玻璃化与正常苹果试管苗的叶片和茎的显微结构比较

以苹果品种‘鲁加5号’试管苗为试材,其用石蜡切片和电镜扫描观察方法,比较玻璃化与正常试管苗叶片和茎的显微结构的结果表明：苹果玻璃化试管苗的叶片和茎的显微结构与正常试管苗有显著差异,前者的叶片厚度变大,表皮细胞密度极低;表皮细胞体积膨大,液泡化,栅栏组织厚度减小,海绵组织厚度增加;气孔器的长轴变化不明显,短轴变宽,气孔密度极高;茎的维管组织中有空洞和塌陷,导管管壁多皱褶,筛管中无淀粉粒积累。     

外源H2O2胁迫对大蒜试管苗玻璃化的影响

以大蒜品种‘二水早’为材料,研究不同浓度外源H2O2胁迫对大蒜试管苗的玻璃化发生及生理生化变化的影响.结果表明,在不同浓度外源H2O2处理下,大蒜玻璃化试管苗百分率、组织含水量、MDA含量、电解质渗透率、SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且随H2O2浓度的增加而升高,叶绿素含量则表现相反的趋势;在同一H2O2浓度下,大蒜玻璃化试管苗的组织含水量、MDA含量、电解质渗透率、SOD、POD和CAT活性均显著高于大蒜正常试管苗,叶绿素含量低于正常试管苗.研究发现,外源H2O2胁迫对大蒜试管苗玻璃化有促进作用.     

大葱组织培养中玻璃苗特性研究

以章丘大葱为试验材料,从形态组织学及生理生化等方面探讨了大葱试管苗玻璃化发生的可能机理。结果表明,玻璃苗形态组织结构与正常苗有很大差异,玻璃苗组织含水量增加,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增强,叶绿素总量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性、可溶性蛋白含量均降低。玻璃苗酯酶同工酶谱带与正常苗相比,增加了一条带,同时缺少了两条带;可溶性蛋白电泳分析表明,玻璃苗与正常苗间也存在明显差异。可见,当外界环境条件不适宜植物生长需要时,植物体在基因表达水平上将会受到影响,表达产物的差异可引起生理代谢功能上的紊乱,从而导致形态结构的畸型,进而产生玻璃化苗。     

烯效唑对青钱柳试管苗生长及生理特性的影响

在含0.00(CK)、0.01、0.05、0.10和1.00 mg·L-1烯效唑的WPM培养基上继代培养120 d后,对青钱柳[Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.)Iljinskaja]试管苗的部分生长及生理指标的变化进行了比较研究.结果显示:不同质量浓度烯效唑对青钱柳试管苗的生长及生理指标有不同的影响效应.总体上,随培养基中烯效唑质量浓度的提高,青钱柳试管苗的苗高、叶片数和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白质含量的比值、SOD和POD活性逐渐提高;在培养基中添加0.01、0.05和0.10 mg·L-1烯效唑对青钱柳试管苗的成活率无显著影响,却可使试管苗的单株鲜质量增加量、叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量均高于对照;在培养基中添加1.00 mg·L-1烯效唑能显著或极显著降低试管苗的成活率、单株鲜质量增加量、分化芽数、苗高、叶片数以及叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量,并使苗茎出现异常增粗和矮化.而在含0.10 mg·L-1烯效唑的培养基上,虽然试管苗的苗高、分化芽数和叶片数分别较对照降低了28.03%、9.70%和12.37%,但试管苗的单株鲜质量增加量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白质含量的比值、 SOD和POD活性分别较对照提高了99.39%、 14.00%、 5.00%、115.43%、129.77%和33.79%.研究结果表明,在培养基中添加0.10 mg·L-1烯效唑可有效改善青钱柳试管苗的生长和生理特性,有效控制苗高和叶片数,促进苗茎的增粗,有助于增强试管苗的抗逆能力.     

