长白山高山冻原生态系统三种养分含量的空间分布

对长白山高山冻原生态系统中 3种养分 (N、P和 S)在植被 -凋落物 -土壤中的空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)在长白山高山冻原植被亚系统中 ,3种养分总含量分布规律是石质高山冻原 (ST) >典型高山冻原 (TT) >沼泽高山冻原 (WT) >草甸高山冻原 (MT) >石海高山冻原 (RT) ;3种养分积累总量为 72 .4 6 kg· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 4 8.5 5 kg· hm- 2 ,10 .33kg· hm- 2 和 13.6 1kg· hm- 2 ;生物量与养分积累分布规律是 WT>TT>MT>ST>RT。 (2 )在长白山高山冻原凋落物亚系统中 ,平均凋落物量是 1.96 kg· hm- 2 ;3种养分积累总量为 :82 .5 kg· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 4 6 .2 8kg· hm- 2 ,2 1.14 kg· hm- 2 和 15 .0 8kg· hm- 2 ;养分积累总量分布规律是 TT>WT>RT>MT>ST。 (3)长白山高山冻原土壤 (0～ 2 0cm)亚系统中 ,养分积累总量为 39.6 t· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 2 3.76 t· hm- 2 ,5 .86 t· hm- 2和 9.98t· hm- 2。 4 )在长白山高山冻原生态系统中 ,3种养分总积累量为 4 0 6 4 4 .98kg· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 2 4 734.85 kg· hm- 2 ,10 0 18.7kg·hm- 2 和 5 891.4 3kg· hm- 2 ,土壤库是长白山高山冻原的主要养分储存库     

长白山高山冻原生态系统的碳储量

对长白山高山冻原生态系统碳在植被-凋落物-土壤中的分布进行了研究。结果表明,在长白山高山冻原植被亚系统中,碳储量分布规律是典型高山冻原(TT)>石质高山冻原(ST)>草甸高山冻原(MT)>沼泽高山冻原(WT)>石海高山冻原(RT),长白山高山冻原的植被碳储量为3.3457×104t。而生物量分布规律是WT>TT>MT>ST>RT。在长白山高山冻原凋落物亚系统中,平均凋落物量是0.991 kg.hm-2.年-1;凋落物碳储量为1.5043×104t,碳储量分布规律是TT>ST>MT>RT>WT。长白山高山冻原土壤(0~20 cm)亚系统中,有机碳储量为3.162×105t;每年约有1.4105×104t碳通过土壤呼吸释放到大气圈,长白山高山冻原植被-土壤系统现已成为3.6471×105t碳储库。     

长白山高山冻原土壤呼吸及其影响因子分析

主要研究了长白山高山冻原土壤呼吸与生物量、凋落物和土壤理化因子的相互关系。运用典范相关分析法(CanonicalCorrelationAnalysis)分析了长白山高山冻原生态系统中影响土壤呼吸的主要理化因子。结果表明,长白山高山冻原4种典型土壤类型的土壤呼吸量依次为泥炭化高山冻原土250·79g·m-2·yr-1、草甸化高山冻原土227·69g·m-2·yr-1、潜育化高山冻原土211·36g·m-2·yr-1和石质化高山冻原土209·42g·m-2·yr-1。土壤呼吸与地下生物量显著相关(R2=0·85,n=15,P<0·05);土壤呼吸与凋落物量的空间变化不完全相同;影响长白山高山冻原土壤呼吸的主要理化因子是C/N、土壤持水量、有机质和总氮。     

长白山高山冻原生态系统磷硫生物循环的研究

利用分室模型对长白山高山冻原生态系统磷硫生物循环进行了研究.结果表明,长白山高山冻原植被-土壤系统中总磷和总硫净储存分别为16 088.6 t和26 079.4 t,其中土壤库分别占99.2%和99.5%.磷硫在土壤库、凋落物库和植被库的分布极不平衡,储量分别是:植被库中磷46.14 t、硫64.82 t,其中地上部分储存磷21.88 t、硫44.21 t,地下根系储存磷24.28 t、硫20.61 t,在植物亚系统中47.4%的磷和68.2%的硫储存在地上部分;凋落物库中磷89.63 t、硫53.16 t;土壤库中磷15 952.8 t、硫26 014.6t.长白山高山冻原植被-土壤系统中,磷年吸收量和年凋落物归还量分别为24.52和31.59 t;硫在地上植物活体、地下根系中年转移量和年凋落物归还量分别为31.18、10.12和21.06 t,硫自然归还率为67.5%.     

神农架海拔梯度上4种典型森林凋落物现存量及其养分循环动态

研究神农架地区典型森林凋落物现存量及其养分动态对认识我国北亚热带森林生态系统养分循环过程及森林碳循环的机理具有重要的参考价值。通过对神农架海拔梯度上4种典型森林常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林及亚高山针叶林凋落物年凋落量及其养分归还量的研究,发现:森林凋落物量随海拔增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,由低海拔到高海拔,凋落物年凋落量分别为6807.97、7118.14、6975.2和4250.67 kg/hm²。各森林类型凋落物量年变化呈双峰型,高峰期出现在4-5月份、11月份。凋落物养分归还以N 最高(132.06、162.29、157.12和185.77 kg/hm²),以P最少(4.62、4.39、8.24和4.15 kg/hm²),养分归还总量随海拔高度增加而减少。     

