莫桑比克非鲫卵黄形成的电镜观察

运用透射电镜观察了莫桑比克非鲫卵母细胞的生长。根据卵母细胞的大小和内部结构特征,将其分为四个时期：卵母细胞生长早期;卵黄泡形成期;卵黄积累期;卵黄积累完成期。本文着重研究了主要卵黄成分——卵黄球的形成过程。卵黄球属外源性卵黄,由卵母细胞通过微胞饮作用吸收肝脏合成的卵黄蛋白原后形成的。在卵黄大量积累前,卵母细胞内的线粒体和多泡体聚集成团,构成卵黄核,继而线粒体大量增殖,线粒体形状发生改变,形成同心多层膜结构,为大量的卵黄物质积累提供场所。最终形成的卵黄球由被膜、卵黄结晶体和两者之间的非结晶区三部分组成。     

东方扁虾卵子发生的超微结构

根据卵细胞的形态、内部结构特征及卵母细胞与滤泡细胞之间的关系,东方扁虾的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前卵母细胞、卵黄发生卵母细胞和成熟卵母细胞等四个时期。卵原细胞胞质稀少,胞器以滑面内质网为主。卵黄发生前卵母细胞核明显膨大,特称为生发泡;在靠近核外膜的胞质中可观察到核仁外排物。卵黄发生卵母细胞逐渐为滤泡细胞所包围;卵黄合成旺盛,胞质中因而形成并积累了越来越多的卵黄粒。东方扁虾卵母细胞的卵黄发生是二源的。游离型核糖体率先参与内源性卵黄合成形成无膜卵黄粒。粗面内质网是内源性卵黄形成的主要胞器。滑面内质网、线粒体和溶酶体以多种方式活跃地参与卵黄粒形成。卵周隙内的外源性物质有两个来源:滤泡细胞的合成产物和血淋巴携带、转运的卵黄蛋白前体物。这些外源性物质主要通过质膜的微吞饮作用和微绒毛的吸收作用这两种方式进入卵母细胞,进而形成外源性卵黄。内源性和外源性的卵黄物质共同参与成熟卵母细胞中富含髓样小体的卵黄粒的形成。卵壳的形成和微绒毛的回缩被认为是东方扁虾卵母细胞成熟的形态学标志。     

凡纳滨对虾卵母细胞卵黄发生的超微结构

利用电镜研究凡纳滨对虾卵母细胞卵黄发生的全过程。结果表明 :凡纳滨对虾卵黄的发生是双源性的。卵黄发生早、中期是内源性卵黄大量合成的阶段 ,卵黄发生中、后期则以外源性卵黄的合成为主。内源性卵黄主要由内质网、线粒体、核糖体、溶酶体、高尔基器等多种胞器活跃参与形成。其中数量众多的囊泡状粗面内质网是形成内源性卵黄粒的最主要的细胞器 ;部分线粒体参与卵黄粒的合成并自身最终演变为卵黄粒 ;丰富的游离核糖体合成了大量致密的蛋白质颗粒并在卵质中直接聚集融合成无膜的卵黄粒 ;溶酶体通过吞噬、消化内含物来形成卵黄粒和脂滴 ,且方式多样 ;高尔基器不直接参与形成卵黄粒。外源性卵黄主要通过卵质膜的微吞饮活动从卵周隙或卵泡细胞中摄取外源物质来形成     

细角螺卵子发生的细胞学和超微结构的研究

利用组织切片和透射电镜观察细角螺卵细胞发育的显微和超微结构,结果表明:细角螺卵原细胞期细胞核体积较大,呈椭圆形,核膜明显且有不规则的凹陷,细胞质内出现大量的线粒体和高尔基体。根据卵黄颗粒物的多少和大小可将卵母细胞分为前、中、后三个时期:前期卵母细胞细胞核内染色质浓缩,核仁可见,并出现核周间隙;中期卵母细胞内细胞核移向细胞的一端,核内染色质仍呈高电子密度状态,核仁不明显或消失;后期卵母细胞内的细胞核受挤压形状变得不规则,细胞质内可见少量的线粒体,大量的卵黄颗粒聚集在细胞质中并融合成很大的卵黄球。成熟期卵母细胞卵黄物质多且有较大的脂滴。     

