雅尺蛾属研究及其生物地理学特征讨论（鳞翅目：尺蛾科）

雅尺蛾属 Apocolotois 1936年由Wehrli定名,属古北界分布,世界共记录3种：斑雅尺蛾A. arnoldiaria, 二白点雅尺蛾A. smirnovi, 短瓣雅尺蛾A. almatensis。本文记述了所有种类,其中A. almatensis 为中国新记录种;修订了国内部分研究,双珠雅尺蛾Chariaspilates shuangzhu Yang被确定为二白点雅尺蛾A. smirnovi的新异名;重新归纳了属的特征并编制了分种检索表;附所有种类的成虫及♂外生殖器图。所见标本均为雄性,猜测雌蛾可能无翅。对该属及所含物种的动物地理特征进行了初步分析。     

赞青尺蛾属修订及其分布格局分析（鳞翅目：尺蛾科：尺蛾亚科）

本文对赞青尺蛾属Xenozancla Warren, 1893进行研究,重新描述了属、种特征,总结了属的鉴别特征;描述了种内雄外生殖器的变化并附图,提供了成虫形态、外生殖器图。提出银尺蛾属Yinchie Yang, 1978和枣灰银尺蛾Y. zaohuiYang, 1978 分别是赞青尺蛾属Xenozancla 和赞青尺蛾X. vericolor Warren 的新异名,并为赞青尺蛾X. vericolor Warren指定了选模。同时,采用临近距离平均法（mean propinquity method）结合GIS技术绘制了赞青尺蛾属分布格局图,并据此分析了其分布格局和分布特点,结果表明：该属为亚洲东部特有属,呈西南 华北走向;它在中国华北、华中、西南地区至印度可能存在一个连续的分布区,其分布格局应属于东洋界的东南亚热带-亚热带型。     

中国胯舟蛾属分类研究 （鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了中国胯舟蛾属（Syntypistis Turner）的全部种类共20种,包括1新种黑胯舟蛾Syntypistis melana Wu et Fang,sp. Nov. 和2中国新记录种：篱胯舟蛾 Syntypistis hercules (Schintlmeister) comb. Nov.与防胯舟蛾 Syntypistis defector (Schintlmeister) comb. Nov.,后2种均为新组合。文中提供了分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国鞘蛾研究（鳞翅目：鞘蛾科）：脉鞘蛾组研究及三新种记述

报道了鞘蛾科 (Coleophoridae) 脉鞘蛾组 (Colephora follicularis group) ５个分布于中国的种, 其中有3个新种和2个中国新记录种：矛尖脉鞘蛾(新种)Coleophra jaculatoria sp. nov. 分布于陕西(周至);奇脉鞘蛾Coleophora frankii Schmidt新记录于新疆(巩留),国外分布奥地利,捷克,斯洛伐克,匈牙利,南斯拉夫,德国和意大利;隐脉鞘蛾 Coleophora pseudociconiella Toll 新记录于新疆(塔城),国外分布奥地利,意大利,捷克和土耳其;四叉脉鞘蛾(新种) Coleophora quadrifurca sp. nov.分布陕西(杨陵、澄城);榆中脉鞘蛾(新种)Coleophora yuzhongensis sp. Nov. 分布甘肃(榆中)。文中提供了分种检索表和新种的外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

中国拟皮舟蛾属分类研究（鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了中国拟皮舟蛾属（Mimopydna Matsumura, 1924）的全部种类,共4种,包括1新种：尖拟皮舟蛾Minopydna cuspidata Wu et Fang, sp. Nov.,并将黄拟皮舟蛾秦岭亚种M. sikkima stueningi Schintlmeister作为指名亚种Minopydna sikkima sikkima (Moore)的异名处理。文中提供分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

韩国枝尺蛾亚科三种幼虫记述（鳞翅目：尺蛾科）

在韩国已记录527种尺蛾科成虫,本科的大多数幼虫是林业和农业害虫。本文详细记述了枝尺蛾亚科白厚尺蛾Pachyligia dolosa Butler、蜻蜓尺蛾Cystidia stratonice(Stoll)及角子尺蛾Planociampa antipala Prout幼虫的形态特征,并提供了形态特征图。标本存放在韩国江源大学校山林科学大学森林资源保护学科标本室。     

