稻曲病菌厚垣孢子壁多糖的提取方法优选

探究稻曲病菌Ustiloginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi厚垣孢子壁多糖的最佳提取方法,为孢壁多糖含量和组成的研究提供基础.采用5种方法提取该病菌黑色厚垣孢子壁多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量.经研究比较,最佳提取方法为复合酶-热水浸提-sevag法,最佳提取条件是复合酶量4％,pH 4,浸提温度70℃,浸提时间120 min,物料比1:75(V/V);在优选的方法和条件下,测定稻曲病菌黑色厚垣孢子壁粗多糖相对得率21.2％,多糖含量72 3％;黄色厚垣孢子壁粗多糖相对得率17.5％,多糖含量66.7％,前者明显高于后者.研究表明复合酶-热水浸提-sevag法的工艺简单、可行,适宜稻曲病菌厚垣孢子壁多糖的测定.     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子脂肪酸组成的研究

【目的】为探明细胞壁和细胞内脂肪酸成分及含量与细胞抗逆性的关系,【方法】采用酸热法、索氏提取法、有机溶剂法对稻曲病菌的厚垣孢子壁进行脂肪酸提取,并采用气相色谱检测其脂肪酸的组成和含量。【结果】采用酸热法提取脂肪酸效果最好,以该方法提取测定稻曲病菌黄色、黄绿色、黑色厚垣孢子壁饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为26.92%、17.23%、23.71%,其不饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为60.46%、61.52%、70.64%;厚垣孢子总(沉淀孢子壁和上清液)饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为28.87%、21.00%、24.04%,厚垣孢子总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为55.43%、55.87%、63.89%。硬脂酸在厚垣孢子壁中的含量:黄色>黄绿色>黑色;不饱和脂肪酸中顺式-5,8,11,14,17二十碳五烯酸(EPA)在厚垣孢子壁的含量:黑色>黄绿色>黄色。【结论】在3种颜色厚垣孢子中,黑色休眠型厚垣孢子在孢子壁、总不饱和脂肪酸含量均最高,表明不饱和脂肪酸的含量提高,有利于厚垣孢子的休眠越冬。     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子不同破壁方法的比较

为了探究稻曲病菌[Ustiloginoidea virens(Cooke)Takahashi]厚垣孢子的最佳破壁方法,研究采用4种破壁法对该病菌黄色和黑色厚垣孢子进行破壁,血球计数板计算破壁效果,并用考马斯亮蓝法测定不同破壁方法中厚垣孢子壁内可溶性蛋白含量。结果表明,在普通光学显微镜下观察,破壁后厚垣孢子多数为碎片,少数为孢壁内空圆球。4种破壁方法中液氮研磨-超声破碎法破壁效果最好,黄色和黑色厚垣孢子的破壁率均可达98%以上,用该法破壁测得的黄色和黑色厚垣孢子壁内可溶性蛋白质含量也最高。由此可见,液氮研磨-超声波破碎法是一种稻曲病菌厚垣孢子破壁的有效、简便、适宜在实验室应用的方法。     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子壁黑色素提取方法研究

探究稻曲病菌（Ustiloginoidea virens（Cooke） Takahashi）厚垣孢子壁黑色素的最佳提取方法,采用以HCl为提取剂的酸提法和以NaOH为提取剂的碱提法,对该病菌黑色和黄色2种厚垣孢子壁的黑色素进行提取,用3因素3水平进行正交设计试验,结果表明以NaOH作提取剂为佳,其提取黑色素效果最佳的组合条件为3 mol/L NaOH、2 mol/L HC l、水浴温度80℃、水浴时间120 min。     

