贵州野生钩藤生长环境调查研究

对贵州野生钩藤生长环境、气候状况、土壤理化特性及蕴藏量进行调查研究,结果表明:贵州野生钩藤资源分布在海拔450 ～1 250 m范围内,喜温暖、湿润的环境,大部分分布在阴坡,主要生长在林下的坡地,坡度从30～70度不等,多有岩石;伴生植物主要是高大乔木,其次是灌木,还有带刺的蔷薇科藤本植物及喜阴的草本植物;钩藤生长地土壤类型属于壤土,土壤含水量高,有机质含量较低,土壤pH属于酸性范围,碱解氮在缺乏范围,土壤有效磷比较低,土壤速效钾属于丰富水平.野生钩藤资源蕴藏量很少.     

苗药果上叶立地环境调查研究

对苗药果上叶生长立地环境、气候状况、土壤理化特性及蕴藏量进行研究,研究结果表明:果上叶垂直分布在海拔400～1 800 m范围内,生长在陡坡石灰岩地带,所匍匐生长的岩石坡度基本在70°以上,在阴坡或半阴坡,喜温暖、湿润的环境,果上叶生长地土壤有机质含量高,残土比达0.42,土壤的排水性和保水性较好,呈弱酸性至中性;果上叶生长在盐肤木、青杠树、马尾松、荚蒾等乔木及部分缠绕的藤本植物下面,与蕨类和苔藓伴生;果上叶资源蕴藏量很少,处于濒危的程度。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林土壤氮含量对乔木树种多样性的影响?

大气氮沉降或人类活动导致生态系统氮输入增加,可能会提高土壤氮含量水平,促进优势种的生长和减少环境异质性,从而使物种共存的生态位减少,群落物种多样性降低。为研究土壤氮含量的增加对森林群落乔木树种多样性的影响,本研究在西双版纳热带季节雨林随机设置了14个1 ha的样方,对各样方土壤总氮( TN)含量、乔木树种丰富度以及西双版纳热带季节雨林20 ha动态监测样地中各样方乔木树种及建群种望天树( Parashorea chinensis)生物量进行了调查。结果表明：土壤氮含量与乔木树种丰富度具有显著负相关而与群落及建群种望天树生物量具有显著正相关。我们推测其机制可能是：土壤氮含量增加促进了建群种望天树等的生长及群落生物量的积累,减少树种共存的生态位,由于竞争排斥等原因而导致群落树种丰富度降低。因此,减少生态系统人为氮输入,对于保护西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木树种多样性具有重要意义。     

Effects of soil nitrogen levels on growth and defense of the native and introduced genotypes of alligator weed

土壤氮水平对喜旱莲子草原产地和引入地基因型生长和防御的影响 同种植物生长在资源丰富生境中的个体,其防御水平被认为低于生长在资源匮乏生境中的个体。然而,生境的养分水平如何影响植物的诱导抗性和耐受性,以及这种影响在入侵植物的原产地和引入 地种群间是否存在差异,目前均知之甚少。本研究以入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的原产地阿根廷和引入地美国的基因型为研究对象设计同质园实验,以探究土壤氮水平对植物的生长、组成和诱导性[莲草直胸跳甲(Agasicles hygrophila)取食诱导]化学防御以及耐受性的影响。实验中,我们测定了植物总生物量、伸长速率(生长速率的表征)以及叶片和根系中总碳、总氮和三萜皂苷(化学防御物质)的含量。研究结果显示,植物在低土壤氮水平下表现出较高的组成抗性(植物在低土壤氮水平下的叶片三萜皂苷含量高于其在高土壤氮水平的33%)和耐受性[植物被取食后总生物量下降的程度更低(植物在高土壤氮水平和低土壤氮水平下被取食后总生物量分别下降了24%和15%)],而在高土壤氮水平下表现出较高的诱导抗性(在高土壤氮水平下的植物被取食后叶片三萜皂苷含量与空白对照的植物相比升高了24%)。植物的组成抗性和耐受性与生长速率存在权衡,但诱导抗性与生长速率存在显著的正相关性。此外,引入地基因型在低土壤氮水平下叶片碳含量显著低于原产地基因型(-6%),但这种差异在高土壤氮水平下消失。这些结果表明,土壤氮水平 影响植物对不同防御策略的选择偏好,并且在决定引入地基因型的表现时与植食作用存在交互作用。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林土壤氮含量对乔木树种多样性的影响