泥螺卵黄发生过程中线粒体的变化

利用透射电镜（TEM）技术研究了泥螺卵黄发生过程中线粒体的形态结构的变化特点,结果表明,从卵黄发生早期到晚期,卵母细胞内线粒体经历了从外部形态到内部结构的一系列变化。卵黄合成初期的卵母细胞内,线粒体多,结构典型,仅部分线粒体外膜破裂,嵴 和内膜逐渐消失,卵黄发生中期,线粒体基质空泡化,嵴和内膜消失,腔内充满颗粒状物质,最后演变成卵黄颗粒,随着卵母细胞的发育,卵黄颗粒的数量和直径逐渐增加,卵黄发生后期,卵质中胞器不发达,细胞质中充满卵黄颗粒,在卵黄颗粒之间仅有少量线粒体存在,提供细胞代谢所需的能量,此外,对线粒体在卵黄形成中的功能,去向及行为变化等 进行了讨论。     

黄胫小车蝗卵子发生及卵母细胞凋亡的显微观察

对黄胫小车蝗(Oedaleus infernalis)卵子发生过程和卵母细胞凋亡进行显微观察。结果表明,黄胫小车蝗卵子发生可明显分为3个时期10个阶段,即卵黄发生前期、卵黄发生期和卵壳形成期。第1阶段,卵母细胞位于卵原区,经历减数第一次分裂;第2阶段,卵母细胞核内染色体解体成网状,滤泡细胞稀疏地排列在卵母细胞周围;第3阶段,滤泡细胞扁平状,在卵母细胞周围排成一层;第4阶段,滤泡细胞呈立方形排在卵母细胞周围;第5阶段,滤泡细胞呈长柱形排在卵母细胞周围,滤泡细胞之间、滤泡细胞与卵母细胞之间出现空隙;第6阶段,卵母细胞边缘开始出现卵黄颗粒;第7阶段,卵母细胞中沉积大量卵黄,胚泡破裂;第8阶段,滤泡细胞分泌卵黄膜包围卵黄物质;第9阶段,滤泡细胞分泌卵壳;第10阶段,卵壳分泌结束,卵子发育成熟。卵母细胞发育过程中的凋亡发生在卵黄发生前期,主要表现为滤泡细胞向卵母细胞内折叠,胞质呈团块状等特征。     

泥螺卵子发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜观察了泥螺卵子发生过程。结果表明,泥螺的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生早期、卵黄发生中期及卵黄发生后期卵母细胞4个时期。卵原细胞核大而圆,胞质内分布有少量的线粒体和高尔基囊泡,细胞表面具微绒毛。卵黄发生早期的卵母细胞,胞质中各类细胞器发达,并出现数量较多的类朦子。卵黄发生中期的卵母细胞胞体迅速增大,核伸出伪足状突出,卵质中各种细胞器活动活跃,并参与形成卵黄粒和脂滴。此期还可观察到卵母细胞与滤泡细胞间的物质交换现象。卵黄发生后期的卵母细胞体积增至最大,细胞器数量减少。本文就卵黄发生前后卵母细胞内部构造的变化、意义及滤泡细胞与卵母细胞蛋白来源间的关系作了探讨。     

罗氏沼虾卵母细胞细胞器与卵黄发生的关系

作者研究了罗氏沼虾卵母细胞细胞器与卵黄发生的关系。细胞核物质通过核孔与细胞质进行物质变换,由核仁而来的核糖体前体物在细胞质中大量的核糖体。一部分核体附着在内质网囊泡的膜上,形成粗糙型内质网。粗糙型内质网囊泡具有合成和运输卵黄物质的功能,一部分核糖体是游离的,它们可在细胞质中合成致密蛋白质小颗粒,随后这些颗粒逐渐聚集融合成致密的卵黄粒,溶酶体可吞噬这些由游离核糖体形成的蛋白质颗业团或其它膜状物,并将     