微红梢斑螟生殖系统及卵巢发育特征研究

【目的】研究了微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson的生殖系统及不同发育阶段卵巢的形态结构,揭示交配过程中雌、雄外生殖器的匹配机制,为该虫生殖生物学及性信息素的研究提供依据。【方法】通过解剖及扫描电镜观察,描述内、外生殖器以及雌蛾卵巢发育特征。【结果】与其他斑螟亚科种类生殖系统比较,微红梢斑螟生殖系统主要具有以下形态特点:(1)微红梢斑螟雌蛾的交配囊片特别发达,导精管从交配囊体的侧腹面发出,导精管内无导精管球;(2)雌蛾腺体环状,位于第8~9腹节节间膜处,雄蛾具有发达的味刷构造,由6对重叠的鳞片刷组成;(3)雌蛾交配囊管表面的棘刺与雄蛾内阳茎外表面的阳茎针在分布位置和方向互补,具有高度匹配的关系。微红梢斑螟雌蛾卵巢发育进度可分为5级,2日龄后雌蛾卵巢饱满,发育良好;4日龄后卵巢衰退。【结论】(1)雄蛾发达的味刷及外生殖器的高度匹配关系提示其复杂的求偶行为和交配模式,加之成虫期较短,可能成虫为单次交配。(2)雌虫羽化后卵巢基本成熟,补充营养似乎并非卵巢发育的必要条件。     

中国草螟亚科带草螟属、丽草螟属和双带草螟属的研究及带草螟属二新种记述

对中国草螟亚科3个近缘属：带草螟属 Metaeuchromius Bleszynski、丽草螟属Euchromius Guenée和双带草螟属 Miyakea Marumo进行了研究。该3属在中国已记录12个种,包括带草螟属Metaeuchromius两新种：黄色带草螟 M. fulvusalis sp. Nov.,模式产地广西,与褐带草螟 M. circe Bleszynski近缘;灰色带草螟 M. grisalis sp. Nov.,模式产地浙江,与云南带草螟 M. yuennanensis (Caradja)近缘。对新种给出了描述、外生殖器特征图和与近缘种的比较。并提供了带草螟属中国已知种检索表。     

中国小舟蛾属分类研究 （鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了小舟蛾属Micromelalopha Nagano, 1916的全部中国种类共10种,包括2新种异小舟蛾M. variata Wu et Fang 和细小舟蛾M.ralla Wu et Fang; 并将M.flavomaculata Tshistjakov 作为邻小舟蛾M.vicina Kiriakoff的亚种,赭小舟蛾秦岭亚种M.aemorrhoidalis cinereibasis Kiriakoff作为指名亚种M.Haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis Kiriakoff的异名处理。文中提供了分种检索表、新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群支序系统学研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

对螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群Cotesia flavipes complex (膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科)分布全世界的5个种和外群侧沟茧蜂Microplitis 及荻茧蜂Diolcogaster 的25个性状,以及复合群5个种和外群螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、粘虫盘绒茧蜂Cotesia kariyai、粉蝶盘绒茧蜂Cotesia glomerata 的24个性状,分别进行比较研究,并运用支序分析的方法探讨该复合群内5个种种间的系统发育关系。支序分析表明螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群是一单系群,二化螟盘绒茧蜂C. chilonis 和大螟盘绒茧蜂C. sesamiae 近缘,芦螟盘绒茧蜂C. chiloluteelli 和汉寿盘绒茧蜂C. hanshouensis 近缘,螟黄足盘绒茧蜂C. flavipes相对独立。 以上研究表明无论是以近缘属作外群还是以同属其它种作外群,所得结果基本上都能反映螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群各种之间的分类地位。     

Induced Phytoextraction of Lead Through Chemical Manipulation of Switchgrass and Corn; Role of Iron Supplement