外源ABA对大蒜试管苗玻璃化发生和抗氧化系统的影响

以大蒜品种‘二水早’试管苗为材料,从活性氧代谢的角度研究了外源ABA、H_2O_2和H_2O_2+ABA处理下的试管苗玻璃化率、活性氧积累与组织定位和抗氧化系统的响应特征,探讨ABA缓解试管苗玻璃化过程的机理。结果表明:(1)外源H_2O_2处理可诱导大蒜试管苗玻璃化发生,外源ABA处理下玻璃化率最低,可以缓解H_2O_2诱导的玻璃化的发生。(2)试管苗O_2~产生速率和H_2O_2含量在H_2O_2处理下最高,在ABA处理下最低;在添加H_2O_2的培养基中同时添加ABA能显著减少因外源H_2O_2处理引起的O_2~产生和H_2O_2积累。(3)试管苗CAT、POD和APX活性在外源H_2O_2处理前期(0~8d)均上升并显著高于对照,但其CAT、APX活性在处理后期(8~16d)下降,其同期POD活性也增加缓慢;各抗氧化酶的活性在外源ABA与H_2O_2+ABA处理前期(0~8d)均呈直线上升趋势,而它们在H_2O_2+ABA处理后期(8~16d)均显著高于H_2O_2处理。(4)各处理试管苗抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量随处理时间先升高后降低,并以外源ABA处理下最高,外源H_2O_2处理下最低。(5)试管苗O_2~和H_2O_2产生部位主要在基部和叶尖,且外源ABA处理下组织中ROS的积累最少。(6)在ABA+H_2O_2处理下,大蒜试管苗内丙二醛含量和膜相对透性显著低于对照和H_2O_2处理。研究发现,外源ABA处理可有效降低大蒜试管苗的内源O_2~产生速率和H_2O_2含量,提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,抑制活性氧在试管苗内的产生和运输,显著降低试管苗玻璃化率;外源ABA可通过增强大蒜试管苗抗氧化能力来抑制玻璃化发生。     

干旱胁迫对高山离子芥试管苗抗氧化系统及其活性氧代谢的影响

该试验以高山离子芥试管苗(Chorispora bungeana)为试材,采用固液培养法,设置对照(不添加PEG-6000,CK),轻度干旱胁迫(5%PEG-6000)、中度干旱胁迫(20%PEG-6000)、重度干旱胁迫(40%PEG-6000)4个干旱处理水平,分析干旱胁迫对高山离子芥幼苗抗氧化系统、活性氧代谢等部分生理特征的影响,以揭示高山离子芥在干旱胁迫下的生理响应特征,为进一步探讨其对干旱环境的适应机制奠定基础。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加以及在各时间胁迫处理下,抗氧化酶SOD活性及可溶性糖含量显著升高,POD活性、丙二醛含量、CAT活性和APX活性均经历了先升后降的过程。(2)超氧阴离子(O-·2)的产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量均显著升高;高山离子芥试管苗叶片相对电导率呈现出升-降-升的变化趋势。(3)相关分析结果显示,MDA与相对电导率、可溶性糖、SOD、APX、O-·2及H2O2呈极显著正相关关系,可溶性糖与SOD、POD、O-·2及H2O2呈极显著正相关关系;相对电导率以及保护酶系均与O-·2、H2O2呈极显著正相关关系。研究表明,高山离子芥具有较强的耐旱性,高山离子芥试管苗在响应干旱胁迫过程中,抗氧化酶系、活性氧代谢、脂质过氧化及渗透调节物等共同参与了高山离子芥试管苗对干旱胁迫的综合抗逆性形成,从而积极启动应对外界干旱环境的耐旱响应机制。     

梨芽离体快繁过程中玻璃化苗的发生与氧自由基胁迫的关系

优质梨“苹博１号”的芽离体快繁过程中发生的玻璃化苗与其它植物的玻璃化苗相似,试验对其氧自由基清除酶活性和膜脂过氧化水平进行了研究。结果表明;正常试管苗和玻璃轩的过氧化物酶,过氧化氢酶,超氧化物歧化酶的活性和丙二醛含量普遍随培养时间而呈升高趋势;但玻璃化苗的后两种酶活性低于正常苗,可溶性蛋白含量也显著低于正常值,丙二醛水平却显著高于正常苗,提示梨快繁过程中有氧自由基的胁迫,而且玻璃化苗发生了更严重的     