大气氮沉降或人类活动导致生态系统氮输入增加,可能会提高土壤氮含量水平,促进优势种的生长和减少环境异质性,从而使物种共存的生态位减少,群落物种多样性降低。为研究土壤氮含量的增加对森林群落乔木树种多样性的影响,本研究在西双版纳热带季节雨林随机设置了14个1 ha的样方,对各样方土壤总氮(TN)含量、乔木树种丰富度以及西双版纳热带季节雨林20 ha动态监测样地中各样方乔木树种及建群种望天树(Parashorea chinensis)生物量进行了调查。结果表明:土壤氮含量与乔木树种丰富度具有显著负相关而与群落及建群种望天树生物量具有显著正相关。我们推测其机制可能是:土壤氮含量增加促进了建群种望天树等的生长及群落生物量的积累,减少树种共存的生态位,由于竞争排斥等原因而导致群落树种丰富度降低。因此,减少生态系统人为氮输入,对于保护西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木树种多样性具有重要意义。     

青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花灌丛生长季土壤无机氮对增温和植物去除的响应

为了揭示气候变暖背景下高寒灌丛土壤氮转化过程, 该文研究了青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)灌丛生长季节土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量对增温和去除植物的响应。结果表明: 窄叶鲜卑花灌丛土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量具有明显的季节动态。整个生长季节, 土壤硝态氮含量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 而铵态氮含量均表现为一直增加的趋势。在生长季初期和中期, 各处理土壤硝态氮含量均显著高于铵态氮含量, 而在生长季末期土壤硝态氮含量均显著低于铵态氮含量, 说明该区域土壤氮转化过程在生长季初期和中期以硝化作用为主, 而在生长季末期以氨化作用为主。不同时期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量对增温和去除植物的响应不同: 增温对硝态氮的影响主要发生在生长季中期和末期, 且因植物处理的不同而有显著差异, 增温仅在生长季中期使不去除植物样方铵态氮含量显著升高。去除植物对土壤硝态氮的影响仅表现在对照样方(不增温), 去除植物显著提高了生长季初期和中期土壤硝态氮含量, 显著降低了生长季末期土壤硝态氮含量; 同时去除植物显著降低了增温样方生长季中期土壤铵态氮含量。灌丛植被在生长季初期和中期可能主要吸收土壤硝态氮, 其吸收过程不受土壤增温的影响。     

宁夏贺兰山青海云杉林藓类植物C∶N∶P化学计量特征

为探究山地森林生态系统藓类C、N、P化学计量学特征及适应机制,本研究沿海拔梯度在宁夏贺兰山青海云杉林设置15个样地,分析藓类地上组织C∶N∶P化学计量特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：藓类植物地上组织C、N、P含量与海拔无关,且均值分别为336.67、20.31和0.66 mg·g^-1;地上组织N∶P均值为33.4,说明藓类植物生长受P限制。藓类植物地上组织中C含量与土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关,与土壤全磷含量呈显著负相关;藓类植物地上组织中N含量与土壤有机碳和土壤全氮含量均呈显著负相关。冗余分析表明,环境因子对藓类地上组织化学计量特征的解释率为48.5%,主要环境影响因子为郁闭度、土壤全氮、土壤全磷;高郁闭度对藓类植物的生长具有促进作用。     

模拟氮沉降对长白山岳桦林下草本植物和土壤肥力的短期影响

选取长白山岳桦林中的岳桦-蟹甲草群落（Comm.Betula ermanii-Parasenecio forrestii）、岳桦-藜芦群落（Comm.Betula ermanii-Veratrum nigrum）和岳桦-小叶章群落（Comm.Betula ermanii-Deyeuxia purpurea）开展野外模拟氮沉降实验,采用野外原位模拟实验方法,设置对照（0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）、低氮（30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）、中氮（50 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）和高氮（100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）4个氮处理水平,测定草本植物生长状况和土壤肥力,研究岳桦林下草本层植物和土壤肥力对氮沉降的短期响应。结果显示：（1）岳桦林下草本植物随氮沉降量的增加而加速生长,小叶章对氮沉降的响应较为敏感,藜芦次之,蟹甲草最弱;（2）氮添加造成林下土壤肥力发生变化,有机质含量下降,特别是岳桦-小叶章群落下的土壤有机质含量下降最明显;土壤总氮和速效氮含量增大,岳桦-蟹甲草群落下的土壤总氮和速效氮增加最多;土壤总磷和速效磷含量减小,岳桦-小叶章群落下的土壤总磷和速效磷含量的减少最多。本研究结果表明氮添加在短期内会促进长白山岳桦林下草本植物生长,尤其是小叶章的生长,加快土壤有机质的分解和磷的释放,逐步改变土壤肥力并反馈给植物,促使其进一步变化。     