The effects of combined chemical application of benomyl, ethylenedianinetetraacetate (EDTA), and iron (Fe) (foliar and root) on lead (Pb) phytoextraction by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and corn (Zea mays) was examined. Switchgrass was grown in Pb-contaminated urban topsoil with the following treatments: (C) Control, (B) benomyl, (E) EDTA, (F) foliar-Fe, (BE) benomyl + EDTA, (BF) benomyl + foliar-Fe, (FE) foliar-Fe + EDTA, (BFE) benomyl + foliar-Fe + EDTA. Corn was grown in sand-culture supplemented with Pb (500 mg kg^?1) with the following treatments: (C) control, (B) benomyl, (E) EDTA, (F) root-Fe, (BE) benomyl + EDTA, (BF) benomyl + root-Fe, (FE) root-iron + EDTA, and, (BFE) benomyl + root-Fe + EDTA. All treatments were replicated three times and pots were arranged in a completely randomized design. Plants were analyzed for element concentration (Fe, Zn, P, and Pb) using either inductively coupled plasma (argon) atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Iron supplementation (foliar and root) affected Pb-translocation in plants. Foliar-Fe treatment increased translocation ratio of Pb (TF-Pb) significantly compared to other treatments with the exception of plants treated with benomyl and BF. Root-Fe treatment in combination with EDTA (FE) increased TF-Pb significantly compared to other treatments. Phytoextraction was improved by the combined chemical application; plants treated with BFE treatment increased Pb-total-phytoextraction by 424% compared to Control plants.     

3-Amidoquinuclidine derivatives: synthesis of compounds and inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase

The synthesis of racemic and enantiomerically pure 3-butanamidoquinuclidines ((+/-)-Bu, (R)-Bu and (S)-Bu), (1-3) and 3-benzamidoquinuclidines ((+/-)-Bz, (R)-Bz, and (S)-Bz), (4-6) is described. The N-quaternary derivatives, N-benzyl-3-butanamidoquinuclidinium bromides ((+/-)-BnlBu, (R)-BnlBu and (S)-BnlBu), (7-9) and N-benzyl-3-benzamidoquinuclidinium bromides ((+/-)-BnlBz, (R)-BnlBz and (S)-BnlBz), (10-12) were subsequently synthesized. The interaction of the four enantiomerically pure quaternary derivatives with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was tested. All tested compounds inhibited the enzyme. The best inhibitior of the enzyme was (S)-BnlBz with a K(i) = 3.7 microM. The inhibitor potency decreases in order (S)-BnlBz > (R)-BnlBz > (R)-BnlBu > (S)-BnlBu.     

Molecular mass and chain conformation of carboxymethylated derivatives of beta-glucan from sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium

Seven water-insoluble (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan fractions TM8-1 to TM8-7 with weight-average molecular mass M(w) ranged from 2.22 to 77.4 x 10(4) obtained from the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium were carboxymethylated to produce the water-soluble fractions CTM8-1 to CTM8-7 with M(w) ranged from 3.87 to 87.8 x 10(4). The degree of substitution (DS) of CTM8 fractions was analyzed by ir and elemental analysis (EA) to be 0.3-0.68. The M(w) and the intrinsic viscosity [eta] of the CTM8 fractions were measured by size-exclusion chromatography combined with multiangle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS), MALLS, and viscometry in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 37 degrees C. The dependencies of [eta] and radius of gyration (z) (1/2) on M(w) for the CTM8 samples were found to be [eta] = (8.82 +/- 0.03) x 10(-3) M(w)(0.78 +/- 0.04) (cm(3) g(-1)) and (z) (1/2) = (3.09 +/- 0.05) x 10(-3) M(w)(0.75 +/- 0.06) (nm) in the M(w) range from 3.87 x 10(4) to 53.2 x 10(4). Based on current theories for wormlike chain model, the conformational parameters of the CTM8 were obtained to be 790 (nm(-1)) for M(L), 9.6 (nm) for q, which were higher than those of the native TM8 fractions, suggesting a more extended flexible chain of CTM8 in PBS. On the whole, the CTM8 fractions showed higher antitumor activity than their corresponding TM8 fractions. In view of data from molecular parameters and bioactivity, the antitumor activity of the CTM8 fractions may be correlated to its water solubility and relatively extended chain.     