麝香石竹玻璃苗与正常苗的生理特性差异

诱导麝香石竹茎段外植体产生不定芽的分化,所得到的正常苗与玻璃苗的生理特性明显有差异。表现在玻璃苗的鲜重、干重、粗纤维和叶绿素含量与正常苗相比显著降低;玻璃苗的可溶性糖含量增加38％,而蔗糖含量下降63%,束缚水含量显著增高,自由水含量明显降低;玻璃苗的淀粉酶总活性也明显升高,碱性和中性区过氧化物酶同工酶活性显著提高而酸性区的同工酶活性有所下降。然而,玻璃苗和正常苗形成时的芽分化频率以及伸长生长量之间无明显区别。结果表明,麝香石竹试管苗的玻璃化可能是在碳水化合物代谢、氮代谢和水分存在状况等发生生理异常的情况下在芽分化启动后的生长过程中发生的,而不是在芽分化启动时已经决定的。     

棒叶落地生根对干旱与复水的生理响应

为探讨棒叶落地生根(Kalanchoe tubiflora)耐旱的机制,在干旱与复水条件下,对其叶片的一些生理生化指标进行了测定。结果表明,随干旱时间延长,棒叶落地生根叶片中O2-·生成速率增大,H2O2含量升高,导致脂质过氧化产物MDA含量增高;同时SOD活性升高,CAT活性降低;可溶性糖与脯氨酸含量增加,但复水后这些指标均恢复到干旱前的水平。这说明棒叶落地生根能够耐受干旱环境是通过积累渗透调节物质,提高活性氧的清除能力,从而减少氧化胁迫造成的伤害。     

不同因素对草莓玻璃化试管苗恢复的影响

旨在探索草莓玻璃化试管苗恢复措施。以‘丰香’草莓玻璃化试管苗为材料,采用正交设计的方法,在继代培养基中添加不同浓度组合的活性炭、聚乙烯醇和钙离子(氯化钙),研究不同组合对草莓玻璃化试管苗恢复的影响,同时比较恢复后的正常试管苗与原来的玻璃化苗及正常苗的生理生化指标。结果表明,正交设计的9种处理间草莓玻璃化苗的恢复率差异显著,恢复率最高的是处理9(1 g/L活性炭+2 g/L聚乙烯醇+166 mg/L钙离子),恢复率为89.07%,其次是处理4(0.5 g/L活性炭+166mg/L钙离子),81.05%、处理8(1 g/L活性炭+1 g/L聚乙烯醇),73.87%。方差分析表明,活性炭、聚乙烯醇、钙离子浓度对草莓玻璃化苗恢复的影响都极为显著,影响大小依次是钙离子>活性炭>聚乙烯醇。恢复苗的各项生理生化指标与玻璃化苗差异显著,与正常苗差异不显著。结合各处理对玻璃化苗的恢复率、生理生化指标及增殖系数,综合考虑认为使草莓玻璃化试管苗恢复的最佳处理为处理9。     

Analysis of ultrastructure and reactive oxygen species of hyperhydric garlic (Allium sativum L.) shoots

Hyperhydricity is a physiological disorder frequently affecting shoots propagated in vitro. Since it negatively affects shoot multiplication vigor, and impedes the successful transfer of micropropagated plants to in vivo conditions, hyperhydricity is a major problem in plant tissue culture. In commercial plant micropropagation, there are reports of up to 60% of cultured shoots or plantlets which demonstrate hyperhydricity, which reflects the pervasiveness of this problem. The phenomenon has been correlated to water availability, microelements, and/or hormonal imbalance in the tissue culture. In this study, the ultrastructure and the characteristics of reactive oxygen species between hyperhydric and normal shoots of garlic were studied. We observed that in some cells of hyperhydric tissues, the intranuclear inclusion was separated, the mitochondrion was swollen and its intracristae had splits, the organelles were compressed against the cell wall, and the chloroplasts and intergranal thylakoids were also compressed. Additionally, the content of chlorophyll and soluble protein in hyperhydric shoots decreased significantly. For instance, chlorophyll a decreased 43.61%, chlorophyll b decreased 49.29%, chlorophyll a+b decreased 48.10%, and soluble protein dropped 47.36%. In contrast, the O₂ generation rate and H₂O₂ level increased 45.36% and 63.98%, respectively, obviously higher than the normal shoots. Lipoxygenase activity and malondialdehyde content in the hyperhydric shoots increased significantly, while the electrolyte leakage rose, indicating a serious membrane lipid peroxidatic reaction. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities in hyperhydric tissue were all significantly higher than in normal leaf tissue. The antioxidant metabolism demostrated a close connection between hyperhydricity and reactivated oxygen species.     