Responses of soil inorganic nitrogen to increased temperature and plant removal during the growing season in a Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem of eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

为了揭示气候变暖背景下高寒灌丛土壤氮转化过程, 该文研究了青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)灌丛生长季节土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量对增温和去除植物的响应。结果表明: 窄叶鲜卑花灌丛土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量具有明显的季节动态。整个生长季节, 土壤硝态氮含量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 而铵态氮含量均表现为一直增加的趋势。在生长季初期和中期, 各处理土壤硝态氮含量均显著高于铵态氮含量, 而在生长季末期土壤硝态氮含量均显著低于铵态氮含量, 说明该区域土壤氮转化过程在生长季初期和中期以硝化作用为主, 而在生长季末期以氨化作用为主。不同时期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量对增温和去除植物的响应不同: 增温对硝态氮的影响主要发生在生长季中期和末期, 且因植物处理的不同而有显著差异, 增温仅在生长季中期使不去除植物样方铵态氮含量显著升高。去除植物对土壤硝态氮的影响仅表现在对照样方(不增温), 去除植物显著提高了生长季初期和中期土壤硝态氮含量, 显著降低了生长季末期土壤硝态氮含量; 同时去除植物显著降低了增温样方生长季中期土壤铵态氮含量。灌丛植被在生长季初期和中期可能主要吸收土壤硝态氮, 其吸收过程不受土壤增温的影响。     

祁连山3种典型生态系统土壤微生物活性和生物量碳氮含量

 测定分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林和干草原土壤中微生物活性、生物量碳氮含量。结果显示：就土壤微生物生物量碳含量,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中分别高60%和120%以上,干草原比高寒草甸中高40%以上(p<0.05)。就土壤微生物生物量氮含量,0～5 cm土层,森林比高寒草甸和干草原中分别高64%和111%以上,高寒草甸比干草原中高29%;5～15 cm土层,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中分别高7%和191%以上,干草原比高寒草甸中高171% 以上(p<0.05)。森林和干草原中土壤微生物生物量碳比例比高寒草甸中高32%以上,0～5和5～15 cm土层,森林和干草原中土壤微生物生物量氮比例比高寒草甸中高150%以上（p<0.05）。就土壤微生物活性,0～5和5～15 cm土层,森林和高寒草甸比干草原中高26%以上;15～35 cm土层,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中高28%以上 (p<0.05)。土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量与有机碳含量及微生物生物量氮含量和比例与微生物生物量碳含量和比例呈现正相关（r²>0.30,p<0.000 1）。土壤微生物生物量氮含量、微生物生物量碳氮含量比例、微生物活性与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量及其比例、微生物活性与土壤湿度呈正相关。说明祁连山3种生态系统土壤中微生物生物量和活性受气候要素、植被、有机碳、pH值和湿度等因素 的共同影响。     

Relative Distributions of Dreissena bugensis and Dreissena polymorpha in the Lower Don River System,Russia

A survey was conducted in the lower Don River system in Russia to confirm the presence of Dreissena bugensis, and to compare its distribution relative to that of Dreissena polymorpha. In 1999 and 2001–2002, dreissenid mussels were collected at 15 sites in the main river, in connecting reservoirs, and in a major tributary, the Manych River. Collections were made near stations where long‐term monitoring data on total mineral (sum of principal ions) and calcium content were available. Both dreissenid species were found at all sites, with D. bugensis comprising 4–75% of all dreissenids at individual sites. D. bugensis was relatively more abundant than D. polymorpha in the Manych River where total mineral and calcium content was significantly higher than in the Don River, suggesting the two species may have different calcium requirements. Examination of archived samples indicated that D. bugensis was present in the Don River system as early as the 1980s, presenting the unresolved enigma of why D. bugensis has not displaced D. polymorpha as the dominant species as typically found over shorter time periods in other water bodies. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Climate change effects on the stability and chemistry of soil organic carbon pools in a subalpine grassland