王不留行刺桐碱提取工艺的比较研究

本实验采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测王不留行刺桐碱含量为评价指标,分别采用单因素试验法和正交试验法对水浴回流提取和超声提取对王不留行刺桐碱的提取工艺进行比较。结果表明:超声提取王不留行刺桐碱的最佳工艺参数为液固比10∶1 mL/g,60%乙醇在350 W功率、80℃下提取40 min,在该工艺条件下王不留行刺桐碱含量为0.395 mg/g;水浴回流提取王不留行刺桐碱的最佳工艺参数为乙醇浓度75%,提取温度95℃,提取时间2 h,液固比12∶1 mL/g时,王不留行刺桐碱含量为0.345 mg/g。超声提取王不留行刺桐碱的提取效率、稳定性和重复性都优于水浴回流提取法。     

猴头菌单核菌丝厚垣孢子的观察

多次培养发现猴头菌单、双核菌丝均可形成厚垣孢子。厚垣孢子纺锤形,多端生、中生,大小６-8x8-10μm,其中单核厚垣孢子略小。试验表明,2-4℃猴头菌厚垣孢子的保藏期达7年以上;缺氧保藏效果好,30-52h萌发,萌发率32％～54％。     

氨基糖代谢通路影响尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型厚垣孢子的形成

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense（FOC）是威胁香蕉生产的重要土传病原真菌,其厚垣孢子可在土壤中存活多年,是香蕉枯萎病的重要侵染源。为解析该病菌厚垣孢子的形成机制,本研究建立了厚垣孢子的诱导形成体系。通过氨基糖添加试验,证明添加N-乙酰葡糖胺可抑制厚垣孢子的形成;通过对该病菌厚垣孢子形成前期（0h）、初期（24h）、中期（48h）和后期（96h）的转录组分析,发现氨基糖代谢通路中有41个基因的表达水平在厚垣孢子形成过程中发生了变化,其中9个基因与几丁质合成相关,32个基因与糖类化合物的合成和代谢及催化转换相关。本研究首次证明了氨基糖代谢通路与尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型厚垣孢子形成的相关性。     

氧化胁迫对粉红螺旋聚孢霉生长和产厚垣孢子的影响

通过改变液体发酵通气量和添加不同种类活性氧(O2-,H_2O_2,OH·),研究氧化胁迫对粉红螺旋聚孢霉67-1菌丝生长和产厚垣孢子的影响。结果表明,氧化胁迫对真菌菌丝和孢子的影响不同。低氧胁迫下,67-1菌丝生长状态发生改变,培养液装量越多,菌丝分枝越少,并且厚垣孢子产量越低。发酵过程中添加一定量的活性氧可以调控粉红螺旋聚孢霉厚垣孢子的形成。接种前添加5-6 mmol/L H_2O_2,菌株产厚垣孢子水平显著提高,浓度达到9 mmol/L时,67-1生长和产孢完全受到抑制。培养16 h后添加,67-1对H_2O_2的耐受力增强。培养基中添加甲萘醌能够抑制厚垣孢子的形成,培养16 h后添加350μmol/L甲萘醌则可以提高67-1厚垣孢子的产量。在Fe2+-H_2O_2体系中,不同添加时间高氧胁迫均能够显著促进厚垣孢子的生成(P0.05)。     

试论某些食用菌的无性孢子

食用菌中最常见到的无性孢子有两类:厚垣孢子和分生孢子。一厚垣孢子菌丝体遇到不良环境条件自我保护时形成厚垣孢子。它由菌丝细胞内在的原生质体收缩、变成圆形的膨大体,外面产生     

响应面法优化火龙果茎甾醇的提取及纯化工艺研究

以火龙果茎为原料,研究火龙果茎甾醇的提取及精制工艺.利用响应面分析法对火龙果茎甾醇超声提取工艺进行优化.结果表明:超声波辅助提取火龙果茎甾醇的最佳工艺条件为提取时间57 min、超声功率143 W、液料比12∶1 (mL/g)、温度53℃,甾醇得率为2.693％‰.通过正交试验确定火龙果茎甾醇精制的最佳条件为:液料比为4∶1(mL/mg),结晶初始温度为55℃,养品时间为18h,此条件下火龙果茎甾醇的纯度达到87.6％.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.