泥螺卵子发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜观察了泥螺卵子发生过程。结果表明 ,泥螺的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生早期、卵黄发生中期及卵黄发生后期卵母细胞 4个时期。卵原细胞核大而圆 ,胞质内分布有少量的线粒体和高尔基囊泡 ,细胞表面具微绒毛。卵黄发生早期的卵母细胞 ,胞质中各类细胞器发达 ,并出现数量较多的类朦胧子。卵黄发生中期的卵母细胞胞体迅速增大 ,核伸出伪足状突起 ,卵质中各种细胞器活动活跃 ,并参与形成卵黄粒和脂滴。此期还可观察到卵母细胞与滤泡细胞间的物质交换现象。卵黄发生后期的卵母细胞体积增至最大 ,细胞器数量减少。本文就卵黄发生前后卵母细胞内部构造的变化、意义及滤泡细胞与卵母细胞蛋白来源间的关系作了探讨     

不同发育时期哲罗鱼卵黄的超微结构

应用透射电镜观察了不同发育时期哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)卵黄的超微结构.根据哲罗鱼卵黄物质在卵母细胞中的加工合成、积累以及卵母细胞中参与卵黄颗粒形成的细胞器的变化,可将该鱼卵黄发生分为4个特征时期,即卵黄发生前期、卵黄泡期、卵黄积累期和卵黄积累完成期.卵黄发生前期是指卵母细胞发育过程中的卵黄物质开始积累前的时期,此时期核仁不断分裂,出现线粒体云和早期的滤泡细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层;卵黄泡期特点主要是细胞器不断变化产生卵黄泡和皮层泡;卵黄积累期的滤泡膜由内向外依次为放射带、颗粒细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层,此时外源性卵黄前体物质不断经过血液汇集于鞘细胞层,后经微胞饮作用穿过胶原纤维组成的基层,经过多泡体作用转运至颗粒细胞内,在细胞内经过加工和修饰形成小的卵黄蛋白颗粒,卵黄蛋白颗粒经微胞饮穿过放射带进入卵母细胞边缘形成的空泡中,不断积累形成卵黄球;进入卵黄积累完成期,卵黄球体积变大,向细胞中心聚集,填满大部分卵母细胞,卵黄积累完毕.     

HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE VITELLOGENESIS IN THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA YAMAMAZ (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)

Abstract Effects of ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone (JH) on vitellogenesis of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamami are reported in this article. After topical treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone alone or JH analog (i.e. methoprene) alone and combined treatment with these two chemicals, vitellogenin (Vg) titers in the fat body and haemolymph at the pupal stage were mostly higher than those of the control, indicating that both ecdysteroid and JH exerted a promoting effect on the synthesis of Vg. In contrast, the Vg uptake was markedly inhibited by JH while stimulating effect of the ecdysteroid could be shown that vitellin (Vt) titer in the ovary was lower after methoprene treatments, but higher after 20-hydroxyecdyson treatments. Meanwhile, effects of these two hormones on Vg synthesis in the fat body were also tested with the incubation in vitro with Grace medium containing H-leucine and the hormones. The results demonstrated that Vg synthesis was stimulated after treating with methoprene alone or 20-hydroxyecdysone alone and combined treating with these two chemicals, and particularly ecdysteroid had more marked positive effect. To comprehensively concluded our results, it could be regarded that ecdysteroid play the main role in the regulation of vitellogenesis for the Japanese oak silkworm.     