Sub-cellular location of H2O2, peroxidases and pectin epitopes in control and hyperhydric shoots of carnation

In carnation shoots (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Killer), hyperhydricity was induced in in vitro culture using a low agar concentration. Using transmission electron microscopy, cytochemical techniques and immunolocation of JIM5 and JIM7 pectin epitopes, we followed the sub-cellular modifications of cell walls in relation to peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide accumulation during hyperhydricity induction. Peroxidase activity revealed a significant induction of the stomatal and epidermal cells as well as of the intercellular spaces of hyperhydric leaves. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the epidermal cell walls and the intercellular spaces of hyperhydric leaves. Immunolocation of an epitope recognised by the JIM5 antibody revealed the main unesterified nature of the cell walls. Such an epitope was located in the epidermal cell walls as well as in the corners of cell junctions in control leaves. However, hyperhydric leaves showed a total reduction of JIM5 labelling in the corners of cell junctions and a significant reduction of the intercellular spaces and the middle lamella. Highly-methylsterified pectin, recognised by the JIM7 antibody, was present to a slight extent in cell walls in control and hyperhydric leaves. We propose that the altered anatomy observed in hyperhydric carnation leaves could be regulated by the concomitant actions of pectin methyl esterases and free radicals, modifying the structure of the pectin and polysaccharides of the cell walls.     

Hyperhydricity in micropropagated carnation shoots: the role of oxidative stress

The physiology of hyperhydricity in relation to oxidative stress, mineral nutrients, antioxidant enzymes and ethylene has been studied in three micropropagated carnation cultivars under experimentally induced hyperhydricity. A marked increase in Fe content in comparison with normal tissues was observed in the hyperhydric tissues from the three cultivars. The levels of ethylene, solute leakage and malondialdehyde content were also significantly higher in the hyperhydric tissues. In relation to the time course of H₂O₂ production measured by fluorescence quenching, a similar trend could be observed for the three cultivars, with a clear increase in the generation of hydrogen peroxide in hyperhydric tissues. The activities of all the antioxidative enzymes studied, except lipoxygenase, were higher in the hyperhydric shoots. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) showed a significant decrease in activity in the hyperhydric tissues in comparison with the controls for the three cultivars. Soluble guaiacol peroxidase had a strong increase in activity in hyperhydric shoots of the three cultivars. These results provide, for the first time, direct evidence of H₂O₂ generation in hyperhydric tissues, characterize the response of the antioxidant system to an oxidative stress during hyperhydricity in carnation leaves and point to the accumulation of toxic forms of oxygen as the inducer of some of the abnormalities observed.     

Cell ultrastructure and chlorophyll pigments in hyperhydric and non-hyperhydric <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta vulgaris</Emphasis> var. Conditiva plantlets,treated with deuterium depleted water

Hyperhydricity can cause significant loss in the in vitro propagated plantlets. In order to predict and control its occurrence, a better understanding of the structural aspects and physiological features of hyperhydric plantlets is required. In this study, the ultrastructural and physiological changes associated with hyperhydric red beet plantlets were investigated. Our objective was to establish a correlation between the ultrastructural aspects of Beta vulgaris var. Conditiva leaflets and hypocotyls and the content of chlorophyll pigments extracted in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) of two type of plantlets: hyperhydric from a basal culture medium Murashige and Skoog (JAMA 15:473–497, 1962) prepared with distilled water (DW—155 ppm Deuterium) and non-hyperhydric, cultivated on identical medium where distilled water was replaced with deuterium depleted water (DDW- 25 ppm Deuterium) as a method of preventing hyperhydricity. Cell ultrastructure in hyperhydricity, both from the leaves, but especially from hypocotyls, showed denatured chloroplasts in a myxoplasm mass formed by the damage of the tonoplast and the mixing of the cytoplasm with the vacuolar juice. The nuclei were picnotic, presenting paranucleolar corpuscles. The amount of assimilating pigments was significantly reduced in the plantlets grown on medium prepared with DW as compared to the normal, non-hyperhydric ones from medium prepared with DDW. Both evaluations showed that, in red beet, DDW also prevents the appearance of hyperhydricity.     

Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dionaea muscipula</Emphasis> J. Ellis to light stress in in vitro: physiological study

Hyperhydricity can cause significant economic loss for the micro-propagation industry that produces blueberry. In order to predict and control the occurrence of hyperhydricity, better understanding of the anatomical and physiological features of hyperhydric plantlets is required. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructural and physiological changes associated with hyperhydric blueberry plantlets. Compared to normal plantlets, hyperhydric plantlets exhibited reduced cell wall thickness, damaged membrane and guard cell structure, decreased number of mitochondria and starch granule, higher cell vacuolation, more intercellular spaces, and collapse of vascular tissues. In addition, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethylene, decreased stomatal aperture and water loss, as well as abnormity of stomatal movement were also evident in the hyperhydric plantlets. The results suggested that excessive ethylene and ROS produced in response to the stress arising from in vitro culture could lead to abnormal stomatal closure, causing the accumulation of water in the tissues. This would lead to subsequent induction of oxidative stress (due to hypoxia) and cell damage, especially guard cell structure, eventually giving rise to the symptoms of hyperhydricity. Reducing the content of ethylene and ROS, and protecting the structure and function of the stomata could be considered as potential strategies for inhibiting hyperhydricity or restoring the hyperhydric plants to their normal state.     

水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯对丹参幼苗叶片显微结构、光合及非结构糖积累的影响

研究了水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)幼苗叶片显微结构、叶片光合能力及幼苗中非结构糖积累的影响.结果显示:SA处理增加了丹参幼苗叶片气孔密度;叶肉细胞排列紧密、体积减小,叶肉细胞内叶绿体数目减少,但叶绿体体积增大,叶绿体基粒片层结构的数目增加;叶片中叶绿素a、b含量、叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及净光合速率均增加;同时,幼苗根中和叶片中酸性转化酶活性降低,幼苗地上部分蔗糖含量及可溶性糖总量显著高于对照.MeJA处理减少了叶片气孔密度,气孔发育畸形;叶肉细胞间隙增大,栅栏细胞层数减少,叶肉细胞内叶绿体数目减少,叶绿体体积减小,叶绿体基粒片层结构被破坏;叶片中叶绿素a及类胡萝卜素含量、叶片的净光合速率低于对照,叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率增强;同时,幼苗根中及叶中酸性转化酶活性增加,幼苗根中蔗糖含量及可溶性糖总量显著低于对照.可见,SA处理能促进植物叶片显微结构发育,增强叶片光合能力,抑制蔗糖降解并促进蔗糖积累;而MeJA处理则破坏了植物叶片显微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,促进了蔗糖降解并减少蔗糖积累.     

Natural ventilation effectively reduces hyperhydricity in shoot cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aloe polyphylla</Emphasis> Schönland ex Pillans

An investigation into the role of ventilation to reduce hyperhydricity in tissue cultures of Aloe polyphylla Schönland ex Pillans revealed that gaseous exchange between the in-vitro atmosphere and the outside environment is an essential prerequisite for controlling this disorder. In closed culture vessels, hyperhydricity affected as much as 84% of the newly-formed shoots on media gelled with gelrite. The leaves of hyperhydric shoots had a bright green colour, smooth epidermis and large, open stomata. Gaseous exchange was promoted by using modified lids with a hole covered with polyester or cotton mesh. In ventilated cultures, hyperhydricity was completely eliminated irrespective of the type of gelling agent used. Natural ventilation was further advantageous for the microplants in terms of leaf chlorophyll content as well as the deposition of epicuticular wax, indicating the onset of mechanisms that regulate water loss from the explants. Although culture ventilation was negatively correlated to the regeneration rate and shoot growth, it has the potential to control the appearance of abnormal phenotypes and can be easily adopted for routine A. polyphylla propagation in vitro.     

