm土层土壤总有机碳累积量比CTA高31.8%;CTA转变为NTS后,源于农田投入的碳排放减少了54.3 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,而转变为CTS、RTS后,分别增加了46.9 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和34.4 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;综合土壤碳累积与农田投入碳排放可知,传统耕作转变为保护性耕作方式后可实现由“碳源”向“碳汇”的转变,而CTS、RTS、NTS 3种耕作方式中以RTS的固碳能力最强,达1011.1 kg·hm^-2·a^-1.     

Large soil organic carbon increase due to improved agronomic management in the North China Plain from 1980s to 2010s

Agricultural soils are widely recognized to be capable of carbon sequestration that contributes to mitigating CO₂ emissions. To better understand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock dynamics and its driving and controlling factors corresponding with a period of rapid agronomic evolution from the 1980s to the 2010s in the North China Plain (NCP), we collected data from two region‐wide soil sampling campaigns (in the 1980s and 2010s) and conducted an analysis of the controlling factors using the random forest model. Between the 1980s and 2010s, environmental (i.e. soil salinity/fertility) and societal (i.e. policy/techniques) factors both contributed to adoption of new management practices (i.e. chemical fertilizer application/mechanization). Results of our work indicate that SOC stocks in the NCP croplands increased significantly, which also closely related to soil total nitrogen changes. Samples collected near the surface (0–20 cm) and deeper (20–40 cm) both increased by an average of 9.4 and 5.1 Mg C ha^?1, respectively, which are equivalent to increases of 73% and 56% compared with initial SOC stocks in the 1980s. The annual carbon sequestration amount in surface soils reached 10.9 Tg C year^?1, which contributed an estimated 43% of total carbon sequestration in all of China's cropland on just 27% of its area. Successful desalinization and the subsequent increases in carbon (C) inputs, induced by agricultural projects and policies intended to support crop production (i.e. reconstruction of low yield farmland, and agricultural subsidies), combined with improved cultivation practices (i.e. fertilization and straw return) since the early 1980s were the main drivers for the SOC stock increase. This study suggests that rehabilitation of NCP soils to reduce salinity and increase crop yields have also served as a pathway for substantial soil C sequestration.     

天山北坡雪岭云杉林地开垦的土壤有机碳损失估算

在全球变暖的背景下,由土地利用变化导致的土壤碳库的变化已经受到越来越多的关注。首先采用物种分布模型预测了天山北坡雪岭云杉林的潜在分布,其次估计了与被开垦为农田的雪岭云杉林面积(PSC)以及由林地开垦为农田造成的有机碳损失。PSC分别由雪岭云杉林的现实分布、潜在分布和农田的现实分布确定。云杉林地和农田的土壤有机碳含量由野外采样和实验室分析获得。研究发现,PSC面积为2.68×10~6hm~2,被开垦为农田的雪岭云杉林土壤有机碳的损失为171.7 t/hm~2;研究区总有机碳的损失为459.70Tg。结果表明,研究区的林地恢复和重建项目将会使土壤有机碳储量有所增加,且土壤表层的增加量多于深层。     