Mountain soils stock large quantities of carbon as particulate organic matter that may be highly vulnerable to climate change. To explore potential shifts in soil organic matter (SOM) form and stability under climate change (warming and reduced precipitations), we studied the dynamics of SOM pools of a mountain grassland in the Swiss Jura as part of a climate manipulation experiment. The climate manipulation (elevational soil transplantation) was set up in October 2009 and simulated two realistic climate change scenarios. After 4 years of manipulation, we performed SOM physical fractionation to extract SOM fractions corresponding to specific turnover rates, in winter and in summer. Soil organic matter fraction chemistry was studied with ultraviolet, 3D fluorescence, and mid-infrared spectroscopies. The most labile SOM fractions showed high intra-annual dynamics (amounts and chemistry) mediated via the seasonal changes of fresh plant debris inputs and confirming their high contribution to the microbial loop. Our climate change manipulation modified the chemical differences between free and intra-aggregate organic matter, suggesting a modification of soil macro-aggregates dynamics. Interestingly, the 4-year climate manipulation affected directly the SOM dynamics, with a decrease in organic C bulk soil content, resulting from significant C-losses in the mineral-associated SOM fraction (MAOM), the most stable form of SOM. This SOC decrease was associated with a decrease in clay content, above- and belowground plants biomass, soil microbial biomass and activity. The combination of these climate changes effects on the plant–soil system could have led to increase C-losses from the MAOM fraction through clay-SOM washing out and DOC leaching in this subalpine grassland.     

运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨

通过对运城盆地典型黄土-古土壤剖面磁化率和炭屑含量的分析,研究了洪积扇全新世野火活动的规律及其与环境变化的关系。研究结果表明,在全新世早期(11500~8500 a B.P.), 气候向温湿过渡,但仍较干旱,炭屑含量较高,野火活动比较频繁,说明气候干旱是野火发生的重要原因。而全新世中期(8500~3100 a B.P.),除夏商文化时期外,炭屑含量在整个全新世时期居于最低,野火活动最为微弱,与此时期气候温暖湿润密切相关。但在夏商文化时期(3800~3500 a B.P.)炭屑浓度出现峰值,野火活动较为频繁,是人类生产和生活活动作用的结果。全新世晚期(3100~0 a B.P.)炭屑含量大幅度增加,野火活动最为频繁,一方面与气候向干旱化发展有关,另一方面与大范围的人类活动密切相关;在干旱的气候背景条件下, 人类活动加速了野火的发生频率和活动强度。     

The microbial gene diversity along an elevation gradient of the Tibetan grassland

Tibet is one of the most threatened regions by climate warming, thus understanding how its microbial communities function may be of high importance for predicting microbial responses to climate changes. Here, we report a study to profile soil microbial structural genes, which infers functional roles of microbial communities, along four sites/elevations of a Tibetan mountainous grassland, aiming to explore the potential microbial responses to climate changes via a strategy of space-for-time substitution. Using a microarray-based metagenomics tool named GeoChip 4.0, we showed that microbial communities were distinct for most but not all of the sites. Substantial variations were apparent in stress, N and C-cycling genes, but they were in line with the functional roles of these genes. Cold shock genes were more abundant at higher elevations. Also, gdh converting ammonium into urea was more abundant at higher elevations, whereas ureC converting urea into ammonium was less abundant, which was consistent with soil ammonium contents. Significant correlations were observed between N-cycling genes (ureC, gdh and amoA) and nitrous oxide flux, suggesting that they contributed to community metabolism. Lastly, we found by Canonical correspondence analysis, Mantel tests and the similarity tests that soil pH, temperature, NH₄⁺–N and vegetation diversity accounted for the majority (81.4%) of microbial community variations, suggesting that these four attributes were major factors affecting soil microbial communities. On the basis of these observations, we predict that climate changes in the Tibetan grasslands are very likely to change soil microbial community functional structure, with particular impacts on microbial N-cycling genes and consequently microbe-mediated soil N dynamics.     

Evaluation of soil saturation, soil chemistry, and early spring soil and air temperatures as risk factors in yellow-cedar decline