川西亚高山林线交错带植被凋落物量及养分归还动态

从2006—2008年,研究了川西亚高山林线交错带群落凋落物产量及N、P、K、Ca和Mg主要养分归还动态。结果表明:林线交错带植被凋落物年产量为389.83kg.hm-2.a-1,5种主要养分年归还量总量为15.82kg.hm-2.a-1,归还量排序为Ca>N>K>Mg>P。其中,叶、枝和其他混合杂物分别占凋落物总量的72.2%、17.9%和9.9%,占养分归还总量的87.4%、7.0%和5.6%。凋落物各组分及养分归还月动态均呈单峰曲线型变化,叶高峰期在9月,而枝、杂物则在10月。凋落物养分含量季节动态因不同凋落物组分和养分元素而异。叶凋落物中N、P、K和Mg含量在生长高峰的6、7月较高,而Ca含量较低;枝凋落物各元素含量总体上月变化不显著,其他混合杂物各元素含量6与10月相对较高,其余各月则无显著差异。     

不同坡位对琉球松人工林凋落物及其养分归还量的影响

对日本冲绳岛北部不同坡位的琉球松人工林凋落物量及其养分归还量进行了为期3年的观测研究,结果表明,琉球松成林年凋落物量为6．54～8．05Mg·hm^-2·年^-1,其凋落高峰出现在6、7月份．台风干扰对年凋落物量及其季节动态影响显著．凋落物不同组分的养分含量差异明显．年均养分归还总量为113．4～154．6kg·hm^-2·年^-1,其中氮素归还量最大,占42．2％;各养分归还量的大小依次为N>Ca>K>Mg>Na>P．两调查林分由于立地条件的显著差异,年均凋落物量及其相应的养分归还量亦存在明显差异．在立地条件较好的下坡,林分P1的年均凋落物量达8．05Mg·hm^-2·年^-1,高于立地条件相对较差的上坡的林分P2的23．1％;其相应的年养分归还量为：N66、04,P1.63,K17．42,Ca48.31,Mg14.65和N。6、57kg·hm^-2·年^-1,分别高于林分P2的39.7％、48.8％、39．4％、32.9％、24.8％和49.3％．两林分凋落物的养分利用效率分别是N为122和138,P为4934和5945,K为462和523,林分P1明显低于林分P2,这与林分P2的立地条件较差相关．可见,所调查的琉球松林是一种高效的养分利用系统。     

长白山高山冻原植被生物量的分布规律

从物种生物量、优势种器官生物量和植被生物量角度,探讨了长白山高山冻原生态系统生物量的空间变化规律．结果表明,在调查的43种长白山高山冻原植物中,单物种生物量排序前5种植物分别是牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron chrysanthum)(159．01kg·hm^-2)、笃斯越桔(Vaccinium jiliginosum var．alpinum)(137．52kg·hm^-2)、高山笃斯(Vaccinium uliginosum)(134．7kg·hm^-2)、宽叶仙女木(Dryas octopetala var．asiatica)(131．5kg·hm^-2)圆叶柳(Salix rotundifolia)(128．4kg·hm^-2)．它们是长白山高山冻原生态系统的优势种．地下与地上生物量和地下与总生物量之比随海拔升高逐渐增加．植被生物量随海拔升高。总体呈逐渐减小的趋势。植被生物量与海拔高度呈显著负相关．长白山高山冻原生态系统平均生物量为2．21t·hm^-2,对调节长白山小气候、涵养水源、水土保持等生态服务功能的发挥有着重要的作用。同时对固定大气CO2起着汇的作用。     

东北天然针阔混交林凋落物磷素空间异质性及其影响因素

以天然云冷杉(Picea jezoensis var.microsperma(Lindl.) W.C.ChengL.K.Fu and Abies nephrolepis(Trautv.) Maxim.)针阔混交林为研究对象,基于4块1 hm~2固定样地林分调查数据和等距离网格布点取样的400个半分解层凋落物样品的养分测定数据,采用地统计学方法,分析凋落物磷浓度、归还量及利用效率的空间格局特征及其影响因素。结果表明:4块样地凋落物磷浓度均值为1.26 g/kg,归还量均值为24.57 kg/hm~2,利用效率均值为841.74,均表现为中等强度变异,具有明显的空间异质性,且同一样地,变异程度呈现出磷归还量磷利用效率磷浓度。凋落物磷浓度、归还量(样地III和IV结构比大于75%,其空间异质性主要由随机效应引起,不适合进行空间插值)和利用效率主要受结构性因素影响,具有较高的空间自相关性。同一样地磷利用效率的空间异质性较磷浓度及归还量低,各样地磷浓度、归还量和利用效率空间自相关范围分别为9.9—40.5 m、11.9—52.9 m和8.1—39.3 m。同一样地磷利用效率的分形维数高于磷浓度,空间格局较磷浓度复杂,磷浓度空间依赖性更强,具有更好的结构性。凋落物磷浓度、归还量(除样地III和IV)和利用效率呈现条带状和斑块状梯度性分布,且磷浓度和利用效率的空间分布格局相似。凋落物磷浓度、归还量和利用效率受到郁闭度、物种数和植物多样性等多种因子的影响。     

神农架巴山冷杉天然林凋落量及养分特征

研究了湖北神农架巴山冷杉 (Abies fargesii) 天然林凋落物量、凋落物N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量及其归还量。结果表明:巴山冷杉天然林的年凋落量为5702.99kg·hm-2;巴山冷杉林的凋落 物组成比较丰富, 主要有落叶、落枝、球花、球果和其他5部分, 其中以落叶为多, 占总凋落量的46.00%;凋落量的月变化模式呈双峰型, 分别在2006年10~11月和2007年4~5月达到峰值;凋落物养分含量的大小顺序为:N>K>Ca>P>Mg;N、P、 K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为:39.1063、4.5346、13.4367、5.4965和0.0911kg·hm-2;就凋落物各组分的养分年归 还量而言, 落叶的养分归还量远远大于其余组分的养分归还量, 占总归还量的52.65%。因此, 不论凋落量还是养分归还量, 巴山冷杉林凋落物中的落叶都占绝对优势。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.