桓台县冬小麦和夏玉米秸秆长期还田的生态效益分析

山东省桓台县作为江北第一个"吨粮县",1980年以来农业集约化得到了快速发展。随着燃料需求的减少以及畜牧养殖与作物生产的分离,作物秸秆处理已日益成为当地农民和技术人员面临的巨大挑战。该地区冬小麦和夏玉米秸秆从1980年开始,还田比例逐步增加,到2010年两季秸秆接近全部还田。我们查阅年鉴数据,结合长期定位试验,收集相关数据计算和分析桓台地区1980—2014年期间的作物和秸秆产量、秸秆养分含量、土壤养分及有机碳状况、温室气体排放和氮淋溶等,并对秸秆还田的农田生态效应进行系统评估。研究发现,到2014年,两季秸秆还田对N、P、K养分的贡献率(即还田秸秆养分量与还田秸秆和肥料养分总量的比值)分别为19.3%、15.8%和59.8%。随着秸秆还田量的增加,土壤有机碳(SOC,0—20 cm)含量从(7.8±1.6)g/kg(1980年)增加到(11.0±2.3)g/kg(2014年),土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别提高了134.0%、138.5%和62.2%。秸秆还田可以降低农田氮素损失,2010年代全县县域内减少温室气体排放量为24528 Mg CO_2-eq a~(-1),氨挥发和氮淋溶分别减少156.4 Mg N hm~(-2)和287.4 Mg N hm~(-2)。综上,秸秆还田能显著改善农学和环境效益,提高土壤固碳减排潜力,降低氮素投入量并减少氮素损失。今后农业生产中,在直接还田基础上,秸秆综合利用可以进一步优化(如进行堆肥或替代畜牧饲料等),从而增加秸秆还田的经济和环境效应。     

Carbon Sequestration in Reclaimed Minesoils

Minesoils are drastically influenced by anthropogenic activities. They are characterized by low soil organic matter (SOM) content, low fertility, and poor physicochemical and biological properties, limiting their quality, capability, and functions. Reclamation of these soils has potential for resequestering some of the C lost and mitigating CO₂ emissions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates in minesoils are high in the first 20 to 30 years after reclamation in the top 15 cm soil depth. In general, higher rates of SOC sequestration are observed for minesoils under pasture and grassland management than under forest land use. Observed rates of SOC sequestration are 0.3 to 1.85 Mg C ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} for pastures and rangelands, and 0.2 to 1.64 Mg C ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} for forest land use. Proper reclamation and postreclamation management may enhance SOC sequestration and add to the economic value of the mined sites. Management practices that may enhance SOC sequestration include increasing vegetative cover by deep-rooted perennial vegetation and afforestation, improving soil fertility, and alleviation of physical, chemical and biological limitations by fertilizers and soil amendments such as biosolids, manure, coal combustion by-products, and mulches. Soil and water conservation are important to SOC sequestration. The potential of SOC sequestration in minesoils of the US is estimated to be 1.28 Tg C yr^?1, compared to the emissions from coal combustion of 506 Tg C yr^{? 1}.     

Soil carbon sequestrations by nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and no-tillage in China's cropland

Soil as the largest global carbon pool has played a great role in sequestering the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Although global carbon sequestration potentials have been assessed since the 1980s, few investigations have been made on soil carbon sequestration (SCS) in China's cropland. China is a developing country and has a long history of agricultural activities. Estimation of SCS potentials in China's cropland is very important for assessing the potential measures to prevent the atmospheric carbon rise and predicting the atmospheric CO₂ concentration in future. After review of the available results of the field experiments in China, relationships between SCS and nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and no‐tillage (NT) practices were established for each of the four agricultural regions. According to the current agricultural practices and their future development, estimations were made on SCS by nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and NT in China's cropland. In the current situation, nitrogen fertilizer application, straw return and zero tillage can sequester 5.96, 9.76 and 0.800 Tg C each year. Carbon sequestration potential will increase to 12.1 Tg C yr⁻¹ if nitrogen is fertilized on experts' recommendations. The carbon sequestration potentials of straw return and NT can reach 34.4 and 4.60 Tg C yr⁻¹ when these two techniques are further popularized. In these measures, straw return is the most promising one. Full popularization of straw return can reduce 5.3% of the CO₂ emission from fossil fuel combustion in China in 1990, which meets the global mean CO₂ reduction requested by the Kyoto Protocol (5.2%). In general, if more incentive policies can be elaborated and implemented, the SCS in China's cropland will be increased by about two times. So, popularization of the above‐mentioned agricultural measures for carbon sequestration can be considered as an effective tool to prevent the rapid rise of the atmospheric CO₂ in China.     