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of Euphorbia millii hyperhydric shoots

A large number of micropropagated Euphorbia millii shoots from temporary immersion bioreactor showed thick broad leaves that were translucent, wrinkled and/or curled and brittle, symptoms of hyperhydricity. The environment inside bioreactor normally used in plant micropropagation is characterised by high relative humidity, poor gaseous exchange between the internal atmosphere of the bioreactor and its surrounding environment, and the accumulation of ethylene, conditions that may induce physiological disorders. A comparison of hyperhydric shoots (HS) with normal plants shows marked increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in HS plants. MDA, a decomposition product of polyunsaturated fatty acids hydroperoxides, has been utilized very often as a suitable biomarker for lipid peroxidation, which is an effect of oxidative damage. This hypothesis is also confirmed by the higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in HS plants. The potential role of antioxidant enzymes in protecting hyperhydric shoots from oxidative injury was examined by analyzing enzyme activities and isozyme profiles of hyperhydric and non-hyperhydric leaves of E. millii. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly higher in hyperhydric tissue as compared to non-hyperhydric normal leaf tissue. After native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis, seven SOD isoenzymes were detected and the increase in SOD activity observed in hyperhydric tissue seemed to be mainly due to Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) was proportionally increased in HS tissue compared to normal leaves indicating a crucial role in eliminating toxic H₂O₂ from plant cells. The depletion of GSH and total glutathione in spite of higher GR activities observed in HS tissue indicates that mechanism of antioxidant defense was by enhanced oxidation of GSH to GSSG by DHAR yielding ascorbate (AA). The antioxidant metabolism has been shown to be important in determining the ability of plants to survive in hyperhydric stress and the up regulation of these enzymes would help to reduce the build up of ROS.     

Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Participate in Mitigation of Hyperhydricity in In Vitro-Grown Carnation Genotypes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dianthus Caryophyllus</Emphasis>)

The present study was to determine the factors that can reduce hyperhydricity in in vitro-propagated carnation genotypes. The carnation genotypes (Green Beauty, Purple Beauty, and Inca Magic) were grown in vitro under normal and hyperhydric conditions in white fluorescent light (FL) in which half of the hyperhydric plants were grown in red and blue LEDs (light emitting diodes). It was observed that hyperhydricity leads to oxidative stress in terms of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) content, whereas stress was alleviated by R (red) and B (blue) LEDs. The multiprotein complex proteins such as ATPase (RCI?+?LHC1) PSII-core dimer, PSII-monomer/ATPs synthase, and PSII-monomer/cyt b₆f had decreased levels in hyperhydric conditions grown in white FL; however, the expression level of these photosynthetic proteins was retained in hyperhydric plants grown in R and B LEDs. Moreover, the immunoblots of two photosynthetic proteins (PsaA and PsbA) and stress-responsive proteins such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase showed recovery of hyperhydricity in carnation genotypes grown in R and B LEDs. Our present study signifies that red (R) and blue light (B) LEDs reduced the hyperhydricity to control levels by maintaining the composition of thylakoid proteins and antioxidative defense mechanisms in carnation genotypes.     

辣椒彩色斑叶突变体叶片显微结构及超微结构研究

以彩色斑叶辣椒突变体、紫叶辣椒、白色斑叶辣椒突变体功能叶为试验材料,利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,通过观察叶片不同斑区的显微结构及超微结构,分析彩色斑叶的显色部位、显色特征、细胞器数量及形态变化,从细胞水平上探讨彩色斑叶辣椒复杂叶色的成因。结果表明：(1)彩色斑叶辣椒突变体子叶为紫色,自第一片真叶展开出现异色斑块,斑块位置、频率、色彩深度无明显规律。(2)叶肉细胞内叶绿体少甚至缺失形成白斑,花色素苷在叶肉细胞和保卫细胞均有分布,其在叶肉细胞不均匀分布是紫色深度不同的主因。(3)辣椒彩色斑叶突变体绿斑区内细胞形态良好,细胞器结构较好;紫色斑区和白色斑区细胞呈中度肿胀,细胞器明显异常。(4)叶肉细胞内叶绿体少甚至缺失、花色素苷不均匀分布是叶片呈现彩色的原因,该叶斑类型属于色素型。