天蚕卵黄发生的激素调控

报告了蜕皮激素和保幼激素对天蚕Antheraea yamamai卵黄发生的调控作用。当单独以20－羟基蜕皮酮或保幼激素类似物methoprene处理,以及同时用这两种激素处理天蚕蛹时,蛹期脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白（Vg)含量明显高于对照,即二对Vg的合成起促进作用。然而,卵巢中卵黄蛋白（Vt)含量则因激素种类而异,以保幼激素处理时明显低于对照,以20－羟基蜕皮酮处理则反之,即前抑制卵巢对Vg的摄取,而后则起促进作用。离体培养脂肪体并以激素处理的结果表明,20－羟基蜕皮酮和methoprene均能促进Vg合成,但前作用更。综合考虑上述结果可以认为蜕皮激素对该蚕的卵黄发生起主要调控作用。     

PHARMACOLOGICAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION IN THE ANAUTOGENOUS FLESH FLY,Sarcophaga crassipalpis,BY SIMPLE INJECTION OF 6‐HYDROXYDOPAMINE

Female anautogenous Sarcophaga flesh flies need a protein meal to start large‐scale yolk polypeptides (YPs) production and oocyte maturation. Protein meal rapidly elicits a brain‐dependent increase in midgut proteolytic activity. Trypsin and chymotrypsin together represent over 80% of protease activity in liver‐fed flies. Abdominal injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) dose‐dependently prohibits this increase in proteolytic activity at translational level in a similar way as post liver feeding decapitation. Delayed injection of 6‐OHDA later than 6 h post liver meal has no effect. In flesh flies, chemical decapitation by 6‐OHDA, by interrupting the brain‐gut dopaminergic signaling, can be used as tool for the controlled inhibition of midgut proteolytic activity and subsequent ovarial development. Inhibition of ovarial development is probably indirect due to a deficit in circulating amino acids needed for YPs synthesis.     

EFFECT OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE ON VITELLOGE-NESIS IN THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM,ANTHERAEA YAMAMAI (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)*

Abstract The effect of a high temperature, i. e. 32°C. on vitellogenesis of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was markedly significant. Its extent was dependent on the development stage of the silkworm exposed to 32°C. When exposed to 32 °C since the 1st day after cocooning, titres of both vitellogenin (Vg) and soluble proteins in the fat body and hemolymph of mature larvae were evidently lower than those at 26°C. When pupae were maintained at 32°C since the 1st day after pupation. the titres of Vg in the fat body showed no significant difference from those at 26°C, but those in the hemolymph and the titres of vitellin (Vt) in the ovary mostly were obviously lower in contrast to those at 26°C. While exposed to 32°C since the 6th day after pupation, at most instance the tires of Vg both in the fat body and hemolymph were not markedly different from those at 26°C, and those of Vt in the ovary were significantly higher than those at 26°C, In addition, the changes in the titres of soluble proteins in the fat body and hemolymph as well as the ovary were monitored when pupae were maintained at 32°C since the 1st or 6th day after pupation. It is recommended that both mature larvae and pupae at cocooning stage and earlier pupal stage should not be exposed to 32°C when the silkworm is reared for egg raising.     

高温对天蚕卵黄发生的影响(英文)

３２℃高温对天蚕（Ａｎｔｈｅｒａｅａ ｙａｍａｍａｉ）卵黄发生影响明显,其中影响程度与开始经受３２℃处理时天蚕发育阶段有关。结茧后第１天开始即受３２℃处理时,脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白（Ｖｇ）与可溶性蛋白含量均低于受２６℃处理的;化蛹后第１天开始即受３２℃处理时,脂肪体中Ｖｇ滴度与２６℃下的基本无明显差异,但血淋巴和卵巢中Ｖｇ或卵黄磷蛋白含量（Ｖｔ）均低于２６℃的;而在化蛹后第６天开始受３２℃处理时,脂肪体和血淋巴中Ｖｇ含量与２６℃的无明显差异,卵巢中Ｖｔ则明显高于２６℃的。此外,曾就化蛹后第１或６天开始受３２℃处理后脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中可溶性蛋白含量的变化作了检测。建议在饲育或保护制种用茧蚕时,老熟幼虫和化蛹初期的蚕蛹不宜接触３２℃高温。     

PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRUSTACEAN GONAD-INHIBITING HORMONE

Some properties of gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) from the eyestalks of male Cancer magister have been examined with normal and eyestalkless female Crangon crangon as test animals. GIH is neither sex- nor species-specific, is thermostable and is dialyzable through cellophane membranes. It has a molecular weight of about 2000.     