Yellow‐cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst.) is a valuable tree species that is experiencing a widespread decline and mortality in southeast Alaska. This study evaluated the relative importance of several potential risk factors associated with yellow‐cedar decline: soil saturation, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity or calcium (Ca) deficiency, and air and soil temperature. Data were collected from permanent vegetation plots established in two low‐elevation coastal forests exhibiting broad ranges of cedar mortality. Measurements of each risk factor were contrasted among classified forest zones to indicate if there were strong links with decline. Hydrology alone is weakly associated with yellow‐cedar decline, but could have a predisposing role in the decline by creating exposed conditions because of reduced forest productivity. Yellow‐cedar decline is not strongly associated with soil pH and extractable Al and Ca, but there appears to be Ca enrichment of surface soils by feedback from dead yellow‐cedar foliage. Air and soil temperature factors are strongly associated with decline. Based on these results, an hypothesis is presented to explain the mechanism of tree injury where exposure‐driven tree mortality is initiated in gaps created by soil saturation and then expands in gaps created by the tree‐mortality itself. The exposure allows soils to warm in early spring causing premature dehardening in yellow‐cedar trees and subsequent freezing injury during cold events. Yellow‐cedars growing in the protection of shade or snow are not preconditioned by this warming, and thus not as susceptible to cold injury. Yellow‐cedar decline appears to be associated with regional climate changes, but whether the cause of these changes is related to natural or human‐induced climate shifts remains uncertain. Management implications, the possible role of climate, and recommended research are discussed.     

Ecological characterization of Morel (Morchella spp.) habitats: A multivariate comparison from three forest types of district Swat,Pakistan

Morchella spp. are wild edible mushrooms growing ephemerally under particular environmental conditions in temperate regions of the world. The present study was aimed to outline some principal eco-edaphic characteristics influencing distribution of these mushrooms from three different forest types of Swat, Pakistan. A randomized circular plots were laid down along the transect line in 14 stands in study areas. Environmental variables were recorded and soil characteristics were determined, analyzed and compared. Five species were collected from N to NW slope at elevation range of 1100-2695m asl. Mean relative humidity of 58.7%, range of air temperature 13 °C-27 °C and soil temperature 6-26 °C were recorded at morel growing sites. A higher canopy cover (average 57%) favours sporocarp formation in morels. Soil analysis showed that morel preferably appeared in sandy loam to loamy textured soil at slightly acidic to neutral pH (mean=6.4) and with consistently higher organic matter (1.5%) and salt activities (mean = 38.8 μS) in the soil. IVI calculation showed that Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson, Juglans regia L., Abies pindrow Royle, Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don were dominant trees and Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC, Hedra nepalensis K. Koch, Hert and Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell. Arg. were shrub species associated with morels. Whilst Fragaria nubicola (Hook.f.) Lindl., Viola canescens Wall ex Roxb. and Podophyllum hexandrum Roylae were the predominant herbs in morel habitat. This study will help to understand the natural habitat and to provide a base line information for the future conservation and management planning in the area.     

半枝莲中印黄芩甙的R－HPLC分析

半枝莲中印黄芩甙的Ｒ－ＨＰＬＣ分析代雪平魏波（河南省药检所,郑州４５０００３）（河南省人民医院药剂科,郑州４５０００３）Ｒ┐ＨＰＬＣａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｓｃｕｔｅｌａｒｉｎｆｒｏｍＳｃｕｔｅｌａｒｉａｂａｒｂａｔａＤ．ＤｏｎＤａｉＸｕｅ－Ｐｉｎｇ（Ｈ...     

野生植物野牡丹营养成分分析

本文对野生植物野牡丹的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明, 野牡丹中含有多种营养成分,丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其β-胡萝卜素.野牡丹中至少含有17种氨基酸.为开发利用植物资源提供了科学依据.     

The rivers of North East Scotland: physicochemical characteristics

Multivariate analysis of spatial variation in 15 physicochemical characteristics grouped the seven major north-east rivers into two sets — highland and lowland rivers. The highland rivers formed a continuum that could be further divided into rivers with low concentrations of dissolved materials including the Spey and Dee (full highland rivers), and a more variable group with higher concentrations of dissolved materials including the Don, Deveron and Lossie (intermediate highland rivers) emphasising the diversity of river types classically described as highland. The Lossie was differentiated from the other intermediate highland rivers by lower oxygen concentration and pH. The major differences in physicochemistry between rivers were consistent with differences in catchment geology, soil type, climate, and land use. The large amounts of dissolved material and high nutrient status of the lowland Ythan and Ugie rivers reflected the high proportion of their catchments under agriculture, and the acidity of the Lossie reflected the high proportion of its catchment under forest. The small amounts of dissolved material in the Spey and Dee were attributable to the high proportion of slow weathering acidic rocks and acid soils in their catchments, and to the high volume flows of these rivers relative to the others. The amounts of dissolved material were greater in summer during low base flows and were accomparied by an increase in phosphate concentration in the lowland rivers. Oxygen saturation increased in summer in the Ythan and the Don, presumably as a result of greater photosynthetic activity. Marked declines in silica were thought to result from significant diatom growth in the highland and intermediate highland rivers, particularly the Don, during summer.