Thermodynamics of hydrolysis of oligosaccharides

Microcalorimetry has been used to determine enthalpy changes for the hydrolysis of a series of oligosaccharides. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine the extents of reaction and to check for any possible side reactions. The enzyme glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase was used to bring about the following hydrolysis reactions: (A) maltose(aq) + H2O(liq) = 2D-glucose(aq); (B) maltotriose(aq) + 2H2O(liq) = 3D-glucose(aq); (C) maltotetraose(aq) + 3H2O(liq) = 4D-glucose(aq); (D) maltopentaose(aq) + 4H2O(liq) = 5D-glucose(aq); (E) maltohexaose(aq) + 5H2O(liq) = 6D-glucose(aq); (F) maltoheptaose(aq) + 6H2O(liq) = 7D-glucose(aq); (G) amylose(aq) + nH2O(liq) = (n + 1) D-glucose(aq); and (H) panose(aq) + 2H2O(liq) = 3D-glucose(aq); (J) isomaltotriose(aq) + 2H2O(liq) = 3D-glucose(aq). The enzyme beta-fructofuranosidase was used for the reactions: (K) raffinose(aq) + H2O(liq) = alpha-D-melibiose(aq) + D-fructose(aq); and (L) stachyose(aq) + H2O(liq) = o-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----6)- alpha-o-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----6)-alpha-D-glucopyranose + D-fructose(aq). The results of the calorimetric measurements (298.15 K, 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.44-6.00) are: delta H0A = -4.55 +/- 0.10, delta H0B = -9.03 +/- 0.10, delta H0C = -13.79 +/- 0.15, delta H0D = -18.12 +/- 0.10, delta H0E = -22.40 +/- 0.15, delta H0F = -26.81 +/- 0.20, delta H0H = 1.46 +/- 0.40, delta H0J = 11.4 +/- 2.0, delta H0K = -15.25 +/- 0.20, and delta H0L = -14.93 +/- 0.20 kJ mol-1. The enthalpies of hydrolysis of two different samples of amylose were 1062 +/- 20 and 2719 +/- 100 kJ mol-1, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Synthesis of bisphosphonate derivatives of ATP by T4 RNA ligase

T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP beta,gamma-bisphosphonate analogues, using the following substrates with the relative velocity rates indicated between brackets: methylenebisphosphonate (pCH(2)p) (100), clodronate (pCCl(2)p) (52), and etidronate (pC(OH)(CH(3))p) (4). The presence of pyrophosphatase about doubled the rate of these syntheses. Pamidronate (pC(OH)(CH(2)-CH(2)-NH(2))p), and alendronate (pC(OH)(CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-NH(2))p) were not substrates of the reaction. Clodronate displaced the AMP moiety of the complex E-AMP in a concentration dependent manner. The K(m) values and the rate of synthesis (k(cat)) determined for the bisphosphonates as substrates of the reaction were, respectively: methylenebisphosphonate, 0.26+/-0.05 mM (0.28+/-0.05 s(-1)); clodronate, 0.54+/-0.14 mM (0.29+/-0.05 s(-1)); and etidronate, 4.3+/-0.5 mM (0.028+/-0.013 s(-1)). In the presence of GTP, and ATP or AppCCl(2)p the relative rate of synthesis of adenosine 5',5'-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphoguanosine (Ap(4)G) was around 100% and 33%, respectively; the methylenebisphosphonate derivative of ATP (AppCH(2)p) was a very poor substrate for the synthesis of Ap(4)G. To our knowledge this report describes, for the first time, the synthesis of ATP beta,gamma-bisphosphonate analogues by an enzyme different to the classically considered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.     