THE PROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE CRAB,PARATELPHUSA HYDRODROMOUS (HERBST)

In the Calicut population of P. hydrodromous, eyestalk principles are either directly or indirectly involved in maintenance of the differential growth rate of the sexes during the latter half of the first year of the life cycle. The prebreeding season (September—November), which is distinct in crabs 4.0 cm and over in carapace width (cw), is either absent or not distinct in young females (cw 2.8–3.2 cm), though the latter enter their first reproductive cycle by December, when 8–9 mth old. December—March is a period of active vitellogenic growth; from March onwards, there is a distinct swing in favor of somatic growth in females, though the proecdysis per se is not initiated until May. A typical brachyuran, Paratelphusa restricts its reproductive activity to intermolt and somatic growth chiefly to premolt; there are, however, definite phases within the intermolt itself when the physiological tilt favors somatic growth or alternatively reproduction. In females above cw 4.0 cm, the tendency for somatic growth is suppressed once they attain this cw after the monsoon (June—July) molt; eyestalk ablation during the prebreeding season precipitates accelerated ovarian growth. Administration of β-ecdysone in premolt titers failed to restrain this ovarian response and to promote somatic growth sufficiently. Conceivably, gonadal growth-promoting principles keep under check the responsiveness of the target tissues involved in somatic growth perhaps by affecting ecdysone receptors. The present investigations do not indicate a vitellogenesis-inhibiting role for β-ecdysone.     

中华稻蝗卵子卵黄发生期超微结构研究

利用透射电镜研究了中华稻蝗Oxya chinesis卵子发生中卵黄发生期的超微结构.卯黄发生初期,滤泡上皮细胞胞质内出现大量粗面内质网及线粒体等细胞器,可能与为卵母细胞提供营养有关.卵黄发生期卵母细胞胞质内卵黄球逐渐增多,它也许有多种来源.观察到环形片层结构,并讨论了其可能功能.     

The influence of group size on ovarian development in adult and neotenic reproductives of the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen) (Hodotermitidae)

Termite imagines of Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen), while still in the colony as winged individuals, do not show ovary development, although vitellogenin is present in the blood at low levels. When removed from the colony, artificially dealated, and paired, vitellogenin levels rise: subsequently ovaries develop resulting in oviposition approximately 15–16 days after removal from the colony. Imagines removed from the colony, dealated and held together in a heterosexual group, however, show little or no ovary development after 25 days, although vitellogenin is present in the haemolymph in low levels. Newly developed neotenic reproductives, on the other hand, removed from the colonly 1–2 days after the neotenic moult, and isolated in heterosexual pairs for 60 days, had ovaries which did not become larger than 0.02 mm³, and no eggs were laid. This is in contrast to the normal ovary development of neotenic reproductives produced in groups of larvae, as described earlier. Vitellogenin levels in isolated pairs of neotenics were low until 25 days after isolation, while vitellogenin levels increased 7–9 days after the moult in female neotenics kept in a colony with larvae. The results of this study on ovarian development and vitellogenesis in neotenic and adult reproductives reflect the normal biology of the two reproductive types where the latter leave the colony to found new colonies, while neotenics become sexually mature within the colony in which they developed.     

Activation of egg production and the corpus allatum without feeding in the adult female of the insect Rhodnius prolixus

Summary

In unfed virgin or mated females of Rhodnius prolixus, a proportion of females makes some eggs. Vitellogenesis in this prefeed period resembles closely that in fed females: it involves the activation of follicle cells, the development of spaces between the follicle cells, and a dependency on the corpus allatum and juvenile hormone. It is concluded that juvenile hormone is normally secreted in the period between emergence and the first adult blood meal. Eggs are produced only if sufficient blood remains in the crop from the previous larval meal. The data concerning crops size are consistent with the hypothesis that the activity of the corpus allatum is governed by the degree of distension of the crop or abdomen.