Carbon Sequestration Efficiency of Organic Amendments in a Long-Term Experiment on a Vertisol in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving soil fertility of cropland and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The efficiency of SOC sequestration depends on the quantity and quality of the organic matter, soil type, and climate. Little is known about the SOC sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in Vertisols. Thus, we conducted the research based on 29 years (1982–2011) of long-term fertilization experiment with a no fertilizer control and five fertilization regimes: CK (control, no fertilizer), NPK (mineral NPK fertilizers alone), NPK+1/2W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with half the amount of wheat straw), NPK+W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with full the amount of wheat straw), NPK+PM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with pig manure) and NPK+CM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined cattle manure). Total mean annual C inputs were 0.45, 1.55, 2.66, 3.71, 4.68 and 6.56 ton/ha/yr for CK, NPK, NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM and NPKCM, respectively. Mean SOC sequestration rate was 0.20 ton/ha/yr in the NPK treatment, and 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.97 ton/ha/yr in the NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM, and NPKCM treatments, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between annual C input and SOC sequestration rate (SOCsequestration rate  = 0.16 Cinput –0.10, R = 0.95, P<0.01), suggesting a C sequestration efficiency of 16%. The Vertisol required an annual C input of 0.63 ton/ha/yr to maintain the initial SOC level. Moreover, the C sequestration efficiencies of wheat straw, pig manure and cattle manure were 17%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The results indicate that the Vertisol has a large potential to sequester SOC with a high efficiency, and applying cattle manure or wheat straw is a recommendable SOC sequestration practice in Vertisols.     

Quantification of soil organic carbon sequestration potential in cropland: A model approach

Agroecosystems have a critical role in the terrestrial carbon cycling process. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropland is of great importance for mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide increases and for global food security. With an understanding of soil carbon saturation, we analyzed the datasets from 95 global long-term agricultural experiments distributed across a vast area spanning wide ranges of temperate, subtropical and tropical climates. We then developed a statistical model for estimating SOC sequestration potential in cropland. The model is driven by air temperature, precipitation, soil clay content and pH, and explains 58% of the variation in the observed soil carbon saturation (n=76). Model validation using independent data observed in China yielded a correlation coefficient R ² of 0.74 (n=19, P<0.001). Model sensitivity analysis suggested that soils with high clay content and low pH in the cold, humid regions possess a larger carbon sequestration potential than other soils. As a case study, we estimated the SOC sequestration potential by applying the model in Henan Province. Model estimations suggested that carbon (C) density at the saturation state would reach an average of 32 t C ha⁻¹ in the top 0–20 cm soil depth. Using SOC density in the 1990s as a reference, cropland soils in Henan Province are expected to sequester an additional 100 Tg C in the future.     

秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对晚稻产量及土壤养分的影响

在不同秸秆还田方式对早稻的效应研究确定的最佳还田方式和还田量(粉碎还田3000 kg/hm2)基础上,以单施秸秆为对照,研究了秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对晚稻产量、干物质积累与分配及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,秸秆3000 kg/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2+K2O 37.5 kg/hm2增产效果最为显著,在水稻的每穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、充实度和产量等方面增加幅度最大,分别为9.32%、4.28%、13.70%、2.74%和26.38%。(2)各处理的干物质茎鞘比例随着生育进程不断降低,从孕穗期的66.68%—77.00%降低至成熟期的25.97%—34.79%,除SNPK1外,叶片比例从孕穗期的23.00%—33.32%降低至成熟期的7.41%—21.03%;秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理的茎鞘比例在孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期高于对照,而叶片比例与茎鞘比例呈相反趋势。(3)与对照相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理提高了土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾,降低了土壤C/N比。研究结果说明,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥可以提高植株干物质积累速率、群体生物量,合理改善土壤养分,保证较高的水稻增产潜力,其中秸秆3000 kg/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2+K2O 37.5 kg/hm2效果最为显著。