Analysis of reproductive parameters of urban and rural population of Chuvashia

Genetic and demographic characteristics for urban and rural population of the Chuvash Republic (Chuvashes and Russians) were calculated based on 1122 questionnaires. The sibship sizes for Chuvashes were 2.05 (urban) and 2.78 (rural). For Russians these indices were 1.75 (urban) and 2.00 (rural), respectively. Crow's index and its components were I(m) = 0.04; I(f) = 0.18; and I(tot) = 0.22 for urban, and I(m) = 0.07; I(f) = 0.27; and I(tot) = 0.36 for rural Chuvashes, respectively; and I(m) = 0.04; I(f) = 0.30; and I(tot) = 0.36 for urban, and I(m) = 0.03; I(f) = 0.29; and I(tot) = 0.33 for rural Russians, respectively.     

The synthesis of a series of modified mannotrisaccharides as probes of the enzymes involved in the early stages of mammalian complex N-glycan formation

A series of mannotrisaccharides were synthesized by two distinct chemical pathways as probes of the enzymes involved in the early stages of mammalian complex N-glycan formation. Methyl (alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-[(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6)]-beta-D-mannopyranoside (6) and methyl (2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-[(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6)]-beta-D-mannopyranoside (8) were rapidly synthesized from unprotected methyl beta-D-mannopyranoside (12). Methyl (2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-[(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6)]-beta-D-mannopyranoside (7) and methyl (alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-[(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-->6)]-beta-D-mannopyranoside (9) were synthesized from the common orthogonally protected precursor methyl 2-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-mannopyranoside (15). The 2-deoxy-2-fluoro substitution common to trisaccharides 7-9 renders these analogues resistant to enzyme action in two distinct ways. Firstly the fluorine serves as a non-nucleophilic isostere for the acceptor hydroxyl in studies with glycosyl transferases GnT-I and GnT-II (7 and 9, respectively). Secondly it should render trisaccharide 8 stable to hydrolysis by the mannosidases Man-II and Man-III by inductive destabilization of their oxocarbenium ion-like transition states. These analogues should be useful for structural studies on these enzymes.     

Preparative use of the analytical column of a sugar autoanalyzer for resolution of gluco-oligosaccharides of the same molecular weight.

A sugar autoanalyzer was used on a preparative scale to resolve a gluco-oligosaccharide mixture. In this way the components of the following mixtures were resolved: O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-[alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)]-D-glucose (1), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-D-glucose (2) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (3), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucose (4) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-D-glucose (5), and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (6) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)--O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (7).     

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a tetra- and octasaccharide fragment of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14

The chemo-enzymatic synthesis is described of tetrasaccharide beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O(CH(2))(6)NH(2) (1) and octasaccharide beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O(CH(2))(6)NH(2) (2), representing one and two tetrasaccharide repeating units of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide. In a chemical approach, the intermediate linear trisaccharide 3 and hexasaccharide 4 were synthesized. Galactose residues were beta-(1-->4)-connected to the internal N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine residues by using bovine milk beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Both title oligosaccharides will be conjugated to carrier proteins to be tested as potential vaccines in animal models.     

Analysis of 1H NMR-detectable mobile lipid domains for assessment of apoptosis induced by inhibitors of DNA synthesis and replication

Cell membrane rearrangements coincident with apoptosis may contribute to the increase in the ratio of methylene (CH(2) at 1.3 ppm) to methyl (CH(3) at 0.9 ppm) resonance signal intensity as observed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR). We studied CH(2) and CH(3) resonances in cultured cell lines treated with etoposide and fludarabine or bioflavonoid quercetin. Etoposide treatment (10 microM, 18 h) resulted in 3.3 fold increase of the CH(2)/CH(3) signal intensity ratio and 6.4 fold decrease in choline signal of MT4 cells. Incubation of Namalwa cells with fludarabine (3 microM, 72 h) increased the CH(2)/CH(3) signal intensity ratio by 2.4 fold and choline resonance intensity was unchanged. Quercetin treatment (30 microM, 1.5 month) increased CH(2)/CH(3) ratio by 2.1 fold. Necrotic cell death upon ethanol (20%) or DMSO (30%) treatment did not change the CH(2)/CH(3) signal intensity ratio. (1)H NMR-based study of mobile lipid domains is sensitive for detection of early engagement into apoptosis.